JC-NRLF 


SYNOPSIS 


OF  THE 


NORTH    AMERICAN 


LICHENS : 


PART  I., 


COMPRISING     THE 


PARMELIACEI,  CLADONIEI,  AND  CCENOGONIEI ; 


BY 


EDWARD    TUCKERMAX,  M.A., 

AUTHOR  OF  GENERA  IJCHENUM. 


BOSTON : 

S.    E.    CASSItfO,    PUBLISHE 

1882. 


K 


COPYRIGHT  BY  S.  E.  CASSINO,  1882. 


JOURNAL    PRESS,    LEWISTON,    MAINE. 


The  arrangement  of  this  book  is  that  of  the  author's  Genera 
Lichenum.,  1872;  and  the  few  variations  from  this  will,  it  is 
hoped,  explain  themselves.  The  plants  described  are,  in  great 
part,  sufficiently  well  settled;  and  the  new  things  appear  to 
demand  an  at  least  provisional  place  :  though  the  author  would 
have  preferred  to  keep  the  most  of  these  last  back,  with  Horace, 
nonum  in  annum.  And  this  not  merely  from  hesitation  as  to 
the  novelty  or  the  rank  of  the  lichens  referred  to,  but  because 
he  entertains  strongly  the  opinion  that  the  science  of  Lichens— 
whether  as  regards  morphology  or  system — has  by  no  means 
kept  pace,  since  Fries's  day,  with  the  diagnostic  enumeration 
of  new  forms  called  arbitrarily  species ;  and  he  is  sorry  to  have 
possibly  added  to  the  number  of  these  constructions.  Agreeably 
to  the  wishes  of  the  friends  who  have  urged  an  early  publication, 
this  part  of  the  work,  comprising  the  more  conspicuous  lichens, 
is  printed  first. 

Amherst,   Mass., 
1  Nov.,  1881. 


The  lowest  divisions  of  vegetable  life  may  still  be  recognized 
as  ALG^;,  LICHENES,  and  FUNGI  ;  and  conveniently  associated 
together  under  the  designation  of  THALLOPHYTES  ;— a  thal- 
lus,  that  is  to  say  a  form  or  forms  of  vegetation  in  which  there 
is  no  real  distinction  of  stem  and  leaf  being,  in  these  plants, 
with  whatever  exception,  taken  for  characteristical.  And  there 
is  no  doubt,  notwithstanding  the  numerous  and  now  startling 
discrepancies  of  these  vast  groups,  that  they  stand  in  close 
natural  relations  to  each  other. 

Lichenes  are  reckoned  as  intermediate  between  the  other 
two  Classes  of  Thallophytes ;  but  all  the  limits  are  uncertain. 

A  lichen  is  (to  speak  only  loosely)  an  aerial  (*)  Thallophyte, 
vegetating  only  under  the  influence  of  moisture,  and  thus  of 
interrupted  and  slow  (*)  growth,  but  of  indefinite  duration  (*) 
characterized  by  certain  green  cells  (gonidia ;  gonimia) ;  and 
the  organ  of  vegetation  of  which  (thallus)  is  distinct  (*)  from 
the  organ  of  fructification  (apotJiecium). 

The  thallus  of  lichens  is  composed,  to  speak  generally,  of  1, 
slender,  more  or  less  branched,  loosely  intertangled  or  closely 
compacted  cell-threads  (filaments ;  hyplice ;  passing  now  into  a 
parenchymatous  modification)  which  constitute  the  bulk  of  the 
plant ;  being  distinguishable  into  a  central,  or  medullary  layer, 
and  an  external,  or  cortical  layer :  and  2,  of  the  just-named, 
rounded  or  elliptical,  green,  or  bluish-green,  cells,  which  form, 
for  the  most  part,  an  irregular  zone  between  the  medullary  and 
cortical  layers,  and  make  what  is  known  as  the  gonimous  layer. : 
These  green  cells  (gonidia,  which  take  on  now,  in  certain  con- 
ditions of  growth,  a  yellowish  and  even  tawny  coloration)  owe 
their  colour  to  a  chlorophyll-like  matter  called  thallochlor ;  as 

(*)  Exceptions,  at  least  apparent,  but  now  also  real  occur;  the  rale 
being  however  as  stated. 


the  bluish-green  ones  (gonimia,  Nyl.  j  glauco-gonidia,  Itzigs. ; 
collogonidia,  Tuckerm.)  which  are  more  or  less  distinguished 
also  by  their  gelatinous  envelopes,  are  considered  to  agree  in 
their  colouring-matter  with  the  phycochrom  of  certain  groups 
of  Algae.  The  gonimous  layer,  in  most  lichens,  consists  of 
gonidia.  The  Peltigerei  differ  remarkably  however  by  a  two- 
fold gonimous  system, — one  series  of  otherwise  generically  re- 
lated lichens  of  this  Family  offering  gonidia,  and  the  other 
gonimia ; — but  the  inferior  systematic  value  of  this  difference  is 
perhaps  sufficiently  shewn  by  the  fact  that  some  of  the  species 
are  scarcely  otherwise  distinguishable.  The  same  discrepance 
recurs  in  the  next  following  family — Pannariei.  And  finally,  in 
the  next— the  Collemei,  in  which  the  development  of  gelatine 
reaches  an  extreme  so  marked  that  these  plants  have  been 
called  Jelly-lichens,  we  have  only  gonimia.  The  gonimous  cells 
may  make  their  way  to  the  surface  of  the  thallus,  and  appear 
there,  enveloped  in  hyphse,  as  powdery,  often  cushion-like 
heaps,  which  are  capable  of  developing  into  new  thalli,  and  are 
called  soredia. 

But  we  are  not  quite  at  liberty  to  stop  here.  The  marked 
contrast  of  hypha  and  gonidium  was  open  to  a  hypothetical 
explanation,  based  on  the  apparent  relations  of  these  organs  to 
what  seemed  the  same  in  the  other  Classes  of  Thallophytes, 
which  suggested  and  had  its  exemplification  in  the  memorable 
labour  of  Schwendener.  This  was  met  however  by  lichenolo- 
gists  in  a  manner  and  tone  often  ill  enough  corresponding  with 
the  simply  objective  position  of  the  other  side ;  and  there  was 
room  for  further  investigation.  Ideally,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  those  who  look  at  lichens  as  autonomous,  the  primordial  cell 
should  be  referable  either  to  hypha  or  gonidiuin ;  but,  in  fact, 
as  well  emphasized  by  Minks  (Microgonid.  p.  238),  it  is  its 
dualism  which,  from  the  beginning  of  our  knowledge,  and 
through  all  its  extent,  characterizes  the  lichen-structure,  and 
determines  its  history.  Yet  this  is  not  all.  The  penetrating 
glance  of  the  cited  vegetable  anatomist  has  demonstrated  the 


existence  of  a  third  element.  Behind  and  before  the  manifesta- 
tion of  the  hyphse,  which  are  to  play  so  great  a  part  in  the 
lichen-world,  is  a  dimly-seen,  primordial  tissue — a  web  or  net- 
work of  exceedingly  delicate  filaments  (Hypliema,  Minks)  which 
gradually  pass  into  the  hyphae  proper  (Gono-hyphema,  Minks) 
as  these  accomplish  their  highest  result  in  generating  the  goni- 
mous  cells  (Gonidema,  Minks  ubi  supra,  p.  39). 

As  regards  external  form,  lichens  differ  according  as  they 
ascend  vertically  from  the  substrate,  or  are  spread  out  horizon- 
tally upon  it.  In  the  first  case  the  development  is,  for  the  most 
part,  into  branched  or  shrub-like  (fruticulose)  types,  becoming 
often  finally  pendulous ;  of  which  Usnea  barbata  offers  familiar 
examples.  But  this  is  evidently  an  extreme  of  lichenous  evolu- 
tion ;  and  we  find,  much  more  commonly,  the  horizontally  ex- 
panded thallus,  which  is  either  foliaceous  or  crustaceous.  Of 
the  foliaceous  thallus  (exhibited  in  Parmelia)  the  frondose  (of 
Peltigera,  etc.)  is  a  more  entire  expression;  and  the  squamulose 
often  (in  Pannaria,  etc.)  a  reduced  one.  Cladonia  is  remarka- 
ble as  uniting  in  itself  a  horizontal  and  a  vertical  thallus,  and 
has,  on  this  account,  been  sometimes  taken  for  the  highest  exhi- 
bition of  lichenose  vegetation.  Foliaceous  lichens  are  attached 
generally  to  the  substrate  by  variously  modified,  and  more  or 
less  conspicuous,  fibrillose  processes  (fibrils ;  hypothallus).  The 
crustaceous  thallus  ascends  now  into  lobed,  and  even  fruticu- 
lose expressions  (as  in  the  highest  types  of  Placodium  and  Leca- 
nora)  not  always  readily  reducible  to  their  real  rank  ;  and  in  its 
squamulose  types  it  approaches  yet  closer  to  the  foliaceous ;  it 
is  however,  as  respects  the  great  majority  of  species,  well  char- 
acterized by  its  uniform  (neither  lobed  nor  branched)  habit,  and 
the  peculiar  intimacy  of  its  relation  to  the  substrate.  In  the 
lowest  of  all  forms  of  the  crustaceous  thallus,  we  have  only  a 
web  of  hyphse,  with  some  few  clusters  of  gonimous  cells  nestling 
beneath  the  outermost  layers  of  cells  of  the  bark  upon  which 
these  humble  plants  grow. 

The  lichen-fruit  is  called  Apotheclum.     Apothecia  are  vari- 


ously  shaped  but  for  the  most  part  rounded,  organic  bodies, 
which  differ  more  or  less  in  colour  from  the  thallus  over  which 
they  are  besprinkled,  or  to  which  they  are  attached,  or  in 
which,  more  rarely,  they  continue  normally  immersed ;  and  gen- 
erate the  spores.  The  essential  parts  of  the  apothecium  are  1, 
the  proper  exciple,  which  contains  all  the  other  organs,  but  is 
itself  reduced,  in  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  Parmeliacei,  to 
a  layer  of  cells  (hypothecium)  wholly  concealed  by  the  thalline 
receptacle  characteristical  in  this  tribe ;  and  2,  the  hymenium, 
consisting  of  thekes  (theca3;  the  spore  bearing  organs)  inter- 
mingled with  slender,  erect  filaments  (paraphyses),  which  latter 
are  sometimes  undistinguishable  or  obsolete.  The  evolution  of 
the  paraphyses  and  thekes  will  be  noticed  when  we  consider  the 
spermogones. 

Spores  are  cells  capable  of  germinating,  and  are  developed 
in  the  thekes,  which  constitute,  with  the  paraphyses,  the  hy- 
menium.  The  spore-differences  are  numerous,  and  various; 
and  their  systematic  value,  in  plants  offering  so  many  difficul- 
ties of  arrangement  as  the  Lichens,  is  unquestioned :  but  this 
value  was  at  first  overestimated,  and  too  much  made  of  certain 
particulars ;  as,  on  the  other  hand,  in  the  reaction  against  the 
method  of  Massalongo,  too  little  stress  was  sometimes  laid  on 
certain  others.  Less  weight,  in  this  view,  should  be  given  to 
spore-differences  of  a  merely  gradal  character,  or  such  as  de- 
pend only  on  dimensions,  or  number ;  and  more  to  such  as  seem 
to  have  claims  to  be  regarded  as  typical.  Analysis  appears  to 
indicate  two  well-defined  kinds  of  lichen-spores,  complemented 
(may  we  say  ?)  in  the  highest  tribe  only,  by  a  well-defined  inter- 
mediate one.  In  one  of  these  (typically  colourless)  the  origi- 
nally simple  spore,  passing  through  a  series  of  modifications, 
always  in  one  direction,  and  the  spore  tending  constantly  to 
elongation  (as  e.  g.  in  the  genus  Lecanora),  affords  at  length  the 
needle-shaped  (acicular)  or  now  thread-shaped  type.  To  this 
is  opposed  (most  frequently  but  not  exclusively  in  the  lower 
tribes,  and  even  possibly  anticipated  by  the  polar-bilocular  sub- 


type  in  Parmeliacei)  a  second  (typically  brown  or  brownish)  in 
which  the  simple  spore,  completing  another  series  of  changes, 
tending  rather  to  distention,  and  division  in  more  than  one 
direction,  exhibits  finally  the  stone-wall-like  (muriform)  type.  (*) 
Differences  such  as  these  appear  certainly  to  be  significant ;  and 
to  suggest  a  possible  correlation  with  others,  which  shall  leave 
no  doubt  that  these  types  require  marked  expression  in  the 
System.  Nor  is  such  expression  questioned  in  the  best -devel- 
oped, foliaceous  groups.  Nobody  now  hesitates  to  distinguish 
Physcia  and  Pyxine  from  Parmelia ;  or  Solorina  from  Peltigera  ; 
and  the  argument  from  such  foliaceous  to  the  analogous  crus- 
taceous  genera  is  impeded  perhaps  by  nothing  beside  the  thai- 
line  inferiority  of  the  latter.  But  it  is  seen  at  once  that  the 
case  is  not  the  same  with  the  successive  steps  in  the  process  of 
differentiation  of  these  types ;  and  the  value  of  suchgradal  (biloc- 
ular,  quadrilocular,  plurilocular)  distinctions  should  be  clearly 
inferior.  Species  which  exhibit  the  ultimate  condition  of  their 
spore-type,  as  here  taken,  exhibit  also,  ideally  at  least,  or  in  a 
sufficiently  extended  view,  the  whole  of  the  preceding  process 
•of  evolution.  This  is  still  better  observed  in  larger  natural 
groups,  as  (exc.  excip.)  Biatora  vernalis,  Fr.  L.  E.,  expressing, 
with  general  congruity  of  structure,  the  whole  history  of  the 
colourless  spore.  And  the  step  is  not  a  long  one  from  such 
groups  to  natural  genera ;  to  the  assumption  that  gradal  differ- 
ences of  the  same  type  of  spore,  displayed  by  species,  or  clus- 
ters of  species,  within  the  circuit  of  what  is  otherwise  a  natural 
genus,  shall  be  an  insufficient  ground  for  the  breaking  up  of 

(*)  The  distinction  of  the  two  principal  types  of  spore  speaks  per- 
haps for  itself;  and  the  history  of  the  acicular  type  seems  tolerably 
clear.  But  the  author  indicated,  at  the  place  to  be  cited  below,  the 
difficulties  in  the  spore-characters  of  Sticta,  Gyalecta,  and  Thelotrcma, 
as  here  understood;  and,  according  to  Minks  (Symb.  p.  41),  the  note  of 
coloration  was  unduly  stretched  in  including  in  the  second  or  Coloured 
Series,  the  morphologically  separate  spores  of  Arthonia,  and  the  Cali- 
ciacei. 


such  genus.  Some  consideration  of  the  numerous,  sometimes 
sufficiently  significant  instances,  in  which  nature  appears  to 
point  in  this  direction,  may  be  found  in  the  author's  Genera 
Lichenum ;  from  which  work  these  observations  on  spore-values 
are  taken.  Suffice  it  here  to  say  that  Parmelia  proper,  Ach., 
will  thus  fall  into  Theloschistes,  Parmelia,  and  Physcia ;  and 
Lecanora  into  Placodium  (DC.),  Naeg.  &  Hepp,  Lecanora,  and 
Rinodina.  Excluding  the  sub-Biatorine  forms  of  Placodium 
from  the  Lecideei,  the  latter  family  will  have  no  examples  of 
the  polar-bilocular  sub-type ;  but  Heterothecium,  corresponding 
to  Physcia  and  Rinodina,  will  be  distinguishable  from  Biatora, 
and  Buellia  similarly  from  Lecidea.  And  the  whole  Class  may 
be  conceived  as  in  like  manner  passing  into  1,  a  Colourless 
Series,  especially  prominent  and  characteristical  in  the  higher 
tribes ;  and  2,  a  Coloured  Series,  having  its  chief  development 
in  the  lower;  series  which,  tabularized,  will  be  found  significant 
as  well  of  the  relations  of  the  genera,  as  of  the  systematic  value 
of  the  spores. 

It  is  yet  important  to  distinguish  between  spores  typically 
colourless,  and  what  are  rather  to  be  taken  for  decolorate  con- 
ditions of  spores  typically  coloured.  There  are  sufficiently  nu- 
merous instances  of  such  decolorate  spores ;  and  we  need  per- 
haps scarcely  hesitate  to  argue  from  them  to  some  other  cases 
in  which  the  evidence  is  possibly  less  clear,  and  thus  to  keep 
certain  natural  genera  entire.  And,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is 
conceivable  that  a  genus  may  rather  be  referable  to  the  Colour- 
less Series,  notwithstanding  that  many  of  its  species  exhibit 
spores  which,  in  respect  at  least  of  colour,  look  often  the  other 
way.  Difficulties  of  this  sort  are  however  to  be  expected  in 
every  stage,  from  the  first  step,  of  our  endeavours  to  study  the 
life  in  nature.  What  responds  to  our  intelligence  there  is  in- 
deed of  kin  to  that  intelligence,  is  the  ideal ;  but  the  ideal  im- 
prisoned in,  and  subjected  to  all  the  inordinate  fortuitousness  of, 
the  natural.  (Gen.  Lich.  pp.  vi-viii.) 

There  occur  also,  beside  the  apothecia,  and  very  generally. 


(      XI      ) 

in  Lichens,  certain  conceptacles,  which,  though  they  had  not 
wholly  escaped  the  attention  of  earlier  writers,  were  first  really 
discovered,  and  their  structure  exhibited  by  Tulasne  (Mem. 
sur  les  Lich.  pp.  129-235),  who  gave  them  the  name  of  Spermo- 
gonia.  These  organs,  for  the  most  part  very  minute  (but  to 
this  there  are  exceptions)  are  more  or  less  rounded,  and  often 
more  or  less  blackish,  but  now  of  the  colour  of  the  thallus ;  and 
occur  immersed  in,  or  protuberant  like  little  warts  above,  its 
surface  j  and  open  (like  the  Verrucariaceous  apothecium,  as  also 
like  the  young  Parmeliaceous,  with  which,  in  some  lichens  they 
may  be  confounded)  by  a  pore  at  the  summit.  The  interior  of 
the  conceptacle  is  thickly  clothed  with  converging  filaments 
(sterigmas}  which  were  considered  as  giving  rise  to,  and  as 
supporting  little,  more  or  less  spore-like  bodies  found  within 
the  spermogonium,  and  called  spermatia,  The  sterigmas  are 
either  elongated-cylindrical  developing  most  commonly  into 
branched,  series  of  cells,  or  similar  branched  series  of  cells 
scarcely  longer  than  broad  (arthrosterigmas).  The  spermatia 
are  either  ellipsoid,  or  oblong,  becoming  staff-shaped  (the  most 
common  form)  or  needle-shaped,  the  last  often  bowed.  Nylander 
has  made  much  systematic  use  of  the  differences  in  the  sterigmas 
and  spermatia,  even  in  the  limitation  of  genera ;  but  the  latest 
observations  appear  to  confirm  earlier  ones  that  the  latter  organs 
may  vary  considerably  in  the  same  species ;  while  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  sterigmas  are  not  always  satisfactory  as  criteria- 
Beside  Tulasne,  Nylander  has  treated  the  spermogones  and 
their  contents  in  great  detail  (1.  c.  p.  40)  and  they  are  the  object 
of  a  very  extended  investigation  by  Lindsay  (Trans.  Edinb.  22, 
pp.  101-304).  Their  function  has  always  been  obscure.  Accord- 
ing to  Tulasne  (as  cited  by  De  Bary  Morph.  &  Phys.  d.  PiU., 
etc.,  p.  168,  but  there  is  scarcely  anything  in  favour  of  the  view 
in  the  French  author's  above-cited  memoir)  and  the  earlier 
opinion  of  Nylander  (1.  c.  p.  40)  the  presumption  that  the  sper- 
matia are  sexual  organs,  corresponding  to  the  spermatozoids 
of  higher  cryptogams,  as  the  spermogones  to  the  autheridia  of 


(     xii     ) 

the  latter,  is  supported  by  several  considerations,  of  which  the 
chief  is  that  it  did  not  appear  that  the  spermatia  had  ever  been 
found  to  germinate  j  and,  in  this  case,  it  would  be  the  apothe- 
cium  that  should  represent  the  other  action.  But  nothing  is  in 
fact  known  either  of  the  organs,  the  process,  or  the  place  of  the 
supposed  fecundation ;  and  the  seemingly  significant  designa- 
tions of  the  new  structures  chosen  by  their  eminent  illustrator 
were  perhaps  only  in  anticipation  of  a  possible  result  which  he 
was  not,  as  no  other  has  been,  able  to  reach.  The  resemblance 
already  noted  between  the  young  apothecium  and  the  spermo- 
gone,  in  some  lichens,— so  great  indeed  as  to  have  led  to  a 
common  confusion  of  the  two — might  however  be  well  expected 
to  come  again  into  consideration,  when  these  forms  of  structure 
were  better  distinguished.  But  Bayerhoffer  (1860)  was  the  first, 
as  Minks  indicates,  to  give  expression  to  the  view  that  their 
relations  are  most  intimate ;  and  to  conceive  the  spermogone  as 
distinguishable  from,  only  as  an  early  stage  of,  the  apothecium. 
This  is  not  the  place  to  more  than  mention  the  latter  author's 
development  and  illustration  of  what  was  perhaps  little  more 
than  a  happy  guess.  Suffice  it  to  say  that,  according  to  him, 
the  sterigmas,  which  indicate  the  beginnings  of,  and  characterize 
the  growing  spermogone,  have  for  function  the  development 
(not  of  the  so-called  spermatia,  the  difficulty  of  accounting  for 
the  enormous  amount  of  which  as  compared  with  the  filaments 
supposed  to  produce  them,  is  noted  by  Ny lander  I.  c.,  but)  of 
the  fruit-hyphae,  which  constitute,  whether  as  sterile  paraphyses 
or  fertile  thekes,  the  disk  of  the  apothecium !  But  the  cortical 
layer  of  the  thallus,  out  of  which  the  spermogone  springs,  is 
beset  with  the  delicate  threads  of  the  hyphema,  and  it  were 
inconceivable  that  these  should  not  make  their  way  among  the 
growing  sterigmas  j  abundantly  as  they  are  found  to  occur  in 
the  youngest  apothecia.  And  they  do  so  ;  and  supply  the  other 
content  of  the  spermogone — the  so-called  spermatia ;  which  are 
of  the  nature  of  branches  of  the  hyphema,  and  take  the  fitting 
name  of  HypJiidia.  Their  office  is  to  develop  the  tissue  out  of 


which  they  spring.  (Minks  Microgonid.  p.  148,  etc.)  The 
hypha-nature  of  the  spermatia  was  indeed  long  since  indicated 
by  Itzigsohn  (Bot.  Zeit.,  1854,  cited  by  Minks)  who  described 
the  evolution,  from  little  heaps  of  gonidia  overrun  with  sper- 
matia, of  a  l  perfect  thallus,  the  filamentous  layer  of  which 
formed  itself  of  the  spermatia,  as  the  gonimous  of  the  gonidia.'(*) 
But  it  is  not  by  the  fructification  (apothecium)  alone  that  the 
propagation  of  lichens  is  effected ;  nor  is  the  soredium  the  only 
ancillary  structure  to  the  same  end.  We  cannot  indeed  look 
here  for  the  remarkable  luxuriance  in  this  respect  pointed  out 
by  Tulasne  in  Fungi  (developing  thus  Fries's  dictum  that  the 
whole  fungus  is  a  fructification),  but  the  resemblance  between 
more  than  one  of  the  organs  of  reproduction  of  the  latter  Class 
and  certain  lichen-structures  is  so  close  that,  in  the  best-known 
of  these,  scarcely  a  doubt  seems  to  have  been  entertained  that 
the  two  do  not  differ.  Minks,  whose  labours  have  already  been 
marked  in  revising  the  very  uncertain  difference  between  the 
two  Classes  has  as  yet  only  touched  the  question  of  the  mor- 
phology of  the  Pycnis  of  Tulasne  as  a  lichen-structure ;  but 
enough  appears  to  make  it  safer  to  follow  him  in  distinguish- 
ing the  latter  from  the  structure  of  the  same  name  in  Fungi.  The 
Clinosporangium  (Minks;  Pycnis,  Tul.  pro  p.)  is  then  a  mostly 
very  minute,  Verrucariseform  conceptacle,  similar  generally  to 
spermogones  externally,  which  is  clothed  within  with  short, 
thickish,  always  simple,  converging  filaments  ( Clinidia,  Minks) 
generating  at  their  summits  spore-like  bodies  (Clinospores, 
Minks).  Clinosporangia  occur  by  no  means  very  rarely,  but  are 
chiefly  to  be  looked  for  in  the  lower  Graphidacei  and  Verrwca- 
riacei ;  and  especially  such  the  thallus  of  which  is  hypophlceous, 
or  innate  in  the  matrix.  The  observations  of  our  author  upon 
the  development  of  Clinosporangia  in  the  hypophlcsous  thallus 

(*)  This  part  of  the  book  being  prepared  last,  exhibits  a  later  view 
of  some  points  of  structure  than  appears  in  the  earlier  portion ;  as 
especially  in  regard  to  Sperinogone,  and  Spermatium. 


(Microgonid.  p.  135)  are  so  important  that  a  continuance  of  his 
investigation  is  to  be  hoped  for ;  and  the  more  so  that  the  proper 
function  of  the  organ  is  as  yet  unknown.  (Minks  Microgonid. 
pp.  133-139.  Syml).  Lich. -My  c.,  passim.) 

The  first  step  in  man's  apprehension  of  the  ORDER  in  nat- 
ure— that  part  of  nature  which  is  pre-eminently  less  natural 
than  ideal,  and  responds  to  the  ideal  in  himself— is  his  apprehen- 
sion of  Habit.  This  brings  him  to  an  indefinite  conception  of 
Groups — that  individual  animals  or  vegetables  are  associable, 
first,  as  of  the  same  sort  ;  and  secondly  that  these  sorts  are  as- 
sociable  as  of  the  same  kind — to  some  imperfect  conception  then 
of  Species,  and  Genus.  And  systematic  scientific  study  begins 
with  the  attempt  to  give  definiteness  to  these  vague  notions, 
and  elevate  them  to  knowledge.  In  its  progress  higher  groups 
are  caught  sight  of;  and  species  come  to  be  arranged  not  only 
in  genera,  but  the  genera  in  Families  and  Tribes.  It  is  the 
NATURAL  METHOD  which  is  unfolding  itself ;  rich  in  an  unlim- 
ited variety  of  processes,  and  a  detail  that  we  cannot  grasp. 
But  life  is  short ;  and  all  the  delights  of  study  prove  unsatisfac- 
tory to  some  larger  minds  unless  they  reach  forward  to  an  uni- 
versal view,  and  a  System  of  nature ;  not  at  all  to  be  got  at,  as 
Eschweiler  well  said,  in  nature.  Art  must  supervene ;  and  the 
natural  become  artificial,  in  the  regulative  intelligence  of  Man. 
And  it  being  to  be  taken  for  granted  that  all  systematists  in- 
tend, whatever  the  determining  principle  of  their  arrangements, 
to  exhibit  fairly  the  whole  of  the  structure  of  which  their  prin- 
ciple makes  but  a  part,  it  is  evident  that  the  question  what  the 
principle  be— whether,  in  the  Class  before  us,  1 ,  the  thallus,  or 
2,  the  thallus  and  all  other  organs  taken  together,  or  3,  the  apo- 
thecium,  or  highest  of  organs — is  of  less  practical  importance, 
than  how  the  work  be  carried  through,  and  serve  us  in  use. 

Of  the  three  principles  of  arrangement  just  reckoned,  the 
first  in  the  order  of  thought, — the  abstract  lichen  (so  to  say)  not 
known  as  yet  in  the  particulars  that  compose  it — is  naturally 
first  also  in  the  order  of  time, — the  thallus.  This  first  attracts 


attention,  and  plays  the  principal  part  in  the  earlier  arrange- 
ment of  our  plants :  as  in  the  three  genera  (Usnea,  Coralloides, 
Lichenoides)  in  which  they  are  brought  together  in  the  disposi- 
tion of  Dillenius ;  and  the  single  genus  (Lichen)  under  which 
they  are  arranged,  in  sections  limited  by  thalline  differences,  by 
Linnaeus.  And  the  thallus  has  continued  to  commend  itself  to 
systematists  even  after  the  explication  of  the  whole  lichen-or- 
ganism :  as  to  Fee,  in  1824 ;  and  as  exhibited  in  the  well-known 
Sy sterna  of  Koerber.  (*) 

Study  in  any  sufficient  sense,  begins  however,  in  the  order 
of  time,  with  the  next  succeeding  stage  of  inquiry,  wherein  the 
thallus  is  accepted  only  as  the  ground  of  a  further  develop- 
ment— as  existing  for  the  behoof  of  other  essential  organs,  and 
we  have  before  us  all  that  constitutes  the  organism — the  whole 
plant.  The  systematic  disposition  of  Nylander  reckons  thus  all 
organs,  or,  more  particularly,  thallus,  spermogones,  and  apo- 
thecia,  as  of  equal  value  in  the  system ;  and  his  arrangement 
proceeds  eclectically,  as  now  one  and  now  another  conspicuous 
character  is  assumed  as  determinative  (Syn.  Lich.  1,  chap.  x). 
But  great  as  is  the  advantage  which  this  disposition  enjoys  as 
the  means  of  communication  of  the  author  who  has  described 
and  is  describing  more  lichens  than  any  other,  it  is  easily  seen 
that  it  differs  from  other  systematic  works  not  at  all,  as  the  au- 
thor would  imply,  in  the  exclusion  of  selection  (that  is,  of  the 
'artificial  and  arbitrary'),  but  only  in  the  use  made  of  it.  Not 
to  dwell  here  on  the  treatment  of  near  and  remote  affinity,  or  of 
affinity  and  analogy,  in  this  arrangement— evidenced  by  the 

(*)  We  cannot  well  refer,  in  this  connection,  to  Dr.  Th.  Fries's  elabo- 
rate Scandinavian  Lichen-Flora  (1871-1874),  the  principle  of  construc- 
tion of  which  is  the  gonimons  system,  as  but  little  as  respects  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  method  has  yet  been  published.  But  however  greatly  the 
significance  of  the  gonimous  cells  may  be  advanced  by  more  recent  re- 
search, their  anatomy  and  morphology  are  still  but  imperfectly  known ; 
and  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  that  much  can  be  gained  from  what  must 
necessarily  be  arbitrary  views  of  only  a  part  of  the  phenomena. 


(     xvi     ) 

wide  separation  of  Bceomyces  and  Cladonia  from  Biatora,  be- 
tween all  of  which  there  are  direct  transitions — the  difficulties 
of  the  multiplicity,  and  unequal,  now  very  uncertain  values  of 
the  points  of  view — 'the  salient  characters  of  all  parts  of  lichens' 
— are,  for  us,  insuperable.  The  resulting  complex  of  series  and 
tribes  belongs  indeed  to,  and  illustrates  brilliantly,  with  the  au- 
thor's unequalled  knowledge  of  particulars,  the  Natural  Method; 
but  the  complex  is,  in  very  consequence  of  the  extreme  extent 
of  this  particularism,  perplexing  to  the  student  (*),  who  finds 
himself  entangled  anew  in  the  meshes  of  nature,  from  which 
meshes  nature,  with  whatever  devotion  he  seek  her  help,  is  pow- 
erless to  release  him.  What  wonder  then,  if  escaping  at  length, 
by  his  own  deliberate  act,  from  the  inordinate  multifariousness 
and  accidentality  of  the  natural  affinities,  and  unable  to  accept 
the  thallus  as  a  sufficient  guide,  he  turn  now  to  his  only  remain- 
ing choice, — the  apothecium — the  flower  and  fruit,  and  highest 
that  we  know  of  our  plants :  the  principle  of  construction  of 
Persoon,  Acharius,  Wahlenberg,  and  Fries.  We  are  here  con- 
sidering only  system,  and  it  may  be  permitted  to  me  to  add, 
that  much,  and  invaluable,  and  not  yet  to  be  fully  estimated,  as 
are  the  acquisitions  of  the  improved  methods  of  study  of  the 
last  thirty  years,  the  whole  movement  took  its  start  from  the 

(*)  And  in  view  of  the  importance  of  this  consideration,  it  is  proper 
to  be  more  explicit.  The  genus  Lecidea,  as  understood  by  Nylander, 
while  constituted  of  a  now  no  little  strained  association  of  not  less  than 
six,  (by  some  prominent  writers  broken  into  many  more)  generic  types 
accepted  by  the  great  majority  of  modern  lichenologists,  two  of  these 
types  indicating  groups  of  vast  extent,  Fries's  distinction  of  which  has 
proved  an  invaluable  boon  to  study,  is  yet  further  and  to  the  last  degree 
embarrassed,  in  the  two  great  and  difficult  groups  named,  by  crowds, 
ever  increasing,  of  lichens  called  new,  but  neither  sufficiently  charac- 
terized, nor,  for  the  most  part,  illustrated  by  any  sufficient  explanation ; 
and  has  thus,  in  the  great  bulk  of  the  genus,  become,  what  we  have  no 
better  word  for  than  a  wilderness  of  obscure  forms,  into  the  intricacies 
of  which  only  the  author  can  presumably  possess  any  trustworthy  clew. 


(    xvii    ) 

results  gained  by  the  unsurpassed  penetration  of  Elias  Fries  ; 
and  has  never  lost  the  impress  of  his  genius.  So  great  is  the 
value  of  Habit  in  minds  fully  qualified  to  apprehend  and  appre- 
ciate its  subtleties,  that  such  minds  may  not  only  anticipate 
what  the  microscope  is  to  reveal,  but  help  us  to  understand  its 
revelations. 


RECENT  AUTHORS   ON  STRUCTURE; 

1,  GENERAL. 
TULASNE,  Mem.  pour  servir  a  Vhist.  organographique  etphysio- 

logique  des  Lichens.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  3  Ser.,  vol.  17, 

with  16  plates,  1852. 
SPEERSCHNEIDER,  Anatomic  u.  Entwickelung  der  Hagenia  cil- 

iaris,  etc.    Sot.  Zeitung,  1853-4-5-7. 
NYLANDER,  Synopsis  Meth.  Lichenum,  vol.   1,   with  8  plates, 

1858-60. 
SCHWENDENER,   Untersuchungen  ilber  d.  Flechtenthallus.  Naeg. 

Beitr.  0.  wissensch.  Bot.  2,  3,  4,  with  13  plates, 

1860-68.     The  same,  Ueber  die  Entwick.  d.  Apoth. 

von  Cwnogonium.      Flora,    1862.      Ueber    Ephebe 

pubescens.    Ibid.  1863.     Ueber  die  Apoth.  primitus 
•     aperta  u.  der  Entwick.  d.  Apothecien  in  Allgemeinen. 

Ibid.  1864. 
DE  BARY,  Morphologic  u.  Physiologic    d.    Pilze,   Flechten,  u. 

Myxomyceten,  II.,  Flechten.  1866. 
MINKS,  Beitrdge   zur  Kenntniss  des  Baues  und  Lebens    der 

Flechten,  1876.     The  same,  Zur  Flechtenparasiten- 

Frage.  Flora,  1877.     Das  Microgonidium,  Vorlau- 

fige  Mittheilung.  Flora,  1878.    Das  Microgonidium. 

Ein  Beitirg  mr  Kenntniss  des    wahren    Wesens 

der  Flechten,  249  pages,  with  six  plates,  1879. 
STAHL,  Beitrdge  zur  Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  Flechten,  with 

five  plates,  1877. 

2,   OF  THE  APOTHECIA. 

TTJLASNE,  I.  c. 
NYLANDER,  I  c. 

SCHWENDENER,    tt.  CC. 

FUISTING,  De  nonnullis  Apothecii  Lichenum  evolvendi  ration- 
ibus.  1865. 


(     xix     ) 

MINKS,  Thamnolia  vermicular  is,  Erne  Monographic,  Flora,  1874. 
The  same,  Beitnige,  I.  c. 

3,    OF  THE   SPORES. 

LEIGHTON,  British  species  of  Angiocarpous  Lichens,  with  29 
plates,  1851. 

TULASNE,    I  C. 

HEPP,  AbMldungen  u.  Beschreibung  tier  Sporen  zum  /.,  //.,  III., 
/(.  IV.  Band  d.  Flechten  Europtfs,  with  110  plates, 
IS53-67. 

KOERBER,  Sy sterna  Lick.  Germanic,  with  4  plates,  1855. 

NYLANDER,  I.  c. 

MINKS,  Das  Microgonidium,  etc.,  I.  c. 

4,  OF  THE  SPERMOGONES,  ETC. 
TTJLASNE,  /.  c. 
NYLANDEK,  Z.  c. 
LINDSAY,  On  Spennogones  and  Pycnides.     Trans.  Edinb.  vol. 

22,  with  12  plates,  1859. 
MINKS,  J}fix  Microgonidium,  etc.,  I.  c. 

5,   OF  THE  GONTDIA. 
DE  BAPvY,  /.  <-. 

SCHWENDENER,  Die  Algcntypcn  der  Flechten-Gonidien,   with 

three  plates,  1869.     The  same,  Erorterungen  der 

Gonidien-Frage,  with  one  plate,  Flora,  1872.    The 

same,  UntersiicU.  I.  c. 
TH.  FKIES,  Lich.  Scand.  pp.  9,  10,  1871. 
BORNET,  Recherches  sur  les  Gomdies  dcs  Lichens  in  Ann.  Sci. 

V.,  17,  19,  1873,  1874. 
KOERBER,  Zur  Abwehr  der  Schwendener  -  Bornetsclien   Flech- 

tentheorie,  1874. 
MINKS,  Beitrdge  zur  Kennlniss  des  Baues  und  Lebens,  etc., 

1876.     The  same,  Das  Microgonidium,  etc.,  I.  c. 
NYLANDER,  Syn.  1.  c.     The  same,  De  Gonidiis  et  eorum  formis 

direr  sis  Animadv.  Flora,  1877. 


AUTHORS  ON  THE  SYSTEM; 

FRIES,  Sy  sterna  Orbis  Veget.  L,  PI.  Homonemece,  1825.  The 
same,  Lichenographia  Europcea  Reformata,  1831. 

NORMAN,  Conatus  prcemissus  redact,  novfs  gen.  nonnull.  Lich., 
1852. 

KOERBER,  Z.  C. 

NYLANDER,  L  c. 

TH.  FRIES,  Genera  Heterolichenum  Europ&a,  1861. 
STIZENBERGER,  Beitr.  z.  Flechtensystematik,  1862. 
MIJLLER,  Principes  de  Glassif.  des  Licfiens,  1862. 
KREMPELHTJBER,  Geschichte  u.  Litter atur  d.  Lichenologie.  L, 
IL,  1867-9. 


KEY    TO    THE    ARRANGEMENT. 


Ser,  L— GYMNOCAEPI    (Schrad.)    Fr. 

Apothecia  normally  open-  either  shield-like  (scutellaform) 
or  dish-fee  (patellceform)  or  difform,  becoming  elongated 
(lirellceform}  or  goblet-shaped  and  the  disk  compacted  of 
naked  spores  (crater if orm). 

Trib,  1,  PARMELIACEI,  Apothecia  rounded,  margined  by 
a  thalline  exciple  (scutellseform),  which  includes  also 
now,  more  or  less  distinctly,  a  proper  exciple,  when  the 
fruit  is  called  zeorine. 

Fam.  1.  USNEEI.  Thallus  sub-vertical  and  fruticulose,  or 
pendulous ;  more  rarely  depressed,  and  dilated  (foliace- 
ous). 

1.  ROCCELLA.     Disk  of  apothecium  black,  with  a  white 

bloom.  Spores  fusiform-oblong,  4-locular,  colourless. 
Thallus  fruticulose,  or  pendulous ;  somewhat  leathery. 

2.  RAMALINA.    Disk  and  thallus  pale.     Spores  ellipsoid 

and  oblong,  2-locular,  colourless.  Thallus  fruticulose, 
or  pendulous;  compressed  or  subfoliaceous,  cartila- 
gineous. 

3.  CETRARIA.    Disk  coloured  differently  from  the  thallus, 

to  the  tips  or  margins  of  which  the  apothecia  are 
attached.  Spores  sub-ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless. 
Thallus  either  fruticulose,  or  depressed  and  dilated 
(parmelia3form)  more  or  less  cartilagineous. 

4.  EVERNIA.    Disk  concave,  coloured  differently  from  the 

thallus;  the  apothecia  at  length  often  cyathiform. 
Spores  sub- ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless.  Thallus  fru- 


y 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

ticulose,  or  pendulous ;  sottish ;  with  a  cottony 
medulla. 

5.  USNEA.     Disk  and  thallus  pale.     Spores  sub-ellipsoid, 

simple,  colourless.  Thallus  fruticulose,  or  pendulous ; 
mostly  rounded ;  alike  on  all  sides ;  with  a  double 
medulla,  the  innermost  woody. 

6.  ALECTORIA.    Disk  coloured  differently  from  the  thal- 

lus. Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  or  now  muriform- 
multilocular,  brown,  or,  more  often,  decolorate. 
Thallus  fruticulose,  or  pendulous;  mostly  rounded; 
alike  on  all  sides ;  cottony  within. 

7.  SCHIZOPELTE.     Disk  black,  dilated  and  lobed.     Spores 

oblong,  4-locular,  blackish-brown.  Thallus  fruticu- 
lose, terete. 

Fam.  2.  PARMELIEI.  Thallus  horizontal,  foliaceous,  dif- 
ferently coloured  and  normally  fibrillose  beneath,  where 
it  is  without  veins  or  cyphels.  [See  PeltigereL]  Karely 
ascendant,  evernisefbrm  j  more  rarely  alectoriaBform. 

8.  SPEERSCHNEIDERA.    Apothecia  scutellaeform.    Spores 

oblong,  2-4-locular,  colourless.  Thallus  terete-com- 
pressed, dichotomously  very  much  branched,  and 
intertangled,  forming  rounded,  appressed  patches; 
fibrils  obsolete. 

9.  THELOSCHISTES.     Apothecia  scutellseform ;   the  disk 

yellowish  -  orange.  Spores  polar -bilocular  [in  an 
exotic  species  quadri-locular]  colourless.  Thallus 
foliaceous,  or  now  ascendant  and  everniaeform ;  mostly 
yellowish. 

to.   PARHELIA.    Apothecia  scutellaeform ;  the  disk  mostly 
thin.    Spores  ellipsoid,  and  oblong,  simple,  colourless. 
Thallus  foliaceous;    or  now  everniaeform ;    or  even 
alectoriaeform ;  rather  membrauaceous. 
11.   PHYSCIA.    Apothecia  scutellseform ;  the  disk  thickish. 


KEY  TO   THE    ARRANGEMENT.  3 

Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  more  rarely  quadri-pluri- 
locular,  brown.  Thallus  foliaceous,  or  now  everniae- 
form;  cartilagineous. 

12.  PYXINE.      Apothecia    from    scutellaeform    becoming 

black  all  over,  and  lecideoid.  Spores  oblong-ellipsoid, 
bilocular  (elsewhere  also  4-locular)  brown.  Thallus 
crustaceous-foliaceous,  sub-cartilagineous. 

Fam.  3.  UMBILICARIEL  Thallus  horizontal,  foliaceous, 
coriaceous-cartilagineous,  sub-monophyllous,  attached  to 
the  substrate  at  a  single  point. 

13.  UMBILICARIA.      Apothecia  sub-scutellaeform,   black- 

ened, gyrose-plicate.  Spores  sub-ellipsoid,  simple,  or 
now  muriform-multilocular,  brown,  or  decolorate. 
Thallus  as  above. 

Fam.  4.  PELTIGEREI.  Thallus  piano-ascendant,  frondose- 
foliaceous ;  beneath  villous,  and  variegated  with  veins, 
or  cyphels.  [See  Sticta.]  Gonirnia  take  very  largely  the 
place  of  gonidia. 

4.  STICTA.  Apothecia  scutellsBform,  sub-marginal,  ele- 
vated. Spores  from  fusiform  at  length  acicular,  bi- 
quadri-plurilocular,  fuscescent  or  colourless.  Thallus 
frondose  -  foliaceous,  coriaceous  -  cartilagineous,  the 
under  side  variegated  with  little  cups  or  rounded 
heaps  of  unknown  import  (cyphels}  or  spots.  Goni- 
mous  layer  constituted,  in  one  group  of  species,  of 
gonidia ;  in  the  other  of  gonimia. 

15.  NEPHROMA.  Apothecia  reniform,  innate  in  the  under 
side  of  extended  lobes,  the  margin  disappearing. 
Spores  sub-fusiform,  4-locular;  fuscescent.  Thallus 
frondose,  not  veined  below.  Gonimous  layer,  in  one 
group  of  species,  of  gonidia ;  in  the  other  of  gonimia. 
/ 16.  PELTIGERA.  Apothecia  pel  tseform,  adnate  to  the  upper 


4  KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

side  of  extended  lobes,  the  margin  torn-crenate. 
Spores  from  fusiform  at  length  acicular,  4-plurilocular, 
at  length  colourless.  Thallus  frondose,  villous  and 
veiny  beneath.  Gonimous  layer,  in  several  species, 
composed  of  gonidia;  in  the  larger  number,  of 
gonimia. 

17.  ERIODERMA.      Apothecia     scutellaeforrn,     marginal. 

Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  simple,  at  length  colourless. 
Thallus  frondose,  villous  beneath,  where  it  is  clothed, 
more  or  less,  with  a  pannose  hypothallus.  Gonimous 
layer  constituted  of  gonimia. 

18.  SOLORINA.    Apothecia  orbicular,  innate  in  the  upper 

side  of  the  thallus,  the  margin  disappearing.  Spores 
from  ellipsoid  fusiform  -  oblong,  bilocular,  brown. 
Thallus  frondose,  villous  beneath.  Gonimous  layer 
constituted  of  gonidia  and  gonimia. 

Earn.  5.  PAIS1NAEIEI.  Thallus  horizontal,  frondose-folia- 
ceous,  or,  most  commonly,  squamulose ;  mostly  more  or 
less  lead-coloured  j  imposed  upon  a  conspicuous  hypo- 
thallus (now  obsolete).  Gonimous  layer  almost  univer- 
sally (in  our  species)  of  gonimia. 

19.  EKDOCARPISCUM.    Apothecia  indicated  only,  for  the 

most  part,  by  an  ostiole,  but  finally  emerging  and 
scutellseform.  Spores  very  minute,  simple,  colourless, 
numerous  in  the  thekes.  Thallus  foliaceous,  peltate, 
the  hypothallus  deficient.  Gonimous  layer  of  gonimia. 

20.  HEPPIA.    Apothecia  orbicular,  immarginate,  more  or 

less  sunken  in  the  minute,  frondose-squamulose  thal- 
lus. Hypothallus  obsolete.  Spores  ovoid -oblong, 
simple,  without  colour.  Gonimous  layer  of  gonimia. 

21.  PHYSMA.      Apothecia  scutellseform.    Spores  ellipsoid, 

simple,  colourless.  Thallus  foliaceous,  clothed  beneath 
with  a  nap-like  hypothallus.  Gonimous  layer  of 
gonimia,  characterized  much  as  in  Collema. 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT.  5 

22.  P  ANN  ARIA.    Apothecia  either  simply  scutellaeform,  or 

the  disk  also  bordered  by  a  proper  margin  (zeorine) 
or  the  thalline  margin  obsolete,  and  the  proper  margin 
alone  exhibited  (biatorine).  Spores  ovoid  or  oblong, 
simple,  or  more  rarely  bi-quadrilocular,  or  very  rarely 
muriform  -  plurilocular,  fuscescent,  or  decolorate. 
Thallus  monophyllous,  or  multifid,  or,  most  often, 
squamulose,  becoming  crustaceous. 

Fam.  6.  COLLEMEL  Thallus  frondose-foliaceous,  more  or 
less  gelatinous  when  moist  j  becoming  squamulose,  or 
even  crustaceous ;  lead-coloured,  or  blackish-green  j  the 
hypothallus  almost  always  obsolete.  Gouimia,  without 
exception  characteristical  of  the  family,  and  conditioning 
its  whole  structure. 

Sub-Fam.  1.  LICHINEI.  Thallus  fru tic ulose  or  alectorise- 
form;  the  gonimia  constituting  an  axis,  which  finally 
breaks  up;  or  crowded  together  into  a  more  regular 
layer,  between  the  cortical,  and  the  at  length  parenchyma- 
tous  medullary.  Apothecia  globose,  or  variously  irreg- 
ular. 

23.  EPHEBE.    Apothecia  globose.    Spores  oblong-ellipsoid, 

simple,  uncoloured.  Thallus  filiform,  much  branched, 
blackish-green ;  the  never  concatenate  gonimia  finally 
somewhat  stratified. 

24.  •  LICHINA.    Apothecia  terminal,  globose.     Spores  ellip- 

soid, simple,  uncoloured.  Thallus  fruticulose,  brown- 
ish-black ;  the  concatenate  gonimia  distinctly  strati- 
fied. 

Sub-Fam.  2.  EUCOLLEMBI.  Thallus  foliaceous  or  squamu- 
lose, or  even  crustaceous  j  very  rarely  fruticulose  j  the 
gonimia  disposed  most  often  in  necklace-like  chains, 
which  are  dispersed,  more  or  less,  in  a  gelatinous 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

pulp,  amidst  branched  medullary  filaments.  Apothecia 
normally  scutellseform ;  sometimes,  in  the  lower  groups, 
persistently  globose. 

25.  PYRENOPSIS.    Apothecia  depressed-globose,  urceolate, 

or  DOW  at  length  open.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  simple 
or  bilocular,  decelerate.  Thallus  granulose.  Gonimia 
in  clusters;  or  now  in  chains. 

26.  OMPHALARIA.      Apothecia    sub -globose,    immersed 

more  or  less  in  the  thallus,  or  finally  superficial,  and 
explicate.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate.  Thal- 
lus fruticulose,  or  more  commonly  foliaceous,  attached 
to  the  substrate,  at  only  one  point.  Gonimia  in 
clusters ;  or  rarely  in  chains. 

27.  COLLEMA.    Apothecia  scutellseform.      Spores  ovoid- 

ellipsoid,  either  simple,  or  becoming  fusiform,  and  bi- 
plurilocular,  or  most  commonly  muriform-plurilocular, 
scarcely  coloured.  Thallus  foliaceous,  very  rarely 
fruticulose  ;  mostly  dark-green ;  cortical  layer  mostly 
indistinct ;  gonimia  almost  always  concatenate ; 
medullary  filaments  conspicuous. 

28.  LEPTOGIUM.    Apothecia  scutellaeform,  or  zeorine;  or 

biatorine.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  either  simple,  or 
becoming  fusiform  and  bi-plurilocular,  or,  most  often, 
muriform-plurilocular,  scarcely  coloured.  Thallus 
foliaceous,  or  rarely  fruticulose,  mostly  lead-coloured  ; 
cortical  layer  distinctly  parenchymatous ;  gonimia 
and  medullary  filaments  as  in  Collema. 

29.  HYDROTHYRIA.      Apothecia  biatorine.     Spores  fusi- 

form, quadrilocular,  uncoloured.  Thallus  foliaceous, 
lead-coloured ;  cortical  layer  distinct,  as  in  Leptogium  ; 
gonimia  disposed,  in  very  short  chains,  between  the 
compact  medullary  layer,  and  the  cortical. 


KEY   TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT.  7 

Fam.  7.  LECANOREI.  Thallus  crustaceous ;  now  lobulate, 
or  even  branched;  but,  for  the  most  part,  uniform ; 
adnate  to  the  substrate  j  hypothallus  inconspicuous. 

Sub-Fain.  1.    EULECANOREI,    Apothecia  scutellseform. 

30.  PLACODIUM.  Apothecia  now  zeorine;  or  biatorine. 
Spores  either  (most  rarely)  simple,  or  of  the  usual 
bilocular  type,  or,  commonly  and  typically  polar- 
bilocular,  colourless.  Thallus  now  lobulate,  or  very 
rarely  fruticulose ;  mostly  uniform,  and  oftener 
yellowish. 

/  31.  LECANORA.  Apothecia  now  zeorine.  Spores  ellipsoid 
and  oblong,  simple,  or  rarely  bi-quadrilocular,  or  now 
long-fusiform  and  plurilocular,  colourless.  Thallus 
now  lobulate,  or  rarely  fruticulose ;  mostly  uniform. 

32.  RINODINA.      Apothecia  now  zeorine;     or  biatorine. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular, rarely  4-plurilocular, brown. 
Thallus  now  lobulate  ;  mostly  uniform. 

Sub-Fain.  2.  PERTUSARIEI.  Apothecia  (reverting  in- 
deed to  the  scutellaeforni  type,  but)  typically  com- 
pound, and  diiform. 

33.  PERTUSARIA.    Apothecia   globular  -  difform,  opening 

by  pores,  and  including  (1-00)  uucleiform  hymenia; 
or  now  explanate,  and  lecanorine.  Spores  mostly 
very  large,  ellipsoid,  simple,  or  bilocular,  colourless. 

Sub-Fam.  3.  URCEOLARIEI.  Apothecia  more  or  less 
urceolate. 

34.  CONOTREMA.    Apothecia  urceolate,  truncate-conoidal ; 

a  black  proper  exciple,  veiled,  more  or  less,  by  an 
evanescent  thalline  one.  Spores  cylindraceous,  very 
long,  plurilocular,  colourless.  Thallus  uniform. 

35.  GYALECTA.     Apothecia    urceolate-biatorine,  with  a 


8  KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

somewhat  crenulate  margin ;  a  coloured  (rarely  black) 
connivent  proper  exciple,  which  is  now  explanate, 
received  in,  or  veiled  by  an  often  evanescent,  thalline 
one.  Spores  ellipsoid,  fusiform,  or  acicular,  bi-quadri- 
pltirilocular,  or  the  cells  rarely  also  irregularly,  or 
even  murally  divided ;  uncoloured.  Thallus  uniform. 

36.  UKCEOLARIA.      Apothecia  urceolate-scutella?forru;    a 

black,  counivent,  proper  exciple  becoming  oftener 
explanate,  and  bordering  the  black  disk  with  its  more 
or  less  whitened  margin,  which  is  finally  discrete  from 
the  lecanorine,  thalline  one  (now  obsolete).  Spores 
ovoid-ellipsoid,  muriform-plurilocular,  brown.  Thal- 
lus uniform. 

37.  THELOTREMA.      Apothecia  urceolate,  now  verrucae- 

form,  or  endocarpeiue,but  at  length  largely  scutellate, 
the  disk  veiled  by  an  inner  exciple  (often  obsolete); 
proper  exciple  variously  coloured,  somewhat  torn- 
margined,  concrete  with  the  thalline.  Spores  ellip- 
soid and  oblong,  bi-plurilocular,  or  finally  rauriform- 
multilocular,  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thallus  crusta- 
ceous,  uniform. 

38.  GYROSTOMUM.     Apothecia  from  urceolate  finally  ex- 

plauate,  orbicular  or  often  elongated-difforrn ;  a  black 
proper  exciple,  with  entire  margin,  clothed  at  first  by 
an  evanescent  thalline  one.  Spores  ellipsoid,  muri- 
form-plurilocular, brown.  Thallus  uniform. 
*  MYRIANGITJM.  Apothecia  lecanoroid,  multilocular, 
each  loculament  developing  a  single  theke,  unaccom- 
panied by  paraphyses.  Spores  oblong-ovoid  sub- 
muriform-multilocular,  colourless.  Thallus  rounded, 
more  or  less  plaited  or  lobulate  at  the  circumference, 
blackish-brown ;  without  gouidia. 

Trib,  2.    LECIDEACEI,    Apothecia  rounded,  margined  (nor- 
mally) only  by  the  proper  exciple  (patellaiform). 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT.  9 

Fam.  1.  CLADONIEI.  Thallus  two-fold,  a  vertical  one 
(podetium)  ascending  from  a  horizontal,  squamulose,  or 
granulose  one  j  the  latter  now  obsolete. 

39.  STEREOCATJLON.      Apothecia  patellseform,  brown,  at 

length  convex  and  the  margin  excluded  (ceplialoid) 
solid.  Spores  fusiform  or  acicular,  4-plurilocular, 
colourless.  Thallus  fruticulose,  erect,  solid  (podetia), 
clothed  more  or  less  with  granules,  passing  now  into 
fibrils ;  horizontal  thallus  granulose,  or  obsolete. 

40.  PILOPHORUS.       Apothecia    cephaloid,    solid,    black. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless.  Podetia  simple, 
or  but  little  branched,  originally  solid,  granulate; 
horizontal  thallus  granulose. 

41.  CLADONIA.     Apothecia  mostly  cephaloid,    variously 

coloured  (not  black).  Spores  ovoid-oblong,  simple, 
colourless.  Podetia  fistulous,  either  simple,  and  cup- 
shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  or  at  length  very  much 
branched ;  rarely  club-shaped ;  the  horizontal  thallus 
squamulose,  or  rarely  granulose,  or  obsolete. 

Fam.  2.     CCENOGONIEI.     Thallus  horizontal,  conferva-like. 

42.  CGENOGONIUM.    Apothecia  patellseform.    Spores  fusi- 

form-ellipsoid, simple  or  bilocular,  colourless.  Thal- 
lus composed  of  jointed  filaments  densely  inter- 
tangled,  making  a  more  or  less  determinate  web. 

Fam.  3.  LECIDEEL  Thallus  crustaceous;  now  lobulate, 
or  even,  very  rarely,  caulescent  j  but,  for  the  most  part, 
uniform ;  adnate  to  the  substrate. 

Sub-Fam.  1.  B^EOMYCEI.  Apothecia  prolonged  down- 
wards into  a  stipe  (stipitate). 

43.  B^OMYCES.      Apothecia    patellaeform,  or  cephaloid ; 

the  stipe  now  reduced,  or  disappearing.  Spores  ellip- 
soid, or  sub-fusiform,  simple,  or  now  bi-quadrilocular, 
colourless.  Thallus  horizontal ;  lobulate,  or  uniform. 


10  KEY   TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

Sub-Fam.  2.  BIATOREI.  Apothecia  sessile;  the  exciple 
paler  than  the  disk. 

44.  BIATORA.    Apothecia  patellseform,  or  oftener  cepha- 
loid.     Spores  either  ellipsoid  and  simple,  or  oblong 
and  bi-quadrilocular,  or  fusiform  passing  into  acicular 
and  finally  plurilocular,    colourless.      Thallus    now 
lobulate;  mostly  uniform. 

45.  HETEROTHECIUM.    Apothecia  patellseform;  the  ex- 
ciple often  thickened  and  lecanoroid.     Spores  for  the 
most  part  large,  from  ellipsoid  becoming  oblong,  and 
either  simple,  or  bi-plurilocular,  or  muriform-multi- 
locular ;   brown,  or  decolorate.    Thallus  uniform. 

Sub-Fam.  3.  EULECIDEEI.  Apothecia  sessile;  exciple 
coal-black. 

46.  LECTDEA.       Apothecia    patellaeform,  now  cephaloid. 

Spores  from  ellipsoid  becoming  fusiform,  and  finally 
acicular  ;  either  simple,  or  more  rarely  bi-quadri-pluri- 
locular,  colourless.  Thallus  now  lobulate,  or  very 
rarely  caulescent ;  but,  for  the  most  part,  uniform. 

47.  BUELLIA.      Apothecia  patellaeform.     Spores  ellipsoid 

and  oblong ;  from  simple  becoming  bi-quadrilocular, 
or  finally  muriform-multilocular ;  brown,  or  decolor- 
ate. Thallus  now  lobulate ;  mostly  uniform. 

Trib,  3,  GRAPHIDACEI,  Apothecia  difform,  oftener  elon- 
gated (lirellseform),  margined  (normally)  only  by  the 
proper  exciple ;  now  itself  indistinct. 

Fam.  1.  LECANACTIDEI.  Apothecia  rounded  more  or  less, 
or  also,  less  commonly,  elongated ;  margined. 

48.  LECANACTIS.       Apothecia   rounded,  or  more  rarely 

oblong,  black.  Spores  from  dactyloid  becoming  at 
length  fusiform-oblong,  quadri-plurilocular,  colourless. 
Thallus  uniform. 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 


11 


49.  PLATYGRAPHA.    Apothecia  rounded,  or  oblong ;    the 

proper  exciple  more  or  less  obscure,  bordered  by  an 
accessory  thalline  or  tballoid  one.  Spores  fusiform, 
quadri-plurilocular,  colourless.  Thallus  uniform. 

50.  MELASPILEA.    Apothecia  rounded,  or  oblong,  black. 

Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid, bilocular,  brown,  or  decolorate. 
Thallus  uniform,  or  obsolete. 

Fam.  2.    OPEGPAPHEI.     Apothecia  normally  lirellseform. 

51.  OPEGRAPHA.       Apothecia    lirellseform    (very    rarely 

rounded-difform),  oftener  simple,  for  the  most  part 
superficial,  the  exciple  almost  always  black  through- 
out. Spores  smallish,  from  ellipsoid  becoming  finger- 
shaped  (dactyloid]  or  oftener  fusiform,  bi-quadri- 
plurilocular,  brown,  or,  much  oftener,  decolorate. 
Thallus  uniform,  or  almost  obsolete. 

52.  XYLOGRAPHA.    Apothecia  now  angulate-patellseform, 

but  oftener  lirellseform ;  the  exciple  softish,  and  origi- 
nally pale,  but  at  length  black.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
simple  [or,  at  length,  in  a  foreign  species,  somewhat 
nmriform-pltirilocular]  decolorate. 

53.  GRAPHIS.    Apothecia   lirellaeform,  oftener  branched, 

or  very  rarely  rounded-diflform,  for  the  most  part 
innate ;  the  exciple  either  coloured,  or  black,  but 
more  often  colourless  below,  and  bordered  almost 
always  by  an  accessory  thalline  or  thalloid  one.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  or  oblong,  quadri-plurilocular,  or  finally 
muriform-multilocular,  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thal- 
lus uniform,  or  now  almost  obsolete. 

Fam.  3.    GLYPHIDEI.     Many  apothecia  collected  in  a  com- 
mon, cushion-like  thalloid  receptacle  (stroma). 

54.  CHIODECTON.      Apothecia  rounded-difform,  or  oblong, 

plano-convex,    immarginate,  immersed    in  a   white 


12  KEY  TO  THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

stroma.  Spores  fusiform,  or  now  oblong-ovoid,  quadri- 
plnrilocular,  very  rarely  muriforrn-multilocular,  almost 
always  uncoloured.  Thallus  uniform. 

55.  GLYPHIS.      Apothecia  rounded,  or  oblong,  concave, 

black,  associated  together  in  a  white  stroma.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  and  oblong,  quadri-plurilocular,  brown,  or 
decolorate.  Thallus  uniform. 

Fam.  4.  ARTHONIEI.  Apothecia  difform,  without  proper 
margin,  commonly  confluent,  and  now  evidently  com- 
pound. 

56.  ARTHONIA.    Apothecia  rounded,  or  oblong ;  now  bor- 

dered by  an  accessory  thalloid  margin;  clustered 
commonly,  or  finally  confluent  in  a  difform,  rounded 
or  stellate  pseudo-stroma.  Spores  (commonly  in 
pyriform  thekes)  oblong-ovoid,  or  oblong,  or  rarely 
fusiform,  2-4-plurilocular,  or,  at  length  muriform- 
multilocular;  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thallus  uniform 
or  almost  obsolete. 

57.  MYCOPORUM.      Apothecia  rounded  or  oblong,  black, 

finally  compound;  a  difform  pseudo-stroma  includ- 
ing (1-6)  hymenia.  Spores  (in  sub-pyriform  thekes) 
oblong-ovoid  or  oblong  [bi-quadrilocular,  or  finally] 
muriform-multilocular;  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thal- 
lus uniform,  or  almost  obsolete. 

*  AGYRIUM.  Apothecia  rounded  or  oblong,  softish  (red- 
dish) immarginate.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,-  uncol- 
oured, or  reddish.  Thallus  scarcely  or  not  visible, 
represented  mainly  by  a  few  gonidia,  nestling  amidst 
the  fibres  of  the  woody  substrate. 

Trib,  4,  CALICIACEI.  Apothecia  turbinate-lentiform  (cra- 
teriform)  or  globose  j  a  proper  exciple,  which  is  either 
naked,  and  ofteuer  stipitate,  or  bordered  by  an  accessory 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT.  13 

thalline  one,  margining  or  supporting  a  hymenium  the 
disk  of  which  consists  of  naked  spores. 

Fam.  1.     SPILEROPHOREI.    Thallus  vertical,  fruticulose. 

*  SIPHULA.  Apothecia  unknown.  Spermatia  linear. 
Thallus  erect,  sparingly  branched  or  almost  simple, 
passing  below  into  root-like  branchlets  by  which  the 
lichen  is  attached  to  the  substrate,  densely  cottony 
within. 

58.  SPH^ROPHORUS.     Apothecia  globose  ;  the  proper  ex- 

ciple  reduced  to  a  hypothecium,  which  is  included  in 
a  thalline  receptacle,  formed  by  the  swollen  tips  of 
the  branches.  S.pores  spherical,  simple,  violet-black. 
Thallus  fruticulose,  erect,  densely  cottony  within. 

59.  ACROSCYPHUS.       Apothecia    crateriform;     a     black 

proper  exciple  included  in  a  clavate  thalline  recep- 
tacle, formed  by  the  swollen  tips  of  the  branches. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  brown.  Thallus  fruticu- 
lose, erect,  solid,  the  medullary  layer  at  length  more 
or  less  compacted  into  cartilagineous  cords. 

Fam.  2.     CALICIEI.      Thallus     crustaceous,  lobulate,  or, 
mostly,  uniform. 

60.  ACOLIUM.    Apothecia  crateriform,  or  now  urn -shaped, 

sessile  ;  a  black  proper  exciple,  which  is  either  naked, 
or  margined  by  an  accessory  thalline  one.  Spores 
spherical  and  simple,  or  more  often  ellipsoid  and 
bilocular,  rarely  also  quadrilocular,  or  even  muriform- 
plurilocular ;  brown.  Thallus  crustaceous,  rarely 
lobulate,  for  the  most  part  uniform. 

61.  CALICITJM.    Apothecia  crateriform,  stipitate;  a  naked, 

black  proper  exciple.  Spores  spherical,  ellipsoid,  or 
oblong,  simple,  or  bilocular,  rarely  quadrilocular, 
brownish.  Thallus  crustaceous,  or  now  almost  obso- 
lete, or  (in  parasitical  species)  none. 


14  KEY  TO  THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

62.  CONIOCYBE.  Apothecia  globose,  stipitate,  the  margin 
of  the  coloured  proper  exciple  obscure.  Spores 
spherical,  simple,  almost  uncoloured.  Thallus  crusta- 
ceous,  or  now  almost  obsolete. 


Ser,  II,— ANGIOCARPI,    (Schrad.)    Fr, 
Apothecia  globular,  opening  only  by  a  pore  at  the  summit. 

Trib,  5,  VERRUCARIACEI.  Apothecia  globular ;  a  proper 
exciple  (perithecium)  covering  a  similarly  shaped  hyme- 
nium  (nucleus)  which  is  itself  included  in  a  more  or  less 
distinguishable  inner  envelope  (amphithecium). 

Fam.  1.  ENDOCARPEL  Thallus  foliaceous,  becoming 
squamulose. 

63.  ENDOCARPON.    Apothecia  immersed  in  the  thallus; 

perithecium  much  reduced  ;  amphithecium  pale,  or  at 
length  now  blackening ;  paraphyses  obsolete.  Spores 
ovoid,  ellipsoid,  or  oblong,  mostly  simple,  now  bi- 
quadrilocular,  or  rarely  muriform-multilocular,  brown, 
or  decolorate.  Thallus  foliaceous,  monophyllous,  or 
squamulose,  passing  also  into  sub-crustaceous  states. 

64.  NORMANDINA.    Apothecia  immersed  in  thalline  warts ; 

perithecium  indistinct;  amphithecium  black;  para- 
physes obsolete.  Spores  oblong,  8-locular,  uncoloured. 
Thallus  squamseforra,  monophyllous. 

Fam.  2.    VERRUCARIEI.    Thallus  crustaceous. 
Sub-Farn.  1.    SEGESTEIEI.    Apothecia  solitary 5  perithe- 
cium coloured. 

65.  SEGESTRIA.    Apothecia  immersed  in  thalline  warts; 

perithecium  coloured ;  amphithecium  pale,  or  finally 
blackening;  paraphyses  distinct.  Spores  ellipsoid, 


KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 


15 


oblong,  or  fusiform,  simple,  or  bi-quadri-plurilocular, 
or  at  length,  rnuriform-multilocular,  uncoloured. 
Thallus  now  lobulate,  mostly  uniform. 

66.  STAUROTHELE.    Apothecia  immersed  in  thalline  warts ; 

perithecium  blackening;  amphithecium  pale;  para- 
physes  obsolete.  Spores  ellipsoid,  muriform-multi- 
locular,  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thallus  somewhat 
lobulate,  or  uniform. 

Sub-Fam.  2.    TRYPETHELIEI.    Many  apothecia  collected 
in  a  verruca3fonn  stroma. 

67.  TRYPETHELIUM.     Apothecia   (1-00)   immersed   in   a 

stroma;  perithecium  reduced,  blackening;  amphithe- 
cium black;  paraphyses  distinct.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
and  oblong,  4-plurilocular  [or,  in  exotic  species,  muri- 
form  -  multilocular]  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thallus 
uniform,  mostly  obscure,  or  disappearing. 

>ub-Fani.   3.    PYRENULEI.      Apothecia  solitary,  or  now 
confluent  j  perithecium  black. 

68.  SAGEDIA.    Apothecia  innate -superficial;  perithecium 

black;  amphithecium  pale,  or  at  length  blackening; 
paraphyses  distinct,  or  now  obsolete.  Spores  from 
cymbiform  fusiform,  at  length  acicular  quadri-pluri- 
locular,  colourless.  Thallus  uniform,  or  disappearing. 

69.  VERRUCARIA.     Apothecia  innate;  perithecium  black; 

amphithecium  pale,  or  finally  blackening;  paraphyses 
slender  and  for  the  most  part  indistinct  or  obsolete. 
Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  simple,  or  bi-quadrilocular, 
or  finally  muriform-multilocular,  decolorate.  Thallus 
uniform,  somewhat  tartareous,  rarely  areolate-squaina- 
ceous. 

70.  PYRENTJLA.    Apothecia  somewhat  prominent;    peri- 

thecium black;   amphithecium  pale,  or  blackening; 


16  KEY  TO   THE   ARRANGEMENT. 

paraphyses  distinct,  or  now  obsolete.  Spores  from 
ellipsoid  oblong,  bi-quadri-plurilocular,  or  at  length 
muriform-multilocular,  brown,  or  decolorate.  Thal- 
lus  mostly  obscure. 

71.  PYKENASTRUM.    Apothecia  rather  prominent,  turbi- 

nate,  several  oftener  confluent  above  into  a  common 
mouth  (ostiole)  ;  perithecium  conical,  oblique,  black; 
amphithecium  blackening ;  paraphyses  distinct. 
Spores  ellipsoid  and  oblong,  muriform-multilocular, 
brown.  Thallus  obscure. 

72.  STRIGULA.    Apothecia  prominent,  depressed-globose ; 

perithecium  black ;  amphithecium  pale,  or  blacken- 
ing; paraphyses  distinct.  Spores  oblong-ovoid,  or 
oblong,  from  simple  bi-quadrilocular,  without  colour. 
Thallus  epiphyllous,  passing  finally  into  a  lobulate 
crust. 


Trib,  L— PARMELIACEL 

Apothecia  rounded  and  open,  or  more  rarely  subglobose 
and  persistently  more  or  less  closed ;  a  thalline  exciple  mar- 
gining a  normally  discoid  hyineniuni  which  rests  on  a  mostly 
imperfect  proper  exciple  (hypothecium). 

In  this  vast  tribe,  perhaps  the  first  to  attract  the  attention 
of  lovers  of  nature,  and  to  be  studied,  it  is  the  thallus  which 
plays  the  chief  part ;  and  this,  by  its  endless  variations,  lends 
interest  to  our  latest  studies.  The  predominance  of  the  thallus 
is  seen  equally  in  the  fruit.  Except  in  the  lowest  groups,  the 
proper  exciple  is  for  the  most  part  reduced  here  to  a  layer  of 
cells  supporting  the  hymenium ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  a 
thalliue  receptacle,  of  but  subordinate  value  when  found  in  other 
tribes,  is  here  characteristical.  And  it  is,  once  more,  the  thallus, 
which  fitly  determines  the  families,  or  largest  groups,  into  which 
the  tribe  breaks  up. 

It  requires  little  consideration  to  discern  that  Usnea  is  an 
extreme,  as  well  of  Parmeliacei  as  of  Lichenes ;  and  the  group 
of  genera  which  associate  themselves  with  it,  will  constitute  our 
first  family— USNEEI.  But  the  variations  of  Usneei  bring  it  into 
closest  relations  with  Parmelia  and  its  allies ;  and  we  find  thus 
our  second  family— PARMELIEI.  Close  to  Parmelia,  and  yet  dif- 
ferenced remarkably  by  their  texture,  manner  of  attachment,  and 
abnormal  fruit,  follow  the  UMBILICAKIEI.  And  close  to  the  last 
succeeds  tropical  Sticta,  represented  at  the  north  by  only  a  few 
species;  and  its  associates  —  PELTIGEREI.  With  this  family 
begins  a  modification  (already  spoken  of)  of  the  structure  of  the 
thallus;  a  change,  that  is  to  say,  in  the  constitution  of  the 
gonimous  or  green  layer  ;  this  being  constituted,  in  one  group  of 
species  of  Sticta,  Nephroma,  Peltigera,  and  Solorina,  of  the  ordi- 
nary gonidia,  and,  in  another,  not  otherwise  separable,  of  the 
very  distinct,  and  gelatinous  gonimia.  This  structural  modifica- 
tion, which,  owing  to  the  darker  colour  of  the  gonimia,  affects 
more  or  less  the  external  coloration  of  the  lichens  conditioned 
by  it,  and  becomes  thus,  to  a  considerable  degree,  discoverable 
by  the  naked  eye,  recurs  again  in  our  next  succeeding  family 
of  mostly  humble  forms,  the  humblest  indeed  we  have  yet 
reached— PANNAKIEI.  And  it  reaches  its  height,  and  the  gela- 
2 


18  USNEEI. 

tinous  development  an  inordinate  expression,  in  our  next ;  the 
last  group  of  foliaceous  Parmeliacei — COLLEMEI.  Like  the  Pan- 
nariei,  with  which  it  is  most  intimately  associable,  this  family 
descends  to  very  humble,  and  even  crustaceous  forms ;  and  thus 
.anticipates,  though  in  another  line  of  direct  affinity,  the  nor- 
mally crustaceous  LECANOREI.  These,  while  ascending,  now 
conspicuously,  into  conditions  recalling  the  higher,  foliaceous 
Parmeliacei,  run  yet  into  others  wherein  at  last  the  thallus 
becomes  wholly  subordinate,  and  the  fructification,  as  in  the 
lowest  lichens,  plays  the  principal  part ; — exhibiting  an  extraor- 
dinary variety  of  modification,  and  anticipating,  not  seldom, 
types  only  fully  exemplified  in  other  tribes.  And  yet  there  is 
no  doubt  that  Parmelia  and  Lecanora  may  be  looked  at  as  mem- 
bers of  a  continuous  series ;  and  some  of  the  most  extreme  of 
Lecanoreiue  deviations  from  the  tribal  type  (as  Pertusaria  and 
Thelotrema)  revert  yet,  in  certain  instances,  to  conditions  which 
we  cannot  well  compare  with  anything  remote  from  Lecanora. 


Fam.   1.— USNEEI. 

Thallus  erectish,  typically  fruticulose,  and  passing  then, 
not  seldom,  into  much  elongated,  pendulous  forms;  vari- 
ously also  now  dilated,  and  at  length  also  depressed,  or  sub- 
foliaceous. 

Though  well  distinguished,  as  a  whole,  from  the  next  suc- 
ceeding family,  which  is  typically  horizontal  and  foliaceous,  the 
latter  also  ascends,  in  all  its  most  important  divisions,  into  fru- 
ticulose states,  to  be  discriminated  carefully  from  the  typically 
vertical  Usneei.  It  is  easy  however  to  discern  what  is  really  the 
preponderant  affinity  of  most  of  these  ascendant  Parmelieine 
lichens :  as  of  Theloschistes  clirysoplithalmus  to  T.  parietinus  ; 
of  Parmelia  Camtschadalis  to  P.  Icevigata  ;  or  of  Physcia  ciliaris, 
and,  especially  P.  leucomela,  etc.,  to  P.  speciosa.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  family  now  before  us  is  represented  at  its  centre 
by  a  genus  ( Cetraria)  in  which  a  certam  degree  of  dilatation  of 
the  frond  is  all  but  everywhere  discernible ;  and,  in  this  genus, 
we  find  finally  (in  some  of  our  most  familiar  rail-lichens)  so  near 
an  approach,  in  habit,  and  even  in  character,  to  Parmelia,  that 
one  may  well  hesitate  to  which  group  a  lichen  shall  be  referred : 
and  the  difficulty  will  only  yield  to  a  fuller  knowledge  of  the 
whole  differentiation  of  the  two  series  of  forms. 


ROCCELLA.  19 

As  respects  spore-features,  the  great  bulk  of  Usneei  (in  obvi- 
ous analogy  with  Parmelia  of  the  next  family)  offers  simple 
spores,  always  referable  to  the  Colourless  Series  except  in  Alec- 
toria,  in  which  moreover  in  all  the  species  but  two  the  spores  are 
decelerate.  From  this  centre  departs,  in  the  same  series,  Kama- 
Una  with  its  bilocular  spores ;  to  which  the  Coloured  or  Brown 
Series  affords  no  analogue.  But  Roccella,  the  next  and  extremest 
type  of  the  Colourless  Series,  stands  in  curious  analogy  with 
Schizopelte  of  the  Coloured  ;  whereof  also  Alectoria  (the  analogue 
of  Umbilicaria,  further  on)  though  ambiguous  in  most  species, 
displays  finally  the  ultimate  type. 


I.— ROCCELLA,    DC. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  lateral,  more  or  less  adnate  ;  the 
disk  blackening  •  the  hymenium  imposed  upon  a  black  hypo- 
thecium.  Spores  dactyloid-fusiform ;  quadrilocular ;  colour- 
less. Spermatia  needle-shaped,  bowed;  upon  sub-simple 
sterigmas.  Thallus  fruticulose,  or  finally  pendulous,  alike 
on  both  sides,  cartilagiueous-coriaceous,  glaucous  or  now 

fuscescent ;  the  medullary  layer  rather  loosely  cottony. 

Anatomy  of  the  thallus  given  in  Schwendener,  TJntersuch. 

1.  c.  2,  p.  165,  t.  6,/.  2-17. The  few  species,  which  are 

very  closely  akin,  aud  belong  especially  to  the  warmer, 
maritime  regions  of  the  earth,  constitute  the  famous 
Orchella-weed  of  dyers. 

1.  E.  tinctoria,  DC. ;  thallus  coriaceous,  terete  (but  often  more 
or  less  flattened)  glaucous  and  pale,  dull ;  sparingly  branched  but 
much  elongated,  and  intertangled;  apothecia  middling  to  ample, 
sessile,  disk  flattish,  black,  equalling  or  excluding  the  margin. 

Spores  fusiform-oblong,  ^J  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  439.    Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  33.     Schcer.  Enum.  p.  7.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  258. 

Rocks,  Mexico,  Krempelhuber,  1868.  San  Diego,  California, 
Dr.  Palmer  in  herb.  Willey. 

2.  R.  leucophcea,  Tuckerrn. ;  thallus  smooth,  varying  from 
pale  to  darker  brown ;   the  irregular,  flexuous  branches  com- 
pressed and  now  foraminous  below,  but  attenuated  and  finally 
terete  aud  filiform  above;    apothecia   middling-sized,   sessile, 
plano-convex,  disk  black,  white-pruinose,  margin  thin,  white. 


20  RAMALINA. 

Spores  dactyloid, l^  mic. Suppl.  1  (Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  25)  p. 

423.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,]?.  260. 

Shrubs  (Obione)  on  the  coast  of  California  (Dr.  C.  C.  Parry), 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858. 

3.  E.  pliycopsis,  Ach. ;  thallus  coriaceous,  terete-compressed, 
dwarfish,  dichotomously  at  length  much  branched,  whitish  ash- 
coloured,  often  sorediiferous ;  ["apothecia  lecideine,  small,  black, 

naked  or  lightly  pruinose.    Spores  fusiform-oblong,^^  mic."] 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  440.     Schcer.  Enum.  p.  7.    Nyl  Syn.  p.  259. 

San  Diego,  California,  now  on  bushes,  etc.,  in  company  with 
the  last,  Dr.  Hill  (Hassler  exp.)  the  same  with  a  Peruvian 
(Herb.  Berol.)  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (Zeyher ;  Wright)  form 
referable  here,  and  flatter  than  the  Madeira  lichen  (Nyl.  in  Man- 
don  Lich.  Mader.  n.  36)  with  which  one  from  Cuba  (Wright) 
perfectly  agrees.  The  very  dubious  plant  offers  now  the  aspect 
of  E.  tinctoria  and  now  of  E.  fuciformis,  and  is  not  easily  referred 
to  either. 

4.  E.  fuciformis  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  cartilagineous-coriaceous, 
compressed,  flat,  dichotomously  divided  into  linear-lanceolate, 
attenuate  segments ;  greenish-glaucous  and  pale ;  apothecia, mar- 
ginal, sessile,  disk  flattish,  grey-pruinose,  the  margin  somewhat 

persistent.     Spores  fusiform,  ^J  mic. Ach.  L.  U.p.  440.    Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  33.     Schcer.  Enum.  p.  7.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  260. 

Kocks,  La  Paz,  Lower  California,  Dr.  H.  N.  Bolander. ' 


II.  — RAMALINA,    Ach.,    De    Not. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  mostly  marginal,  sub-pedicel- 
late ;  the  disk  pale.  Spores  ellipsoid,  or  oblong,  now  be- 
coming fusiform;  bilocular;  colourless.  Spermatia  oblong, 
or  staff-shaped ;  upon  sparingly  branched  sterigmas.  Thal- 
lus fruticulose,  or  finally  pendulous,  mostly  compressed,  or 
at  length  .sub-foliaceous,  alike  on  both  sides,  cartilagineous, 
pale  greenish-glaucesceut ;  the  cottony  medullary  filaments 
in  part  coalescing  into  solid  cords. Anatomy  of  the  thal- 
lus (of  the  group  represented  by  E.  calicaris)  given  in 
Schwendener,  Untersuch.  I  c.  2,  p.  155,  t.  5,  /.  7-11.— 
The  rigidity,  or  at  least  tenacity  of  the  thallus  is  largely 


RAMALISTA.  21 

due  to  the  finally  distinct  and  solid  cords  into  which  the 
medullary  filaments  more  or  less  pass :  these  cords  becom- 
ing either  (as  in  the  majority  of  species)  mostly  united  with 
the  cortical  layer;  or  (in  E.  homalea)  dispersed  rather 
through  the  cottony  medullary;  or  finally  (in  the  species 
last-named,  and  especially  in  R.  ceruchis)  now  collected  into 
something  like  an  axial  column,  within  the  cottony  portion. 
The  analogy  of  Eamalina  with  Usnea  is  seen  thus  to  be  not 
confined  to  external  features. 

*  Medullary  cords  free  of  the  cortical  layer,  and  at  length 
axial ;  or  indistinct.     Spermogones  black. 

1.  E.  ceruchis  (Ach.)  De  Not. ;  thallus  tufted,  terete,  or  com- 
pressed-terete, smooth,  but  soon  and  at  length  deeply  pitted 
and  wrinkled;  somewhat  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  the  tips 
of  the  branches  often  attenuate ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample, 

lateral.     Spores  oblong,  ^  mic. Borrera,  Ach.  Lich.  p.  504. 

Eamalina,  De  Not.  Framm.    Nyl.  Syn.  1 ,  p.  289 ;  Eecogn.  p.  8. 

Trees  and  rocks,  coast  of  California  (C.  Wright]  Tuckerman 

Gen.  1872. An  infertile  form  upon  dead  wood,  Sta.  Cruz,  D. 

Anderson,  is  distinguished  by  large,  lateral  and  capitate,  grey 

soredia  (/.  cephalota}. E.  Combeoides,  Nyl.  (Eecogn.  Eamal. 

p.  9)  with  quite  simple,  podetiiform  thallus,  and  commonly 
terminal,  now  clustered  apothecia,  grows  with  the  next  spe- 
cies in  California  (Bolander)  but,  though  certainly  marked,  is 
inseparable  from  South  American  forms  (Terra  del  Fuego, 
Wilkes  exp.)  which  appear  fully  referable  to  E.  ceruchis.  Speci- 
mens of  the  present  species  commonly,  and  at  length  densely 
floccose ;  the  medullary  filaments  escaping  largely  through  the 
rents  of  the  easily  broken  cortical  layer. 

2.  E.  homalea,  Ach. ;    thallus  tufted,  compressed  and  two- 
edged,  smooth,  but  finally  wrinkled;  sparingly  and  irregularly 
branched,  the  branches  attenuate  and  at  length  spreading  and 
the  tips  teretish  ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  marginal,  now- 
dilated  and  flexuous.   Spores  oblong,  -^j-  mic. Ach.  Lichenogr. 

p.  598.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  289 ;  Eecogn.  p.  9. 

Rocks;    coast  of  California  (Menzies).  Ach.  L.  U.  1810. 

E.  testudinaria,  Nyl.  (Eecogn.  p.  10)  from  California,  is  not  dis- 
tinguishable. 


22  RAMALINA. 

*  *  Medullary  cords  uniting  mostly  with  the  cortical  layer. 
Spermogones  commonly  pale. 

3.  E.  reticulata  (Noehd.)   Kreinpelh. ;   thallus  much  com- 
pressed, linear,  elongated  and  pendulous,  very  much  branched ; 
either  narrow  and  somewhat  channelled,  with  teretish  tips,  or 
dilated;    the  longitudinally  striate  branches  often  united  here 
and  there  into  a  coarse  network,   and  giving  forth  frequent, 
lateral,  oblong  expansions  which  become  foraminous,  and  at 
length  extended,   and  densely  reticulate-perforate ;   apothecia 
mostly  marginal,  smallish  to  middling-sized,  sub-sessile.    Spores 

ellipsoid,   and  oblong,  ^^  mic. Lichen,  Noehden  in  Schrad. 

Journ.  1,  tit.  Krempelh.  beschicht.  d.  Lich.  1,  p.  86,  2,  p.  617. 
Nyl.  Eecogn.  p.  25.    E.  Menziesii,  Tayl.  in  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  6, 
189.    E.  retiformis,  Menz.  herb.,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  Eng.  p.  12. 

Trees;  California  (Menzies.),  Noehden  I.  c.  1800.  Northward 
to  Vancouver's  Island,  J".  Macoun.  The  longest  specimens  seen 
(a  little  exceeding  a  foot)  altogether  narrow-lobed ;  from  Omm>,  1, 
at  the  extremities,  to  about  lmm-  wide.  Other  specimens  run 
from  lmra-  to  I5mm  in  width,  and  the  widest,  perforated  expan- 
sions exceed  20mm-.  Apothecia  from  2mm-  finally  3-4mm-  wide. 

4.  E.  Usneoides  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  thallus  compressed  and  more  or 
less  longitudinally  striate,  much  branched  and  elongated,  pen- 
dulous, often  at  length  spirally  contorted,  greenish-glaucous ; 
apothecia  smallish  to  middling,  marginal,  somewhat  pedicellate. 

Spores  fusiform,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  291,  /.  8,  /.  27; 

Eecogn.  p.  23. 

Trees  in  intertropical  countries;  common  in  Mexico,  and 
reaching  Southern  Florida,  C.  F.  Austin. 

5.  E.  rigida  (Pers.) ;  thallus  tufted,  slender,  terete,  or  terete- 
compressed,  smooth,  or  at  length  longitudinally  striate,  or  be- 
sprinkled often  with  white  warts  ;  irregularly-  and  finally  long- 
branched,    the    branches    attenuate,    and    the    tips    filiform ; 
apothecia  lateral,  smallish  to  middling-sized.     Spores  ellipsoid 

and  oblong,  ^  mic. Lichen,  Pers.,  e  Nyl.  inProdr.  N.  Gran. 

p.  15,  not.    E.  gracilenta,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  29,  e  Nyl.,  ibid.    E. 
tenuis,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1 ,  1.  c.  p.  423,  part.    E.  rigida,  E.  gra- 
tilis,  &  E.  gracilenta,  Nyl.  Eecogn.pp.  14,  17,  19. 

Trees;  Florida  (A.  W.  Chapman),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858. 
Louisiana,  J.  Hale.  Texas,  Wright ;  and  Mexico.  Earely  also 


RAMALItfA.  23 

northward,  as  in  the  Pines  of  New  Jersey,  Austin  ;  and  even  on 

the  south  shore  of  Massachusetts,  H.   Willey. Small  forms 

occur,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  height,  with  larger  (rarely 
6mm-  wide)  white-pruinose  apothecia,  and  the  aspect  of  Usnea. 
The  elongated,  flexuously-branched,  exclusively  southern  form 
reaches  three  inches  in  length,  and  is  readily  distinguished  from 
our  other  species.  The  slenderest  of  these  forms  scarcely  differ 
at  all  from  the  South  American  R.  angulosa,  Laur.,as  determined 
by  Meissner,  which  should  be  E.  gracilis  (Pers.)  Nyl.  Eecogn. 
p.  17,  except  in  rather  larger  spores  (the  chemical  differences 
being  excluded)  and  both  E.  gracilis,  and  E.  angulosa,  so  far  as- 
the  specimens  (Brazil,  Herb.  Meissn.  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Herb. 
Bonder)  and  the  characters  go,  should  be  referable  here.  Spores 
at  length  somewhat  fusiform,  when  the  lichen  is  inseparable 
from 

b.  Montagncei,  which  is  wholly  undistinguishable  but  by  the 
distinctly  fusiform  (rarely  3-locular)  spores,  ^  mic.  E.  rigida 
part,  Mont,  in  Ann.  2,  12,  fide  De  Not.  E.  Montagncei,  De  Not- 
Framm.  Licit,  p.  45.  Nyl.  Eecogn.  Eamal.  p.  30. 

Trees;  South  Carolina,  H.  W.  Eavenel.  Florida,  Chapman. 

Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas,  Wright. Branches  of  this,  as  of  a, 

not  rarely  here  and  there  united,  forming  meshes. 

6.  E.  linearis  (L.  f. ;  Sw.)  thallus  tufted,  compressed,  slender, 
for  the  most  part  channelled,  somewhat  elongated  but  sparingly 
divided,  long-acuminate  above,  pale  greenish-glaucescent ;  apo- 
thecia smallish  to  middling-sized,  marginal.    Spores  ellipsoid  be- 
coming sub-fusiform,  -^  mic. E.  linearis,  Mont. !    herb.    E. 

canaliculata,  Tayl. !  in  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  1847,  p.  188. 
Nyl.  Eecogn.  p.  30. 

b.  alludens  ;  spores  narrow-fusiform,  straight  or  oblique,  ^ 
mic. E.  alludens,  Nyl.  Eecogn.  p.  30. 

Trees  and  shrubs;  Lower  California,  J.  Xantus.  Herb.  Tay- 
lor. Nylander. 

7.  E.  stenospora,  Mull. ;  thallus  tufted,  compressed,  coarsely 
longitudinally  white-striate,  and  more  or  less  tuberculate ;  spar- 
ingly divided,  the  divisions  lanceolate-linear,  now  irregularly 
minutely  laciniate;  greenish-glaucous ;  apothecia  middling-sized, 
pedicellate.    Spores  fusiform,  straight,  or  a  little  curved,  ^  mic. 
Lich.  Beitr.  in  Flora,  1877,  n.  30. 


24  RAMALINA. 

Trees,  etc. ,  Louisiana,  Mutter  Arg.  1.  c.  Texas,  Wright ;  Eave- 
nel.  A  short,  broad  form,  with  the  aspect  of  E.  calicaris,  v. 

fraxinea,  is  found  on  dead  wood  in  South  Carolina,  Eavenel. 

The  narrowest  forms  are  scarcely  to  be  separated  from  E.  rigida, 
b,  Montagncei,  to  which  I  had  also  (in  herb.)  referred  the  wider 
one,  in  part ;  but  the  latter  is  in  fact  better  comparable  with  E. 
laevigata. 

8.  E.  l&vigata,  Fr. ;  thallus  tufted,  at  length  rather  elongated, 
complanate,  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate;    dividing  at  the 
stalked  base  into  a  few,  sub-simple,  lanceolate  lobes ;  apothecia 
small  to  middling-sized,  flat,  scattered  on  the  upper  side  of  the 

lobes.     Spores  ellipsoid,  and  oblong-ellipsoid,  ^  mic- $•  0- 

V.  p.  283.     Tuckerm.  in  Bot.  Wilkes  exped.  p.  129.    E.  calicaris, 

/.  Eckloni,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  295.  E.  Yemensis,  Nyl.  Eecogn. 
Eamal.  p.  46. 

Trees ;  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  ( Wright),  Tuckerman  Calif. 
1866. — r-An  easily  recognizable  lichen,  widely  diffused  through- 
out the  warmer  regions  of  the  earth.  Thallus  with  us  scarcely 
exceeding  3  in.  in  length.  Apothecia  lmm-  to  scarcely  3mm-  wide. 

9.  E.  Menziesii,  Tuckerm. ;   thallus  much  compressed  and 
rather  membrauaceous,  or  now  at  length  more  rigid,  linear,  origi- 
nally channelled,  and  puberulent,  but  soon  smooth ;  sparingly 
branched,  the  elongated,  sub-simple,  flexuous  branches  becoming 
lacunose  and  here  and  there  finally  foramiuous ;  apothecia  mar- 
ginal, middling  to  ample,  sub-pedicellate,  the  margin  incurved. 

Spores  oblong,  a  little  curved,  ^  mic. Tuckerm.  Syn.  N. 

Eng.  p.  12,  not  of  Taylor.    E.  leptocarpha,  Ejusd.  Suppl  p.  423. 

Trees;   California  (Me?m'es),  Tuckerman  I.e.  1848. The 

full  history  of  this  very  distinct  lichen  is  not  yet  ascertained. 
The  longest  specimens  seen  are  4-5  inches  in  length,  and  from  2 
to  5mm-  wide.  Apothecia  3-8mm-  in  width. 

10.  E.  complanata  (Sw.)   Ach. ;    thallus  tufted,  flattened, 
smooth  or  now  striate,  besprinkled  with  minute  papillseform 
tubercles ;  either  shorter  and  wider,  dividing  below  into  a  few, 
sub-simple,  linear  lobes,  or  narrower,  and  at  length  densely 
branched,  the  channelled  branches  constricted  more  or  less  above 
into  teretish  and  longitudinally  pitted,  or  finally  filiform  tips ; 
apothecia  marginal,  middling-sized.   Spores  ellipsoid,  and  oblong- 
ellipsoid,  often  a  little  curved,  ^  mic. Lichen,  Sw.,  ex.  Ach. 


RAMALINA.  25 

L.  U.  p.  599 ;  Syn.  p.  294,  fide  Nyl.  Eecogn.  Eamal.  p.  29. 
Parmelia  denticulata,  Eschw.  in  Mart.  Fl  Bras.  p.  221.  Eama- 
lina  rigida,  Mont. !  PL  Cell.  Cub.  p.  234,  in  part.  E.  rigida  De 
Not.  Framm.  Lich.  p.  44.  E.  calicaris,  f.  rigida,  Nyl.  Syn.  1, 
p.  295,  fide  auct.  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  E.  complanata  &  E. 
denticulata,  Nyl.  Eecogn. 

Trees ;  Key  West,  Florida  (Herb.  Torrey.),  Tuckerman  Gen. 
1872.  Texas,  Wright.  Mexico,  Nylander.  Thallus,  in  our 
.specimens,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length. 
Apothecia  2-4 mm-  wide,  but  now  exceeding  10mm-,  in  Mexico.  The 
present  species,  which  is  closely  akin  to  E.  calicaris,  exhibits 
now  a  wider  form,  suggesting  the  v.  fraxinea  of  the  latter,  and 
now  a  much-narrowed  and  branched  one,  comparable  with  the 
v.  farinacea;  but  also  with  E.  rigida  (Pers.).  The  great 
majority  of  our  plants  fail  to  shew  the  red  reaction  with  potash. 

11.  JR.  calicaris  (L.)  Fr. ;  thallus  tufted,  rather  rigid,  soon 
more  or  less  reticularly-lacunose,  variously  divided ;  apothecia 
flattish,  middling-sized  to  ample.  Spores  ellipsoid,  and  oblong- 
ellipsoid,  mostly  straight,  except  now  in  a.  ^  mic. L.  E. 

p.  30. 

a.  fraxinea,  Fr. ;  wide-  and  at  length  long-lobed ;  the  lobes 
sub-simple ;  apothecia  lateral. 

b.  fastigiata,   Fr. ;     lobes    shorter    and  crowded,  dividing 
dichotomously  above ;  apothecia  sub-terminal. 

c.  canaliculata,  Fr. ;  narrowed ;  the  channelled  lobes  dicho- 
tomously- and  at  length  much-branched  and  elongated ;  apothe- 
cia attached  just  below  the  deflexed,  or  geniculate  tips. 

d.  farinacea,  Schser. ;  flattened,  smoothish ;  now  wider,  and 
sparingly  branched,   and    now  teretish  and  much  branched; 
finally  filiform-attenuate  and  pendulous ;  besprinkled  with  white 
powdery  soredia ;  apothecia  lateral,  rare. 

Trees ;  and  d.  also  upon  rocks  ;  very  common  in  the  Northern 
States,  and  Canada,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818 ;  and  also  south- 
ward. California  (only  d.)  and  Mexico. A  different  view  of 

this  species  may  be  found  in  the  recent  monograph  of  Nylauder 
(Eecogn.)  but  the  distinctions  relied  upon  are  far  enough  from 
satisfactory,  and  admitted  to  be  so,  to  some  extent,  by  the  author 
himself. 


26  RAMALItfA. 

12.  E.  pusilla  (Prev.);  thallus  tufted,  inflated  and  hollow, 
foraminous ;  [either  short-  and  few-lobed,  turgid,  wrinkled,  and 
rather  rnembranaceous,  as  in  the  original,  Southern-European 
lichen,  or]  more  rigid,  soon  narrowed,  and  branched;  apothecia 
oftener  sub-terminal,  finally  sub-pedicellate.     Spores  ellipsoid^ 

and  oblong-ellipsoid,  mostly  straight,  ^~  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  29. 

Schcer.  Enum.  p.  8.    Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  295. 

p.  geniculata;  terete-compressed,  smooth,  dichotomously- at 
length  much-branched,  the  tips  somewhat  digitately  divided, 
and  now  sorediiferous ;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  at- 
tached just  below  the  deflexed  tips. E.  geniculata,  Hook.  f. 

&  Tayl.  in  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  3,  p.  655,  &  It.  inflata,  of  the  same, 
Fl.  Antarct.  I, p.  194,  t.  79,  f.  1.  Nyl.  Recogn.  Ramal,  p.  63-5. 
E.  minuscula,  Nyl.  Lich.  Lapp.  Or.  p.  114 ;  Recogn.  p.  66. 

Trees,  White  Mountains,  and  in  Maine;  Tuckerman  Gen. 
1872.  Canada,  A.  T.  Drummond.  Arctic  America,,  Herb.  Hook. 

Oregon,  E.  Hall. The  cortical  layer  varies  in  thickness  ;  but 

only  as  it  is  found  to  vary  in  R.  pollinaria,  and  other  species,  in 
which  the  inner,  distinctly  filamentous  portion  is  now  deficient : 
and  this  variation  appears  quite  insufficient  to  separate  the 
original  R.  pusilla  (Portugal,  Welwitsch!  Italy,  Massalongo!) 
from  the  otherwise  similar  Australian  lichen  (Van  Diemen's 
land,  Herb  Bonder !  perhaps  R.  Tasmanica,  Nyl.  Recogn.  p.  64) 
here  associated  with  it.  The  plants  we  have  noticed  are  easily 
comparable  with  R.  calicaris,  v.fraxinea;  and,  like.R.  calicaris, 
R.  pusilla  passes  readily  into  a  narrower,  much-branched  state 
(Java,  Junghuhn.'  shores  and  islands  of  the  China  Sea;  Japan  ; 
and  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  Wright !  Venezuela,  Herb.  V.  d.  Bosch  /) 
which  is  our  /?.  From  this  last,  the  North  American  lichen,  and 
the  only  form  as  yet  published  from  the  north  of  Europe  (Lap- 
land, Fellman  ! )  are  quite  inseparable.  Thallus  at  length  more 
or  less  constricted  immediately  under  the  apothecia,  even  in  the 
Portuguese  specimens ;  which  thus  differ  little  in  this  respect 
from  the  others,  with  their  distinctly  sub-pedicellate,  or  sub- 
sessile  fruit.  The  spores  of  the  original  R.  pusilla  are  taken  by 
Nylander  1.  c.,  for  smaller  than  those  of  his  R.  Tasmanica  ;  but 
this  difference  also  disappears  in  the  Italian  lichen  (Mass.  Ital. 
n.  175). 

13.  R.  pollinaria  (Ach.) ;  thallus  tufted,  rather  membranace- 
ous,  flaccid,  lacunose,  irregularly  or  as  if  torn-branched,  burst- 


RAMALINA.  27 

ing,  especially  at  the  tips,  into  conspicuous,  dilated  soredia; 
apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  sub-terminal.  "  Spores  ob- 
long, ^  mic." L.  U.  p.  608.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  31.  Nyl.  Eecogn. 

Eamal.  p.  52. 

Trees,  rarely;  and  rocks;  New  England,  Tuckerman  Gen. 
1872.  New  Mexico,  Fendler. Our  plants,  which  are  all  ster- 
ile, belong  to  the  northern  form  (Eabenh.  Lich.  Eur.  n.  102,  766), 
which  is  especially  near  to  E.  calicaris,  v.  farinacea;  and  the 
much-dilated,  flattish,  dichotomously  laciniate  state  of  other 
European  regions  is  quite  unknown  here,  though  it  occurs  well- 
marked  in  Peru  (Winterfeld!).  Of  the  specimens  before  me,  a 
minute,  pulvinate  form,  found  on  stone  walls  in  Massachusetts, 
and  in  Rhode  Island,  is  the  most  distinct. 

14.  R.  polymorpha  (Ach.);  thallus  tufted,  compressed,  rigid,, 
longitudinally  costate,  sub-simple  or  at  length  irregularly  much 
divided,  the  branches  besprinkled  or  terminated  by  granulate,, 
often  capitate  soredia;   apothecia  smallish  to  middling-sized, 

sub-terminal.    "  Spores  oblong,  ™  mic." L.  U.  p.  600.  Fr.  L. 

E.  p.  32.    Nyl.  Eecogn.  Eamal.  p.  50. 

Rocks,  North  America;  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Newfound- 
laud,  Despreaux.  Arctic  America,  Wright. Soredia  not  mealy, 

as  in  the  last  species,  and  E.  calicaris,  v.  farinacea;  and  the  lichen 
much  more  rigid.  Delise  referred  here  a  Newfoundland  lichen- 
(Despreaux,  in  herb.  Spreng.l),  which  has  since  occurred,  in  a 
better-developed  state,  in  islands  of  Behring's  Straits  (Wright), 
but  this  differs,  in  several  respects,  from  the  European  plant ; 
and  the  latter  is,  at  present,  scarcely  known  as  North  American. 

15.  E.  scopulorum  (Dicks.)  Ach. ;    thallus  tufted,  thickish, 
terete    or    much-compressed,    coriaceous -cartilagineous,   rigid, 
mostly  polished;  sub -simple  or  divaricately  much -branched, 
finally  often  elongated,  and  pendulous ;  apothecia  smallish  to- 
middling-sized,  pedicellate,  the  margin  soon  reflexed.     "  Spores- 
oblong,  straight,  ^  mic." Lichen.  Dicks.  PI.  Crypt.  3,  p.  18. 

Ach.  L.  U.p.  604,"  *Syn.p.  297.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  32.     Nyl.  Syn.  lr 
p.  292. 

Maritime  rocks.  North  America,  Nylander  I.  c.  1860.  I  have 
seen  no  American  specimens ;  but  the  lichen  inhabits  Lapland, 
and  Iceland ;  and  Mr.  Wright  found  it  in  Japan. 


28  CETRARIA. 

III.— CETRARIA   (Ach.)   Fr.,   Miill. 

Apothecia  scutellaeform,  then  often  dilated,  or  peltseform, 
affixed  obliquely  to  the  tips  or  margins  of  the  thallus,  from 
which  the  disk  differs  in  colour.  Spores  sub-ellipsoid, 
simple,  colourless.  Spermatia  oblong,  either  thickened  at 
one,  or  both  ends,  or  cylindrical;  or  staff-shaped;  upon 
sparingly  branched  sterigmas.  Thallus  typically  ascendant  ; 
either  fruticulose,  with  now  terete-compressed,  now  turgid, 
or  now  channelled  branches ;  or  expanded  and  foliaceous ; 
cartilagineous  or  now  membranaceous ;  glaucescent,  or 
much  more  often  brown,  or  yellowish ;  the  medullary  layer 

cottony. Anatomy  of  the  thallus  of  the  first  sub-section, 

and  of  the  second  and  third  sections,  given  in  Schwendener, 
Untersuch.  I.  c.  2,  p.  149,  t.  3,/.  30-33,  t.  4,/.  1-12 ;  and  of 

the  second  sub-section  in  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  286. The  type 

of  Cetraria  is  to  be  looked  for  in  its  alpine  species;  and 
especially  in  those  of  the  second  section,  which  are  at  once 
fruticulose  and  yet  sub-foliaceous.  From  this  centre  diverge, 
on  the  one  hand  the  two  well-marked  clusters  with  teretish 
thallus;  and,  on  the  other,  we  find  receeding  the  finally 
quite  foliaceous  and  Parmeliiform  third  section. 

*  Thallus  fruticulose,  terete-compressed. 
f  Thallus  slender,  brownish,  rigid. 

1.  C.  tristis  (Web.)  Fr. ;  thallus  tufted,  fruticulose,  erectish, 
very  rigid  and  tenacious,  compressed-terete,  divided  sparingly 
below,  but  the  tips  often  passing  into  fastigiate  branchlets; 
brownish -black;  apothecia  middling -sized  to  ample,  sub- 
terminal,  appendiculate  by  the  deflexed  tips,  plano-convex,  the 
disk  dark-chestnut,  the  margin  entire  or  toothed,  or  now  radiate. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  7-10  mic.  Spermogoues  and  spermatia  much 

as  in  the  next. -Fr.  L.  E.  p.  34.  Scluzr.  Spicil.  p.  258.  Pla- 

tysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  307. 

Alpine  rocks.  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  in  Frankl. 

Narr.  1823.  Alpine  region  of  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon,  Hall. The 

quality  and  amount  of  anatomical  difference  in  the  thallus 
(Schwend.  I.  c.  p.  149)  is  scarcely  sufficient  to  obscure  the  mani- 
festly close  relation  of  this  lichen  to  Cetraria. 


CETRARIA.  29 

2.  C.Californica,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  tufted,  fruticnlose,  erect, 
cartilagineous,  sab-fistulous,  compressed-terete,  at  length  deeply- 
and  canaliculate-lacunose ;   dichotomously  much-  and  spread- 
branched  ;  greenish-olivaceous,  and  fuscescent,  dull ;   apothecia 
sub-terminal,   middling- sized,    appeudiculate,   the   disk   dark- 
green,  becoming  convex  and  black,  and  excluding  the  toothed 

margin.      Spores   ellipsoid,  -^-mic. Spermogones  immersed- 

papillseforni  ;  spermatia  oblong,  thickened  at  each  end,  -^  mic. 
Suppl  2,  1.  c.  p.  203. 

Trees,  coast  of  California  (Menzies),  Tuckerman   I.  c.  1859. 

Fences,  Oregon,    Hall      British  Columbia,  Macoun. Most 

naturally  associable  with  the  genus  which  shall  include  C.  acule- 
ata\  but  agreeing  in  the  spermogones  and  their  contents  with 
C.  tristis. 

3.  C.  aculeata  (Schreb.)  Fr. ;  thallus  densely  tufted,  fruticu- 
lose,  erect,  rigid,  sub-fistulous,  more  or  less  compressed  or  angled 
below  but  teret/sh  above;  divaricately  much  branched  and  the 
branches  beset  more  or  less  with  black  spinules;  dark-chestnut- 
browu,  polisheih    apothecia  sub-terminal,  middling-sized,  the 
disk  chestnut,  the  margin  toothed.     Spores  ellipsoid,  -yj- mic. 

Spermogoues  in  spinules ;  spermatia  oblong,  cylindrical. Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  35.     Schcer.  Spicil  p.  254.     Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  300. 

On  the  earth,  and  growing  over  mosses  on  rocks,  in  alpine 
districts.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman,  Syn.  N.  E.  1848. 
Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  Rocky  Mountains,  Macoun.  British 
Columbia,  Macoun.  Arctic  America,  Herb.  Hook. 

4.  C.  odontella,  Ach. ;  thallus  densely  tufted,  fruticulose,  ex- 
panded,  chestnut -brown;    the  flat,  linear,  palmately- divided, 
spinulose  branches  emitting  here  and  there  fibrils  beneath,  but 
more  or  less  ascendant ;    "  apothecia  terminal,  flat,  the  disk 

brown." Syn.  p.  230.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  35.     Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand. 

p.  99. 

Growing  over  mosses  on  rocks  in  Arctic  America  ?  The  au- 
thorities (Syn.  Lich.  N.  Eng.  p.  14)  are  all  uncertain.  C.  nigri- 
cans,  Nyl.,  especially  differing  in  being  still  more  depressed  and 
expanded,  with  somewhat  channelled  lobes,  and  rather  distincter 
fibrils  beneath,  but  known  only  in  a  sterile  state ;  is,  however,  a 
native  of  Greenland ;  Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 

f  f  Thallus  turgid,  straw-coloured,  or  now  fuscescent,  softish. 


30  CETRABIA. 

5.  C.  ramulosa  (Hook.) ;  thallus  tufted,  fruticulose,   erect, 
compressed-terete,  flstulous,  from  much-inflated  and  rather  sim- 
ple or  finger-shaped   becoming  dichotomously  branched,  and 
somewhat  muricate,  especially  towards  the  obtuse  tips,  with 
papillseforrn  branchlets ;  from  straw-coloured  at  length  fuscesceut, 
smooth  ;  apothecia  mostly  terminal,  smallish  to  middling-sized, 
dark  chestnut,  at  length  flat,  and  the  crenulate  margin  erect. 

Spores  sub-spherical,  ^~  mic. Append,  to  Parry's  2d  Voy.p. 

424.    Dactylina,  Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  2,  1.  c.  p.  397. 

Growing  over  mosses  on  alpine   rocks.      Arctic  America, 
Hooker  I.  c.  1823.    Rocky  Mountains,  Herb.  Hook.    Islands  of 

Behring's  Straits,  Wright. The  branched   condition  is  well 

-comparable,  in  habit,  with  C.  aculeata,  v.  obtusata,  Schaer.  ( Anzi 
Lang,  n.22;  &  Rabenh.  n.  743.) 

6.  C.  madreporiformis  (Ach.)   Mull.;  thallus  tufted,  fruticu- 
lose, erect,  turgid,  sub-fistulous,  dichotomously  short-branched, 
the  branches  nodulose,  with  obtuse  tips;  straw-coloured,  smooth; 
apothecia  lateral,  smallish  to  middling-sized,  disk  chestnut,  mar- 
gin erect,   crenulate.     "  Spores  ellipsoid,  -^-  mic."     Spermatia 

staff-shaped. Mull  in  Flora,  1870,_p.  32  L    Dufourea,  Ach.; 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  287.     Evernia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  25.     Dactylina, 
Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.    Rocky  Mountains,  now  fer- 
tile (Dr.  C.  C.  Parry)  Tuckerman  Calif.,  1866. 

7.  C.   arctica  (Hook.) ;    thallus    somewhat  tufted,   turgid, 
finger-shaped,  erect,  hollow  within,  simple  or  sparingly  divided, 
with  tapering,  obtuse  tips;  straw-coloured  or  now  in  part  fusees- 
cent,  smooth ;  apothecia  terminal,   smallish   to  middling-sized, 
disk  chestnut,  the  crenulate  margin  at  length  obscure.     Spores 
-sub-spherical,  diam.  5-6  mic.     Spermatia  staff-shaped. Ap- 
pend, to  Frankl.  Narr.p.  762.    Dactylina,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  286. 

Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  I  c. 

On  the  earth;  Arctic  America  (Richardson), Hooker  I.  c.  1823. 

The  finger-shaped  thallus,  which  developes,  in  C.  ramulosa, 

into  a  branched  one  not  unlike  that  of  C.  aculeata,  is  persistent 
here  ;  and  the  plant  being  also  larger,  is  sufficiently  remarkable. 
There  can  yet  be  no  doubt  of  the  very  near  affinity  of  the  two 
lichens ;  or  that  C.  madreporiformis  is  congenerical. 

*  *  Thallus  fruticulose,  canaliculate,  cartilagineous. 


CETRARIA.  31 

8.  C.  Islandica  (L.)  Ach. ;    thallus  tufted,  erect,  sub-folia- 
ceous,  irregularly  laciniate,  mostly  canaliculate,  or  the  margins 
now  conuivent  and  here  and  there  often  uniting,  ciliate-spinu- 
lose,  and  beset  for  the  most  part,  especially  below,  with  white 
soredia;  olivaceous-chestnut,  stained  more  or  less  sanguineous  at 
the  base  ;  apothecia  ample  to  large,  aduate,  disk  dark-chestnut. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic.     Spermogoues  in  spinules  ;  spermatia 
oblong,  cylindrical.- — Ach.  L.  U.  p.  512.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  36.  Nyl. 
Syn.  I, p.  298. 

b.  Dellscei  (Bor.);  paler  throughout,  and  brown  at  the  base, 

with  much  divided  summits. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  79.  C.  hiascens, 

Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  98. 

On  the  earth,  in  alpine  districts,  abundant.  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  18J8.  Arctic  America,  Richardson,  etc.  White  Mount- 
ains, Tuckerman.  Carolina  Mountains,  Michaux.  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, Hall.  Oregon,  Hall.  Also  in  barren  fields  on  the  coast, 
sterile,  New  England,  Tuckerman.  Delaware  Water  Gap, 

Austin. b.  Arctic  America,  Herb.  Hook.,  etc.  Newfoundland, 

Despreaux.  North  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz.  White 
Mountains.  Sometimes  suggesting  the  next. 

9.  C.  Richardsonii  (Hook.);  thallus  prostrate,  sub-foliaceous, 
divaricately  divided,  and  the  somewhat  channelled  extremities 
multifid;  fulvous-  at  length  chestnut-brown.    "  Apothecia  ample, 
marginal,  disk  yellowish-brown,  margin  irregular."     "  Spores  •— 
rnic.     Spermogones  papillaeform ;  spermatia  oblong,  a  little  con- 
stricted at  the  middle." Hook,  in  Richards.  Append,  to  Frankl. 

Narr.p.  761.    Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  \,p.  306. 

Arctic  America  (barren  grounds,  north  of  Great  Slave  Lake, 
Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823. 

10.  C.  cucullata  (Bell.)  Ach.;    thallus  tufted,  erect,  rather 
sparingly  sinuate-laciniate,  the  margins  undulate  and  couniveut; 
straw-coloured,  stained  more  or  less  purple  at  the  base,  smooth; 
apothecia  ample  to  large,  adnate  to  the  under  side  of  the  dilated 
and  hooded  fertile  lobes,  disk   chestnut,  margin  thin,  entire. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic.     Spermogones  papillseform  ;  sperma- 
tia oblong,  thicker  at  each  end. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  511.    Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  87.     Nyl.  Syn.  I, p.  302. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Arctic  America  (Richard- 
son), Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Rocky 
Mountains,  Hall. 


32  CETRARIA. 

11.  C.  nivalis  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  tufted,  erect,  or  erectish,  re tic- 
ulately  lacunose,  much-  and  sinuately-laciniate,  the  lobes,  which 
are  at  length  many-cleft  above,  widely  more  or  less  canaliculate ; 
straw-coloured,  stained  commonly  yellowish  at  the  base,  smooth  ; 
apothecia  ample  to  large,  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of  the  lobes, 
disk  yellowish-flesh-coloured,  margin  crenulate.    Spores  ellip- 
soid, -yj-  mic.     Spermogones  and  spermatia  as  in  the  last. 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  510.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  38.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  1,  302. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Arctic  America  (Eichard- 
son),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Rocky 
Mountains,  Hall. 

*  *  *  Thallus  depressed,  expanded,  submembranaceous. 
a.  Stock  of  C.  s&pincola. 

12.  C.  aleurites  (Ach.)  Th.   Fr. ;    thallus  membranaceous, 
foliaceous,  many-cleft,  besprinkled  with  isidioid  granules,  and 
crowded  finally,  at  the  centre,  into  a  plicate,  densely  granulate 
crust ;  whitish-  or  at  length  cinereous-glaucescent ;  beneath  pale, 
wrinkled,  beset  with  scattered,  brown  fibrils;  lobes  sinuate- 
laciniate,  with  rounded  and  crenate,  or  more  deeply  divided 
tips ;  apothecia  marginal,  ample,  from  pale  at  length  chestnut- 
brown,  externally,  and  the  thin  margin  as  well,  granulate  like 
the  thallus.     Spores  rounded  and  ellipsoid,  ^  ^  mic.     Spermatia 

oblong,  thickened  at  the  ends. Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand.  l,p  109. 

Parmelia,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  484.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  62.    P.  placorodia, 
Nyl.  Scand.  p.  106. 

b.  placorodia  ;  smooth  ;  apothecia  crenulate,  at  length  much 

dilated. Cetraria,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  Eng.  p.  16.  Parmelia, 

Ach.  Syn.  p.  196. 

Trees,  and  dead  wood.  a.  on  pines,  and  common  on  rails,  in 
the  northern  States,  Halsey  View,  1823.  Maryland,  Tuckerman. 

Mountains  of  South  Carolina,  Ravenel. b.  also  upon  pines, 

and  rails,  in  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  Mulilenberg 
Catal.  1818  ;  and  southward  to  Maryland. Associable  in  gen- 
eral habit,  and  in  the  peculiar  features  of  the  under  side,  at  once 
with  the  species  next  following,  as  especially  with  C.  aurescens. 
The  spermogones,  and  spermatia,  agree  with  those  of  the  pres- 
ent cluster,  as  first  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Fries ;  and  the  former  are 
sufficiently  obvious  in  b,  though  exceedingly  rare  in  a.  The 
description  of  his  Parmelia  aleurites  by  Acharius  (L  c.)  appears 
to  point  to  our  a,  much  rather  than  to  Parmelia  hyperopta  ;  and 


CETRARIA,  33 

the  published  specimen  of  Dickson !  which  is  cited  by  the 
former,  is  certainly  the  same  plant :  as  are  those  of  Floerke 
(herb.)  Fries,  Schserer,  and  Mougeot  &  Nestler  (739).  But  it  is 
scarcely  to  be  questioned  that  &,  known  only  as  American,  is  the 
true  type  of  the  species. 

13.  C.  Fendleri  (Tuckerm.);    thallus  dwarfish,  membrana- 
ceous,  foliaceous,    many-cleft,  smooth ;    from  pale-  at  length 
brownish-olivaceous;  beneath  whitish,  reticulately  wrinkled,  and 
beset  with  scattered,  coarse,  pale  fibrils ;  lobes-substellate,  linear, 
flat,  denticulate,  now  at  length  crowded  and  complicate ;  apo- 
thecia   (frequent,    and    now    crowded)  smallish    to  middling, 
marginal ;  chestnut ;  shining ;  with  a  crenulate  margin.     Spores 
rounded  and  ellipsoid,  -~^   mic.     Spermatia  as  in  the  last,  but 

longer ;  as  in  the  two  next. Cetraria,  Tuckerm.  Gen,  p.  280. 

Parmelia,  Ejusd.  inNyl.  Enum.  Gen.  p.  105,  &  Lich.  Calif,  p.  14. 
Plalysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  309. 

Trees,  and  dead  wood.  On  pines,  New  Mexico  (Fendler), 
Tuckerman inNyl. I.e.  1858.  Colorado, Brandegee, comm. Sprague. 
Pines,  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Pines,  and 
rails,  Maryland,  Tuckerman;  New  Jersey,  E.  Michener.  Rails, 
Rhode  Island,  J".  L.  Bennett. The  rail  specimens  more  com- 
pact and  complicated,  exactly  as  in  the  preceding  species,  C. 
ciliaris,  etc.  Spermogoues  marginal  in  the  tree-form  ;  and  not 
in  fact  varying  from  this  more  than  we  find  to  occur  in  some 
other  Cetrarics.  The  under  side  of  the  thallus  agrees  closely 
with  that  of  C.  aurescens. 

14.  C.  Falilunensis  (L.)  Schser. ;  thallus  sub-cartilagineous, 
foliaceous,  many-cleft,  smooth ;  from  olivaceous-brown  soon  black- 
ening; beneath  blackening,  wrinkled,  with  scattered  fibrils  of  the 
same  colour ;  lobes  sinuatelylobulate,  more  or  less  channelled;  apo- 
thecia  marginal,  middling-sized  to  ample,  externally  granulated, 
at  length  dilated;    disk  chestnut;  margin    rugose -crenulate. 

Spores  short-ellipsoid,  31_6  mic. ScJicer.  Spicil.  p.  255.    Par- 

melia,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  470.5    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  66.    Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn. 
1,^.309. 

Alpine  rocks;  and  descending,  in  mountainous  districts. 
Arctic  America  (Richardson],  Hooker  I.  c.  1823;  Vahl.  New- 
foundland, Despreaux.  Hastings  county,  Canada,  Macoun. 

Higher  mountains  of  New  England,  Tuckerman. A  state  with 

3 


34  CETRAKIA. 

wider  lobes,  the  margins  of  which  are  flecked  with  white  soredia 
in  the  manner  of  some  Ramalince,  has  occurred  in  the  alpine  re- 
gion of  the  White  Mountains,  and  in  Mt.  Desert,  Me. ;  and  a  nar- 
rower, but  similarly  sorediate,  sterile  plant,  near  Brattleborough, 
Vt.,  J.  L.  Eussell  &  C.  (7.  Frost;  and  even  at  the  Delaware 
Water  Gap,  N.  J.,  Austin.  Imperfect  spermogones  in  these 
sterile  plants  relate  them  to  the  present  species ;  but  I  have 
found  no  spermatia.  The  species  is  in  some  respects  not  ill- 
comparable  with  narrow-lobed  forms  of  the  next. G.  com- 

mixta  (Nyl.)  Th.  Fr.,  especially  differing  in  its  oblong-ellipsoid 
spermatia,  is  unknown  as  North  American. 

15.  C.cillaris  (Ach.);  thallus  cartilagineous-membrauaceous, 
foliaceous,  sinuate-laciniate ;  greenish-glaucous  becoming  brown- 
ish; beneath  brownish  and  more  or  less  fibrillose;  lobes  crowded, 
ascendant,  often  narrowed  and  many-cleft,  lacunose-uneven,  the 
crenate  margins  fringed  here  and  there  with  fibrils ;  apothecia 
marginal,  middling-sized  to  ample;  disk  dark-chestnut;  margin 
crenulate.  Spores  sub-spherical,  4i-7  mic.  in  diam.  Spermatia 

oblong,  thicker  at  the  ends. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  508.  Tuckerm. 

Syn.  N.  Eng.p.  16;  Exs.  n.  5.  Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  308. 

Old  rails,  very  common ;  and  also  on  trees ;  throughout  the 
Northern,  Middle,  and  Southern  States,  Mulilenberg  in  Ach.-L.  U. 
1810,  Ravenel,  etc.  Newfoundland  (a  blackened  state,  referred 
to  C.  scepincola  by  Delise),  Despreaux.  Arctic  America  (a  dwarf 
form  growing  on  twigs,  also  referred  to  C.  scepincola  in),  Herb. 
Hook.  California,,  Menzies. 

I5(a).  C.  platyphylla ;  thallus  cartilagiueous,  rigid,  foliaceous, 
sub-monophyllous ;  olivaceous-brown ;  paler  beneath,  the  fibrils 
obsolete;  lobes  rounded, strongly  reticulate-lacunose,  and  rugged, 
tuberculate ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  marginal ;  disk  dark- 
chestnut,  shining;  margin  tuberculate.  Spores  sub-spherical, 
4-7  mic.  in  diam. 

Trees,  British  Columbia,  Macoun.  Yosemite  Valley,  Califor- 
nia, Bolander.  Thallus  pale  sulphur-coloured  within,  but  per- 
haps not  always.  The  lichen  has  something  of  the  habit  of 
Sticta  fuliginosa,  but  is  near  to  Cetraria  ciliaris,  from  which  it 

does  not  at  all  differ  in  the  spores. C.  ciliaris  of  the  Pacific 

coast,  if  perhaps  smaller,  differs  in  no  respect  from  the  originally 
described  plant  of  the  Eastern  States;  in  which  last  the  fibrils 
are  not  always  present,  as  they  are  not  always  absent  in  the 


CETRAKIA.  35 

other;  so  that  Platysma  orbatum^yl.,  Flora,1869,  p.  442,  rests 
wholly  on  the  uncertain  chemical  character. 

16.  C.  scepincola  (Ehrh.)  Ach.;  thallus  sub-membranaceous, 
foliaceous,  few-  and  short  -  lobed  ;  olivaceous  -  brown ;  beneath 
paler,  and  without  fibrils ;  lobes  crowded,  flattish,  undulate  and 
crenate,  more  or  less  ascendant,  much  hidden  by  the  abundant 
fruit ;  apothecia  marginal,  smallish ;  chestnut.     Spores  ellipsoid, 

-£^-  mic.     Spermatia  as  in  C.  ciliaris. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  507. 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  39.     Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  308. 

b.  chlorophylla,  Wahl.;  larger,  and  paler;  the  irregularly 
laciniate  lobes  with  white-sorediate  edges  ;  scarcely  fertile. 

On  twigs,  Arctic  America  (Richardson],  Hooker  1.  c.  1823. 
Branches  of  dwarf  firs  in  the  sub-alpine  region  of  the  White 
Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Cold  swamp,  Hawley,  Hampshire, 

Mass.,  Porter. b,  Oregon,  Dr.  Lyall.     Coast  of  California, 

Eolander. 

b.  Stock  of  C.  glauca. 

17.  C.   lacunosa,  Ach.;    thallus    cartilagineous- coriaceous, 
foliaceous,  the  crowded  lobes  more  or  less  dilated  and  rounded, 
and  deeply  reticulate-lacunose,  with  ascendant,  lacero-crenate, 
smooth  margins;  glaucous  above;  whitish,  or  here  and  there  now 
blackening  below ;    apofchecia  (abundant)  sub-terminal,  ample, 
at  length  a  little  elevated ;  disk  chestnut  (often  perforated  at 
the  centre) ;  margin  entire.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  -— -  mic. 

«-4jj 

Spermatia  oblong,  thickening  gradually  towards  one  end. 

Ach.  L.  U.p.  508.  Tucker  m.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  16;  Exs.  n.  6,  61. 
Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  314. 

b.  stenophylla ;  lobes  more  lax,  narrow -linear,  elongated, 
channelled ;  white  beneath  ;  apothecia  terminal. 

Trees,  North-west  coast  (Menzies),  Ach.  Meth.  1803.  Very 
common  on  trees  and  rails  through  the  Northern  and  Middle 
States,  and,  along  the  mountains,  southward ;  Halsey  ;  Ravenel, 

etc. b,  simulating  now  the  habit  of  large  states  of  Hamalina 

calicaris  and  now  of  Evernia  furfuracea,  California ;  Bolander. 
The  var.  laciniatum,  Nyl.  Flora,  1869,  p.  442,  from  California, 
cannot  be  cited,  as  it  has  no  character. 

18.  C.  glauca  (L.)  Ach.;  thallus  membranaceous,  foliaceous, 
sinuate-lobate  or  irregularly  lacerate-laciniate  ;  glaucous,  black- 


36  CETRAK1A. 

erring  below ;  the  jagged  edges  of  the  lobes  often  sorediate,  and 
prolonged  finally  more  or  less  into  conspicuous,  coralloid  branch- 
lets  ;  apothecia  (rare)  sub-terminal,  ample ;  disk  dark-chestnut ; 
margin  irregular  and  disappearing.  Spores  rounded-ellipsoid, 

t|il  mic.     Spermatia  as  in  the  last. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  509.    Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  38.     Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  I, p.  313. 

b.  stenopliylla  ;  lobes  loose,  narrow-linear,  channelled ;  black, 
or  now  whitening  beneath. 

Trees,  and  rocks,  in  mountain  forests,  New  England,  Tucker- 
man  Enum.  1845.  Newfoundland  (strongly  lacunose;  a  state 
occurring  also  in  Scotland,  Borrer !  but  not  well  referable  to  C. 
lacunosa),  Despreaux.  Oregon,  and  Washington  Territories, 

and  Vancouver's  Island;    Dr.  Lyall,  etc. &,  Oregon,   Wilkes 

exped.     California,  Bolander. The  variety  is  analogous  to  C. 

lacunosa,  &,  but  has  the  characters  of  the  present  species ;  and 
is  explained  by  European  states,  especially  of  the  v.fallax,  Ach. 
The  colour  of  the  thallus  of  C.  glauca,  a,  finally  darkens; 
becoming  now  olivaceous-brown,  v.fusca  (Flot.),  on  rocks,  in  the 
White  Mountains. 

19.  C.  chrysantha,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous-coriace- 
ous,  foliaceous,  round-lobed,  rugulose  j  straw-coloured ;  beneath 
black  and  shining ;  lobes  crowded,  ascendant  at  the  crenate, 
smooth  margins;    apothecia  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of  the 
fertile  lobes,  ample;  disk  blood-red,  and  blackening;   margin 
crenulate.     Spores  ellipsoid,  — —  mic.     Spermatia  oblong,  thick- 
ening gradually  towards  one  end. Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1,  1.  c.  p. 

423.    Platysma  septentrionale,  Nyl  Syn.  I,  p.  315. 

Rocks,  Kotzebue's  Sound  (Herb.  Church.  BaMngton),  Tucker- 
man  I.  c.  1858.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  Fertile, 

in  Japan,  Wright. The  specific  name  (criticised  byNylander, 

Syn.  p.  315,  where  a  name,  published  without  character  by  him- 
self, is  substituted  for  it)  is  quite  as  good  as  chloantha,  Ach. ; 
and,  like  this,  in  entire  accord  with  the  usage  of  the  language 
from  which  the  names  are  taken,  as  with  that  of  other  languages. 

20.  C.  Oakesiana,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous-membra- 
naceous,  foliaceous,  for  the  most  part  rather  loosely  linear-  and 
long-lobed,  but  now  more  compact;   from  greenish  at  length 
straw-coloured;  beneath  brownish,  and  fibrillose ;  lobes sinuately 
cut,  flattish,  but  the  margins  soon  elevated,  and  whitish-soredi- 


CETRARIA.  37 

ate ;  apothecia  marginal, middling-sized  to  ample;  disk  chestnut: 

5—9 

margin  entire  or  irregular.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  — r  rnic. 
Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  Eng.  p.  17;  Exs.  n.  7.     Platysmd,  Nyl. 


1,  p.  304.    ^Cetraria  Bavarica,  Krempelh.  in  Flora,  1851, 
p.  273. 

Trees  and  rocks ;  New  England,  and  New  York,  and  south- 
ward to  Maryland,  fertile  only  in  mountain  forests  ;  Tucker  man 
Lich.  N.  E.  1841.  Lake  Superior,  Agassis.  Black  Mountains, 

South  Carolina,  fertile,  M.  A.  Curtis. 1  have  failed  to  find 

spermatia,  either  in  this  or  the  species  next  following ;  but  the 
two  are  associable  (better  perhaps  than  C.  Oakesiana  with  C. 
Laureri)  and  C.  aurescens  certainly  suggests  C.  juniperina. 

21.  C.   aurescens,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  sub-membranaceous, 
foliaceous,  sinuate-laciniate  ;   straw-coloured ;  beneath  whitish, 
with  frequent  fibrils  of  the  same  colour ;  lobes  narrowed,  many- 
cleft  above,  the  ascendant  margins  crisped ;  apothecia  marginal, 
middling-sized  to  ample,  at  length  rather  elevated  ;  disk  chest- 
nut j   margin   creuulate.     Spores  rounded,   and  sub -ellipsoid, 

^  mic. Tuckerm.   Syn.   N.  Eng.  p.  16.     Platysma,  Nyl. 

Syn.  I, p.  313. 

Coniferous  trees ;  and  (infertile)  on  old  rails,  New  England ; 
Tuckerman  Syn.  1848.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Alabama,  T.  M. 
Peters. 

22.  C.  juniperina  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  membranaceous,  folia- 
ceous,  lacero-laciniate;    from   greenish -glaucescent  at  length 
straw-coloured  above  and  pale-yellow  below,  or  finally  bright- 
yellow  on  both  sides  ;  the  crowded,  more  or  less  lacunose,  erose- 
crenate  and  crisped  lobes  ascendant ;    apothecia  sub-marginal, 
middling-sized  to  ample,  at  length  rather  elevated  :  disk  chest- 

4MJ 

nut ;  margin  crenulate.   Spores  ellipsoid,  ~  mic.    Spermatia  as 

in  C.  chrysantha. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  506.     Tuck.  Exs.  8.     Th.  Fr. 

Lich.  Scand.p.  104.    Platysma,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  312. 

b.  terrestris,  Schger. ;   lobes  narrowed  and  sub-linear  with 
scarcely  crisped  edges,  finally  erectish,  angulous-teretish,   and 

dichotomously  branched ;  sterile. Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  10  (1823). 

Varr.  terrestris  &  tubulosa,  Sch&r.  Enum.     C.  Tilesii,  Ach.  Syn. 

p.  228. 

c.  Pinastri,  Ach. ;    lobes  depressed,  flat,  the  ascendant  mar- 
gins bright-yellow-sorediate ;    scarcely  fertile. Ach.  L.   U. 

p.  506. 


38  EYERNTA. 

a,  upon  trees  throughout  the  eastern  United  States.  Muhlen- 

berg  Catal  1818.     West  Coast,  Menzies. b,  on  the  earth,  in 

alpine  districts.  Arctic  America,  Herb.  Hook.  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, Hall c,  shrubs  and  rocks  in  sub-alpine  districts,  and 

descending.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  New  England  mount- 
ains, Tuckerman.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall.  British  Columbia, 
Macoun. 


IV.— EVERNIA,   Ach.,   Mann. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  concave,  then  often  dilated  and 
cyathiform  j  the  disk  coloured  differently  from  the  thallus. 
Spores  sub-ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless.  Spermatia  oblong, 
or  staff-shaped,  thickened  either  at  one,  or  both  ends,  or 
cylindrical  5  upon  sparingly  branched  sterigmas.  Thallus 
fruticulose,  at  length  often  pendulous ;  angulose-teretish  or 
foliaceous-compressed;  softish;  glaucous,  straw-coloured,  or 
lemon  coloured ;  the  medullary  layer  cottony  j  or,  the  fila- 
ments now  coalescing,  and  finally  solid. Anatomy  of  the 

thallus  in  Schwend.  Untersuch,  1.   c.   2,  p.  157,  t.   4,  fig. 
13-15,  t.  5,/.  1-6. 

*  Medullary  layer  solid. 

1.  E.  Trulla  (Ach.)  Mont. ;    thallus  tufted,  membranaceous, 
prostrate  and  assurgent,  dichotomously  linear-laciniate,  chan- 
nelled, naked  on  both  sides ;  greenish-glancescent  above ;  pale- 
brownish  and  violaceous-black  beneath ;     '  apothecia  marginal, 
ample,  cyathiform,  wrinkled  and  plaited ;  the  concave  disk  brown. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic.' Mont.  Chil.  p.  74.     Parmelia,  Ach. 

Meth.  p.  256,  t.  4,/.  6 ;  L.  U.  p.  496.    Parmelia  (Evernia)  denu- 
data,  Hampe  in  Linncea,  1843,  p.  122.      Everniopsis  Trulla, 
Nyl  Syn.  p.  374. 

On  the  earth?   Central  and  South  America.    Mexico,  Ny- 

lander. Perhaps  best  comparable  with  E.  furfuracea,  the 

structural  thalline  difference  of  which  may  possibly  be  regarded 
as  mediated  by  the  next  species. 

*  *  Medullary  layer  cottony;  but  coalescent,  more  or  less,  into 
solid  cords.  . 

2.  E.  vulpina  (L.)    Ach.;    thallus  tufted,  erect,  angulous- 
teretish  or  here  and  there  compressed,  lacunose,  dichotomously 


EVERNTA.  39 

much-  and  at  length  long-  and  divaricately  branched,  and  sub- 
pendulous,  with  attenuate  tips;  lemon-coloured;  the  base  at 
length  dilated  and  rigid ;  apothecia  sub-terminal,  ample,  appen- 
diculate,  at  length  much  dilated;  disk  chestnut;  margin  entire, 
or  most  commonly  radiate.  Spores  short-ellipsoid,  *  mic. 
Spermatia  oblong,  scarcely  thickened  a  little,  towards  one  end. 

Ach.   L.    U.  p.   443.      Fr.  L.  E.  p.  23.      Tuck.  Exs.  53. 

CMorea,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  274. 

Trees,  and  also  on  fences.  Pacific  coast  (Menzies),  Tuckerm. 
Syn.  1848.  Rocky  Mountains,  reaching  10,000  feet  of  altitude; 
and  observed  (infertile)  in  the  Black  Hills,  Nebraska,  Dr.  Hayden. 

*  *  Medullary  layer  entirely  cottony. 

3.  E.  furfuracea  (L.)  Mann;    thallus  tufted,   erectish,  or 
prostrate  and  pendulous,  compressed,   sub-foliaceous,  dichoto- 
mously  very  much-  and  somewhat  pinuately-  and  finally  long- 
lobed ;  glaucous  above  and  beset  mostly  with  isidioid  tubercles 
passing  into  branchlets;  below  channelled  and  lacunose,  pale,  or 
here  and  there  black-spotted,  or  now  mostly  black ;   apothecia 
marginal,  ample  to  large,  sub-pedicellate;  chestnut.     Spores 
short-ellipsoid,  !j;  "J  mic.     Spermatia  a  little  thickened  toward 

both  of  the  acutish  ends. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  26.     Tuck.  Exs..  n. 

55.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  284. 

b.  Cladonia,  Tuckerm. ;  smooth,  very  slender,  the  branches 
compressed-terete  above,  but  becoming  channelled  below,  more 
or  less  thyrsoid-eutangled. Syn.  N.  Eng.  p.  12;  Exs.  n.  56. 

Trees,  Northern  States ;  Halsey  View,  1823.  Southward,  in 
the  mountains,  Curtis;  Eavenel.  Texas,  Dr.  Parry.  New 
Mexico,  Fendler.  Mexico,  Nylander.  Our  lichen  scarcely 
ever  as  wide-lobed  as  it  occurs  not  uncommonly  in  Europe ;  and 
it  is  possibly  also  less  blackened  beneath. b,  on  high  mount- 
ains. White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Mt.  Whiteface,  N.  Y., 
C.  H.  Peck.  The  fruticulose  type  is  sufficiently  marked  in  this 
mountain  form,  which  offers  now  scarcely  a  trace  of  difference  in 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  thallus;  but  finally  agrees  with  a  in 
everything  but  size,  and  the  isidioid  prolifications. 

4.  E.  prunastri  (L.)  Ach. :  thallus  tufted,  erectish,  or  pendu- 
lous, angulous-teretish,  or  flattened,  and  finally  channelled  below, 
lacunose,  dichotomously  very  much-  or  at  length  divaricately- 
long-branched,  more  or  less  sorediate ;  pale-greenish,  or  straw- 


40  TJSNEA. 

coloured,  the  wide-lobed  states  paler  beneath ;  apothecia  lateral, 
middling-sized,  sub-pedicellate;  disk  chestnut.    Spores  ellipsoid, 

5-7    mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  442.      Fr.  L.  E.  p.  25.      Tuck.  Exs. 

H-*4 

n.  54.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  285. 

Trees,  fertile ;  and  on  dead  wood,  sterile  ;  Northern  States, 
Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  Pacific 

Coast,  Menzies.     Black  Hills,  Nebraska,  Dr.  Hay  den. Sper- 

matia  of  the  present  and  next  following  species  similar  to  those 
of  the  last.  Nyl. 

5.  E.  divaricata  (L.)  Ach.;  thallus  prostrate,  or  pendulous, 
teretish  or  more  often  somewhat  compressed  and  augulate,  lacu- 
nose-rugose,  flaccid;  pale-straw-coloured;  the  much  elongated, 
dichotomously  more  or  less  divided  branches  passing  into  fili- 
form, acute  tips ;  apothecia  lateral,  middling-sized ;  disk  chest- 
nut. Spores  ellipsoid,  much  as  in  the  last. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  441. 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  25.  Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  285. 

Trees  (branches  of  pines  and  firs),  infertile,  Rocky  Moun- 
tains (Hall),  Tuckerman  Calif.  1866.  Mountains  of  Colorado,  G. 
Vasey.  The  thin  cortical  layer  often  breaking,  and  displaying 
the  soft  but  yet  string-like  medullary,  in  the  manner  of  Usnea. 

V.  — USNEA   (Dill.)   Ach. 

Apothecia  orbicular,  peltate,  sub-terminal ;  disk  pale,  or 
very  rarely  blackening ;  margin  radiately  fibrillose.  Spores 
sub-ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless.  Spermatia  oblong,  and 
staff-shaped,  a  little  thickened  towards  the  base  ;  0*1  sub- 
simple  sterigrnas.  Thallus  fruticulose,  or  more  commonly 
pendulous,  more  or  less  terete,  or  now  angulate,  alike  on  all 
sides;  glaucescent,  or  rarely  straw-coloured;  the  medullary 
layer  two-fold;  an  exterior,  cottony  portion  enclosing  an 

interior,  indurated  cord. Anatomy  of  the  thallus  (of  the 

second  section)  in  Schwend.  Untersuch.  I.  c.  2,  pp.  110-144, 
t.  1,  2. 

*  Medullary  cord  at  length  discontinuous  and  cottony  at  the 
centre  ;  especially  below.  Disk  of  apothecium  black. 

1.  U.  sulphurea  (Mull.)  Th.  Fr. ;  thallus  tufted,  erect,  terete, 
dichotomously  branched,  papillate-scabrous,  deeply  pitted  with 


USNEA.  41 

age ;  pale  yellow  and  becoming  darker,  the  more  or  less  attenu- 
ate tips  blackening,  or  black-vittate  j  apothecia,  in  South  Ameri- 
can specimens,  sub-terminal,  appendiculate ;  disk  black;  fibres 
of  the  margin  commonly  obsolete.  Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  ^- 

mic. Th.  Fr.  Licli.  Spitsb.  p.  9.     U.  melaxantha,  Ach.  L.  U. 

p.  618.  Neuropogon,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  272.  Usnea  sphacelata, 
E.  Br. 

Kocks,  Arctic  America ;  dwarfed,  and  sterile.  Melville  Island 
(Parry's  2d  Voy.),  E.  Brown,  1824  5  Babington.  Greenland,/. 
Vahl.  The  modification  of  the  medullary  cord  is  now  marked  in 
the  luxuriant  austral  lichen  ;  but  scarcely  to  be  detected  in  the 
Arctic  specimens,  whether  American  or  European. 

*  *  Medullary  cord  continuous.    Disk  of  apothecium  pale. 

"     2.    U.  barbata  (L.)  Fr. ;    thallus  terete,  papillate-scabrous 

glaucescent.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  -JJ  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p. 

18.     Schcer.  Spicll.  p.  504.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  267. 

f  a.  florida,  Fr. ;  thallus  tufted,  erect,  stout  and  rigid,  diva- 
ricately branched,  more  or  less  strigose-fibrillose;  apothecia 
(abundant)  middling  to  large,  pale-flesh-coloured,  with  now  a 
white  bloom. 

*  hirta,  Fr. ;  very  minutely  more  or  less  fibrillose,  and  be- 
sprinkled thickly  with  soredia. 

*  *  rub-iginea,  Michx.  j  similar  to  the  last,  but  rusty-red. 

b.  ceratina,  Schser. ;  thallus  as  in  a,  but  pendulous  and  finally 
much  elongated ;  the  apothecia  middling  to  large,  rarer  in  ex- 
treme (mountain)  forms,  which  pass  into  c. 

c.  dasypoga,  Fr. ;  thallus  pendulous,  slender  and  rather  lax, 
much-elongated ;  rather  sparingly  divided,  the  branches  beset 
with  spreading  fibrils ;  apothecia  smaller,  and  less  frequent. 

d.  plicata,  Fr. ;  thallus  pendulous  and  much  elongated,  slen- 
der and  lax,  sub-dichotomously  divided,  pale,  the  branches  with- 
out spreading  fibrils ;  apothecia  smaller  and  less  frequent. 

e.  articulata,  Ach. ;  thallus  pendulous,  broken  more  or  less 
into  joints,  and  the  joints  inflated;  apothecia  not  seen. 

Very  common  on  trees,  and  (mostly  degenerate)  on  dead 
wood,  and  stones,  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada 
(Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818),  and  far  northward  (Richardson) ;  a, 


42  TJSNEA. 

and  its  subordinate  conditions,  and  b,  being  low-country  forms,, 
extending  through  the  whole  north  and  south,  including  Mexico; 
and  c,  and  d,  especially  northern,  or  at  least  mountain  ones  ;  e 
is  ill-exhibited  in  North  America ;  but  is  not  wholly  wanting  on 
the  Pacific  Coast ;  Scouler;  Macoun. 

3.  U.  angulata,  Ach. ;  thallus  pendulous,  greatly  elongated, 
rather  rigid,  angulate,  sparingly  divided,  thickly  clothed  with 
horizontal,  terete,  attenuate  fibrils ;  glaucescent ;   apothecia,  of 
ours  smallish,  but  of   Brazilian  specimens  ample ;  pale-flesh- 
coloured,  with  a  white  bloom.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  -jrb 

mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  307.    Hals.  Syn.  View.  p.  21.     Tuck.  Exs. 

51.    Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  272. 

Trees,  northern  States  (Muhlenberg)  Ach.  Syn.  1814 ;  south- 
ern States,  Mavenel ;  Wright;  and  found  in  the  greatest  luxuri- 
ance in  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  America.  Thallus 
sharply-  often  four-angled ;  but  occurring  also  in  part  papillate- 
scabrous,  and  the  angles  less  distinct,  when  the  lichen  come& 
very  close  to  U.  barbata. 

4.  U.  trichodea,  Ach. ;  thallus  pendulous,  elongated,  slender,, 
or  very  slender,  and  lax,  terete,  smooth ;  glaucescent,  the  mostly 
few,  main  branches  giving  out  many  shorter,  spreading  ones, 
and  with  the  scattered  and  irregular  flexuous  fibrils  becoming 
more  or  less  contorted;    apothecia  (frequent)   small,   or   very 
small ;  disk  pale-flesh-coloured ;   margin  sparingly,  or  scarcely 
radiate.     Spores  much  as  in  U.  barbata,  or  a  little  smaller,  3 
mic.;  and  the  most  slender  southern  forms  agreeing  in  this  with 
the  northern.     A  rather  coarser,  very  abundant  southern  form 

offers  larger  spores,  -^y-  mic. Ach.  Meth.  p.  312.     Tuckerm. 

'  Syn.  N.  Eng.p.S. 

Trees,  Nova  Scotia  (Menzies)  Ach.  Meth.  1803.  White 
Mountains,  Tuckerman.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Throughout 
the  Southern  States,  Schweinitz  ;  Hale;  Wright.  The  very 
slender  northern  lichen  of  Menzies !  which  Acharius  originally 
described,  is  also  an  inhabitant  of  the  Southern  States  (Texas, 
Wright),  but  passes  into  a  coarser  one  with  the  flexuous  fibrils 
much  more  numerous  and  marked  ( U.  discoidea,  Fr.  herb !  U. 
trichodea,  v.  ciliata,  Mull.  Lich.  Beitr.  in  Flora,  1875),  and  the 
aspect  of  U.  longissima  ;  for  which  last  it  has  often  been  takenr 
.  both  here  and  in  Europe.  This  larger  form  has  also  passed,  in 


ALECTORIA.  43 

Europe,  for  U.  barbata,  v.  dasypoga;  as  the  smaller  has  been 
saluted  as  U.  filaris,  Ach.,  and  U.  Jamaicensis,  Ach. 

5.  U.  longissima,  Ach. ;  thallus  pendulous,  greatly  elongated, 
terete,  or  compressed-terete,  scurfy;  glaucescent;  sub-simple  or 
sparingly  divided,  clothed  thickly  with  horizontal,  rather  straight, 
more  or  less  scabrous  fibrils ;  [apothecia,  in  Bavarian  specimens, 
of   middling  size,  disk  pale-flesh-coloured.      Spores  ellipsoid, 
^  mic.] Ach.L.U.p.626.    Tuck.Exs.l.   Nyl8yn.l,p.WQ. 

Trees  on  high  mountains ;  New  England,  Tuckerman  Enum. 
1845.  Newfoundland,  Herb.  Hook.  North  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, Agassiz.  Washington  Territory,  Herb.  Torr.  Kussian 
America,  Dr.  Kellogg. 

6.  U.  cavernosa,  Tuckerm.;    thallus  pendulous,  elongated, 
compressed -terete  or  angulate,  lacunose,  glaucesceut;  below 
remotely  branched,  attenuated  above  into  long,  dichotomously 
much-divided,  densely  intertangled,  finally  capillary  extremities, 
scarcely  fibrillose ;  apothecia  small  to  middling  sized ;  disk  pale- 
flesh-coloured,  with  a  white  bloom.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid, 

—  mic. Tuckerm.  in  Agass.  L.  Super.  Append.  1850.     U- 

lacunosa  (Willcl.  msc.)  Nyl.  Syn.  \,p.  271. 

Trees;  Shores  of  Lake  Superior  (Castelnau  in.  Mus.  Par.}, 
Tuckerman  1.  c.  1850.  Kocky  Mountains,  Hayden.  British 

Columbia,  Dr.  Lyall.     White  Mountains. Well  distinguished 

in  habit  from  our  other  species ;  and  resembling  Alectoria  ochro- 
leuca,  v.  sarmentosa. 

VI.  —  ALECTOKIA  (Ach.)   Nyl. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  lateral,  innate-sessile;  the  disk 
coloured  differently  from  the  thallus.  Spores  ellipsoid,  for 
the  most  part  simple  or,  in  one  instance,  muriform-multiloc- 
ular,  brown,  or  more  often  decolorate.  Sperrnatia  staff- 
shaped,  a  little  thickened  towards  each  end ;  upon  sparingly 
branched  sterigmas.  Thallus  fruticulosa,  or  pendulous; 
terete  or  compressed-terete;  alike  on  all  sides;  .brown  or 
straw-coloured ;  the  cottony  medullary  layer  loose,  and  the 

thallus  now  hollow. Anatomy  of  the  thallus  in  Schweud. 

Undersuch.  I.  c.  2,  p.  144,  t.  3,f.  1-29. 

1.  A.  divergens  (Ach.)  Nyl.;  thallus  tufted,  erect,  or  pros- 


44  ALECTORIA. 

trate,  robust,  rigid,  fragile,  compressed-terete ;  chestnut,  and 
blackening,  and  mostly  shining;  dichotomously  much-branched, 
the  branches  divergent  and  at  length  flexuous,  and  the  tips 
forked;  " apothecia  of  middling  size ;  chestnut;  the  margin  at 
length  crenulate-uueven.  Spores  ellipsoid,  without  colour, 


*J-*4 

mic." Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  278  (char,  fruct.  excl.)  &  in  Prodr.  FL 

Nov.  Gran.  p.  14,  not.     Cornicularia,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  300. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine,  and  arctic  regions ;  known  fertile  only 
from  Northeastern  Asia  (Nyl.),  Arctic  America  (Richardson) 
Hooker  1.  c.  1823.  Greenland,  Vahl.  Islands  of  Behring's 
Straits,  Wright.  Kotzebue's  Sound,  Herb.  Church.  Babington. 

2.  A.  jubata  (L.);  thallus  tufted,  or  pendulous,  slender  and 
soon  filiform,  terete,  smooth;  blackish-brown,  or  now  paler; 
dichotomously  very-much-branched;  apothecia  (small,  and  rare) 
very  entire.  Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  without  colour,  -4  ^-  mic. 
Evernia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  20. 

a.  bicolor,  Fr. ;  thallus  erect,  or  prostrate,  and  now  pendu- 
lous, rather  rigid,  densely-branched,  the  branches  divergent  and 
more  or  less  fibrillose-ramulose  j  black  below,  and  paler  at  the  ends. 

b.  chalybeiformis,  Ach. ;  thallus  prostrate  and  sarmentose,  or 
now  sub-pendulous,  rather  rigid,  remotely  divergent-branched, 
flexuous ;  brown ;  the  branches  somewhat  fibrillose-ramulose,  of 
one  colour. 

c.  implexa,  Fr. ;  thallus  pendulous,  elongated,  softish,  filiform 
becoming  capillary,  very   much  branched  and  densely  inter- 
tangled  ;  brown,  the  branches  of  one  colour. 

Throughout  North  America;  at  least  in  mountainous  regions. 

a,  on  the  earth  in  alpine  districts;    and,  more  developed, 

becoming  pendulous,  and  fertile,  on  firs  in  the  higher  forest  of  the 
White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Lich.  N.  E.  1841 ;  Lich.  Exs.  n.  2. 
Greenland,  J.  Vahl. &,  on  the  earth  in  alpine  districts ;  Green- 
land, J.  Vahl ;  and  White  Mountains,  fertile,  Lesquereux ;  as 
also  on  branches  of  firs  in  cold  swamps,  where  equally  fertile; 
and  very  common  in  a  sterile  state,  on  dead  wood,  throughout 
the  Northern  States,  and  along  the  mountains  southward  and 
westward,  Muhlenberg  Catal  1818  (this  low-country  lichen  being 
ill- distinguishable  from  Alectoria  nidulifcra,  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn. 

n.  15). c,  on  trees,  Northern  States  and  Canada,  fertile  on 

mountains,  Michaux  (Setaria  trichodes),  Flora  Bor.  Amer.  1803. 
Rocky-  Mountains,  Hall.  Arctic  America,  Richardson. 


ALECTORIA.  45 

3.  A.  Fremontii,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  pendulous,  elongated, 
compressed-terete,  smooth ;    brown  ;  irregularly  and  remotely 
much-branched,  the  flexuous  branches  more  or  less  dilated  and 
lacunose  below,  and  passing  above  into  long-attenuated,  capillary, 
finally  densely  intertangled  summits ;  apothecia  smallish  to  mid- 
dling sized;  disk  yellow-pruinose,  soon  convex,  and  the  thin, 
entire  margin  disappearing.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  without 

colour,  ^   mic. Tuckerm.  Suppl  1, 1.  c.  p.  422;  Exs.  n.  52. 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  280. 

On  the  branches  of  coniferous  trees,  in  California  (Fremont) 

Tuckerman  1.  c.  1858.     Oregon,  Prof.  Newberry. The  lichen 

was  first  found  (in  'British  North  America')  by  Drummond 
Herb.  Tayl.). 

4.  A.  ochroleuca  (Ehrh.)  Nyl.;    thallus  compressed -terete, 
divaricately  branched;   straw-coloured.     Spores  in   twos  and 

fours,  ellipsoid,  brown,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  281.    Ever- 

nia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  22. 

a.  rigida,  Fr. ;     thallus  tufted,  erect,   rigid,   finally   much- 
branched,  the  attenuate,  much-divided,  reflexed  summits  black- 
ening; apothecia  sub-terminal,  middling-sized. 

* osteina,  Nyl.,  thallus  (prostrate)  smaller  and  paler;   apo- 
thecia lateral. 

**nigricans,  Ach. ;    the  whole  thallus  more  or  less  at 

length  livid,  and  blackening. A.  nigricans,  Nyl.   Lich. 

Scand.  p.  71.     Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  22. 

b.  cincinnata,  Fr. ;  thallus  prostrate,  sarmentose,  rigid ;  the 
here  and  there  irregularly  dilated  and  flattened  branches  lacu- 
nose, and  the  long-attenuated  summits  mostly  of  the  same  col- 
our ;  apothecia  as  in  a. 

c.  sarmentosa,  Nyl. ;   thallus  sarmentose-pendulous,  much- 
elongated,  softish ;  below  remotely  branched,  attenuated  above 
into  long,  much-divided,  densely  intertangled,  finally  capillary 
extremities  of  the  same  colour;  apothecia  smallish  to  middling. 

Arctic  and   alpine,  mostly,   except  c,  which   inhabits  high 

mountain    forests. a,  on  the   earth,  Arctic  America,   fertile 

Richardson),  Hooker  L  c.  1823.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux. 
Vancouver's  Island,  fertile,  Herb.  Hook.  Peak  of  Orizaba,  Mex- 
ico, Nylander  Syn. *  On  the  earth,  high  mountains  of  Mexico, 


46  SCHIZOPELTE.— PAKMELIEI. 

Herb.  Hook. *  *  On   the  earth,   fertile,  Labrador,   Th.  Fries 

Scand.  1871.  Newfoundland,  fertile  (the  spores  exactly  as  in  a), 
Despreaux. 5,  on  the  earth,  fertile,  Newfoundland;  Des- 
preaux. White  Mountains,  Tucker  man. c,  on  Coniferous 

trees,  White  Mountains,  sparingly  fertile,  Tuckerman  Syn.  1848. 
Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  Oregon,  Washington  Territory,  and 
northward,  fertile,  Prof.  Newberry,  etc. 

5.  A.  Loxensis  (Fee)  Nyl. ;  thallus  erect  or  prostrate,  terete, 
slender,  very  much  branched  andintertangled,  the  branches  and 
branchlets  divergent,  here  and  there  foraminous ;  pale-  to  chest- 
nut-brown (or  now  whitened  or  blackened) ;  apothecia  lateral, 
middling-sized;  disk  dark-chestnut,  flat.  Spores  solitary,  muri- 
form-multilocular,  brown,  '  ^'^  rnic.' Nyl.  Syn.  p.  278. 

On  the  earth,  and  on  trunks,  in  the  high  mountains  of  equi- 
noctial America.  Peak  of  Orizaba,  Mexico,  C.  Molir. 

VII.  — SCHIZOPELTE,   Th.  Fr. 

Apothecia  terminal,  flabelliform  ;  the  disk  coloured  dif- 
ferently from  the  thallus ;  the  hypothecium  black.  Spores 
plurilocular,  brown.  Thallus  fruticulose,  terete,  solid;  the 

medullary  layer  loosely  cottony. The  thin  cortical  layer 

contrasts  with  the  very  marked  one  of  Eoccella  /  as  does 
the  brittleuess  of  the  lichen  with  the  leathery  toughness  of 
the  latter. 

8.  California,  Th.  Fr.;  thallus  tufted,  stout  but  brittle, 
sparingly  and  irregularly  branched,  or  sub-simple,  from  smooth 
becoming  rugulose ;  ashy-white,  dull;  apothecia  from  middling- 
sized,  soon  large,  fan-shaped;  crenate  and  lobed;  disk  black, 
thinly  white -pruinose.  Spores  in  eights,  oblong  and  finger- 
shaped,  from  4-  more  commonly  5-7-locular,  blackish-brown, 
^Jmic. Flora,  1875,  p.  143. 

On  the  earth,  coast  of  California,  Dr.  T.  H.  Fries,  I.  c. 


Fam.  2.  — PAEMELIEI. 

Thallus  horizontal,  foliaceous,  expanded  (rarely  ascend- 
ant and  Everniseform,  very  rarely  Alectoria3form )  cartila- 
gineous-membranaceous;  beneath,  normally,  fibrillose. 


SPEERSCmTEIDERA.  47 

Instead  of  the  normally  vertical,  passing  then  into  elongated 
and  pendulous  forms,  of  the  first  family,  we  have  here  normally 
horizontal,  and  leaf-like  lichens.  But  we  found  the  former 
becoming  dilated  and  sub-foliaceous,  especially  in  the  more  cen- 
tral groups,  and  finally  depressed;  and  these  central  groups  of 
Usneei  may  be  said  to  expand  now  into  the  new  family  before 
us.  Its  near  neighbourhood  to  the  preceding  is  evinced  still 
further  by  ascendant  forms  already  alluded  to,  which,  taken 
without  regard  to  their  whole  history,  might  well  pass  for  mem- 
bers of  the  Usneei. Speerschneidera,  though  sufficiently 

recedent  in  its  in  fact  fruticulose  thallus,  the  under  surface  of 
which  differs  only  in  colour  from  the  upper,  has  yet  clearly  the 

horizontal  vegetation,  and  habit. Theloschistes  may  be  said 

to  combine,  in  one  most  natural  group,  the  habit,  now  of  Rama- 
Una,  and  now  of  Evernia,  with  that  of  Parmelia. The  genus 

last-named  is  the  centre  and  type  of  the  Parmeliei ;  but  it  dis- 
plays also,  as  does  Physcia,  in  occasional  but  striking  forms,  the 
same  tendency  to  revert  to  ascendant  and  Evernioid  conditions. 
—Pyxine  is  a  small  cluster  of  strictly  foliaceous  lichens,  dif- 
ferenced from  Physcia  by  the  fruit-character. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  the  spores,  the  centre  of  the 
Parmeliei  is  seen  to  be  Parmelia,  of  the  Colourless  Series;  filling 
here  the  place  which  is  occupied  by  four  genera  in  the  Usneei, 
and  offering  analogues,  we  had  almost  said,  to  each.  From 
Parmelia  deviates  Theloschistes,  of  the  same  series,  the  analogue 
of  Mamalina;  while  a  still  greater  divergence  in  the  same 
-direction  is  exemplified  in  Speerschneidera,  which  it  seems  possi- 
ble to  consider  as  in  like  relation  to  Eoccella.  In  the  Brown 
Series,  on  the  other  hand,  the  place  corresponding  to  Thelos- 
chistes is  taken  by  Physcia,  the  analogue  here  of  AUctoriam  the 
Usneei ;  and  finally  by  Pyxine,  an  extreme  and  aberrant  type, 
anticipating,  as  respects  the  fruit,  the  similarly  exceptional,  next 
succeeding  family.  Genera  p.  17. 

VIII.— SPEERSCHNEIDERA,   Trev. 

Apothecia  scutellseform.  Spores  from  ellipsoid  becoming 
obloog  and  dactyloid;  2-4-locular;  colourless.  Spermatia 
oblong  j  on  sparingly  articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus  orbic- 
ular, depressed-fruticulose,  terete,  dichotomously  many- 
cleft,  cartilagineous-coriaceous;  fibrils  deficient  on  the  under 
side. 


48  THELOSCHISTES. 

8.  euploca  (T.uckerm.)  Trev. ;  thallus  smooth  but  dull,  fus- 
cescent,  or  now  whitening  above  ;  beneath  white;  the  regularly 
very  much  divided,  filiform  branches  scarcely  a  little  compressed, 
intricately  interlacing;  apothecia  small,  scattered,  sessile ;  the 
flat,  rufous-fuscous  disk  finally  convex,  and  excluding  the  mostly 

entire  margin.  Spores,  -jj^  mic. Physcia,  Tucker  m.  Suppl.  1, 

I  c.p.  424.  Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  4,  p.  388.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  413. 

Shaded  rocks  on  the  banks  of  streams,  in  Western  Texas 
(Wright]  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858.  On  calcareous  rocks  in  Kansas, 

Hall. More  appressed,  and  much  more  regularly  limited  than 

Parmelia  lanata  (L.)  Wallr. ;  and  it  is  perhaps  easier,  on  most 
accounts,  to  refer  the  Texan  plant  to  Physcia,  than  the  other  to 
Parmelia.  But  we  cannot  overlook  the  fact  that  the  spores  of 
our  Texan  lichen  are  irreconcilable  with  those  of  Physcia;  as 
the  whole  plant  is  with  Theloschistes. 

IX.— THELOSCHISTES,   Norm.,  Emend. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  the  disk  yellow.  Spores  ellip- 
soid, polar-bilocular  (the  spore-cells  occupying  the  tips  of 
the  spore  and  conjoined  more  or  less  by  a  tube)  or  (n.  3) 
simply  bilocular;  or  simple;  colourless.  Spermatia ellipsoid, 
and  oblong;  on  multi-articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus  folia- 
ceous  j  or  now  reduced  and  squarnulose ;  appressed  ;  or  now 
ascendant  and  EverniaBform;  cartilagineous-membrauaeeous, 
mostly  yellowish. A  well-defined  group,  offering  diffi- 
culties only  in  its  relation  to  Placodium  in  Lecanorei ;  from 
which  it  is  yet  distinguished  exactly  as  Lecanora  from  Par- 
melia. The  anatomy  of  the  thallus  is  explained  in  Schwend. 
Untersuch.  I.  c.  2, p.  157,  161,  t.  4,/.  16-17;  3,  p.  154,  160, 
t.  8,  /.  10-12.  It  is  observable  that  the  considerable  ana- 
tomical differences  between  the  Everniaiform  and  the  folia- 
ceous  types  of  Theloschistes  (differences  soon  to  recur  again 
in  Physcia)  are  insufficient  to  obscure  the  naturalness  of 
their  association  as  members  of  the  same  genus. 

*  Thallus  ascendant;  the  cortical  layer  not  parenchymatous  ; 
the  medullary  in  part  now  coalescing  into  solid  cords. 

1.  T.  chrysophthalmus  (L.)  Norm.;  thallus  tufted,  erectish 
or  spreading,  or  at  length  pendulous,  sub-cartilagineous,  more  or 


THELOSCHISTES.  49 

less  yellow ;  the  narrow-linear,  dichotomously  divided  branches 
smooth,  or  now  puberulent,  and  terminating,  for  the  most  part, 
in  fibrillose-ramulose  tips ;  apothecia  scattered ;  disk  orange ; 

margin  often  radiately  fibrillose.     Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. 

Parmelia,  Eschw.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  p.  223.  Pliyscia,  Tucker m. 
Obs.  Lich.  I  c.  4,  p.  384. 

"a.  erectish,  much  compressed,  rather  sparingly  divided,  the 
many-cleft  tips  ciliate-fibrillose ;  from  glaucescent-whitish  with 
yellow  fibrils  becoming  yellow  throughout  above,  when  the  under 
side  continues  often  whitish ;  smooth ;  apothecia  sub-terminal, 

middling-sized  to  largish,  commonly  radiate. Parmelia  chrys- 

ophthalma,  Ach.  Metli.  p.  267.  Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  80.  Pliyscia, 
Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  410  (v.pubera  &  Capensi  excl.). 

b.  flavicans,  Wallr. ;  spreading,  and  becoming  elongated  and 
pendulous;  teretish,  or  compressed-terete,  and  now  somewhat 
channelled ;  divaricately  much-branched ;  yellow,  or  now  whit- 
ening; smooth,  or  often  puberulent;  apothecia  smallish,  scat- 
tered, the  marginal  fibres  mostly  deficient. Evernia  flavicans, 

Fr.L.E.p.28.  Physcia.  Nyl.  Syn.\,p.4QQ.  Borrera  flavi- 
cans, Capensis,  &  pubera,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  502. 

Trees. a.  Northern  and  middle  States  (MiMenberg), 

Jacq.  Coll.  1786.  Minnesota,  I.  A.  Lapham.  Louisiana,  Hale. 
Texas,  Wright.  Kocky  Mountains,  Hall  California,  Bolander. 
— b.  Southern  States,  fertile.  South  Carolina  (Bosc),  Mi- 
chaux  FL  1803,  to  Texas,  Wright.  California,  Herb.  Gray. 
Mexico,  Nylander.  Occurring  also,  sterile  and  sorediiferous, 
northward,  along  the  coast.  Nantucket,  Tuckerman.  And  even 
Newfoundland  (Nyl.).  This  extended  form  (b)  offers  no  satis- 
factory differences  to  separate  it  from  the  other.  Nor  are  its 
puberulent  conditions  otherwise  distinguishable  from  the  smooth 
ones. 

*  *  Thallus  foliaceous,  oppressed  (rarely  ascendant  and  at 
length  teretish),  the  cortical  layer  parenchymatous  throughout. 

2.  T.  parietinus  (L.)  Norm. ;  thallus  foliaceous,  membrana- 
ceous,  orbicular,  from  pale-  at  length  bright-yellow,  and  orange ; 
the  appressed,  radiant,  crenate,  often  plaited  lobes  for  the  most 
part  dilated  and  rounded  above ;  apothecia  middling-sized, 
mostly  orange,  with  an  entire,  at  length  flexuous  border.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  72,  a.  Tuck.  Lick. 


50  THELOSCHISTES. 

exs.  n.  79.  Physcia,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  410,  a.  Xanthoria,  Th. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  145. 

On  trunks  and  stones  near  large  bodies  of  water.  Newfound- 
land, Pylaie,  1826.  New  England,  and  New  York,  common. 
Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  Agdssiz.  San  Diego,  California,  Dr. 
J.  Gr.  Cooper. 

2(a).  T.  polycarpus  (Ehrh.) ;  thallus  reduced,  sub-orbicular, 
now  sub-stellate,  but  typically  conglomerate,  and  complicate; 
the  much  narrowed  divisions  many-cleft,  concealed  for  the  most 
part  by  the  very  numerous  smallish,  sub-crenulate  apothecia. 

Spores  as  in  the  last. Parmelia  parietina,/.,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  73. 

Physcia,  Tuck.  Obs.  Lick.  I,  I.e. p.  385.  Physcia parietina, var. 
3,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  410.  Xanthoria  lychnea,  /9,  Th.  Fr.  Scand. 
p.  146. 

On  trees  and  dead  wood,  in  the  northern  and  western  States, 
very  common,  Halsey  (Parm.  rutilans]  View,  1823.  British 
America,  Richardson.  Alabama,  T.  M.  Peters.  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, Dr.  Hayden.  Santa  Fe,  Fendler.  California,  Wright. 

The  North  American  lichen  commonly  larger  than  the  European, 
.and  on  the  under  side  rather  conspicuously,  and  now  even  mar- 
ginally fibrillose ;  but  not  otherwise  really  differing,  even  in  the 
widest  lobed,  sub-stellate  Californian  state. — —  Nylander  (Scand. 
p.  108)  remarks  that  a  Scandinavian  form  of  T.  lyclmeus  on  dead 
wood,  seems  sometimes  to  pass  into  the  present;  and  Dr.  Th. 
Fries  (Scand.  p.  147)  indicates  Stenh.  Lich.  exs.  n.  127,  B,  as  an 
instance  of  such  transition.  But  I  am  unable  to  see  anything 
in  the  specimen  just-cited,  or  in  others  exactly  similar  from  Cal- 
ifornia (Bolander)  but  the  present  sub-species;  which,  however 
nearly  approaching  the  narrower  states  of  T.  parietinus,  it  is 
perhaps  more  natural  to  keep  apart  from  it. 

2(b).  T.  lychneus  (Nyl.) ;  thallus  reduced,  sub-orbicular,  sub- 
stellate,  or  effuse,  varying  in  colour  as  the  preceding ;  the  linear, 
many-cleft  divisions  at  length  more  or  less  ascendant  and  gran- 
ulose  or  powdery  at  the  margins;  apothecia  rather  infrequent, 
smallish,  margin  entire  or  granulate.  Spores  as  in  T.  parietinus. 

Physcia  parietina,  v.  lychnea,  Schcer.,  Tucker  m.  Obs.  Lich. 

1,  I.  c.  p.  386.  Physcia  lychnea,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  107.  P.  contro- 
versy Mass.,  Koerb.  Par  erg.  p.  38.  Xanthoria  lychnea,  a,  in 
part,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  146. 


THELOSCHISTES.  51 

On  trees,  and  stones ;  occurring  in  a  wider,  regularly  laciniate 
form  fully  represented  by  German  and  Italian  specimens  (as 
Massed,  n.  36)  but,  like  the  American  T.  polycarpus,  yet  better 
developed,  and  found  from  the  coast  of  New  England,  Tucker- 
man  I.  c.  1860,  to  Wisconsin,  Lapham;  and,  still  more  commonly, 
in  a  narrow,  and  much  dissected  state  ( f.  laciniosa,  Scbser.  Helv. 
n.  381)  which  occurs  throughout  the  United  States,  from  New 
England,  J.  L.  Russell,  to  South  Carolina,  Eavenel,  Texas, 
Wright,  and  California,  Bolander.  This  last  form  assumes  the 
characters  of  the  present,  but  in  most  respects  it  is  now  fully 
associable  with  stellate  conditions  of  T.  polycarpus,  and  may  be 
said  to  connect  the  two. 

b.  pygmceus,  Fr. ;  sub-orbicular  and  pulvinate,  or  effuse ; 
fulvous  or  orange ;  the  minute,  irregularly  cleft  divisions  thick- 
ened and  becoming  erect  and  more  or  less  terete-branched 
above,  the  tips  and  margins  at  length  granulose;  apothecia 
smallish,  orange,  with  an  entire  or  granulate  margin.  Spores  as 

in  T.  parietinus. Parmelia  parietina,  v.  pygmsea,  Fr.,  L.  E. 

p.  73.  Physcia  pariet.  v.  Finmarkica  (Ach.),  Tuckerm.  1.  c. 

On  rocks.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits  (Wright),  Tuckerman 
I  c.  1860.  Alaska,  Dr.  Kellogg.  Coast  of  California,  Bolander. 

2(c).  T.  ramulosus,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  effuse,  pale-yellow; 
made  up  of  minute,  scattered,  sparingly  divided,  semi-terete 
lobules,  which  are  decumbent,  and  at  length  sub-imbricate; 
apothecia  minute,  entire,  of  the  same  colour.  Spores  as  in  T. 

parietinus. Physcia  parietina,  v.  ramulosa,  Obs.  Lich.  1,1.  c. 

p.  385. 

On  bushes,  coast  of  California  (Wright},  Tuckerman  I.  c. 
I860:  Best  comparable  in  habit,  and  the  colours,  with  T.  con- 
color ;  but  diverse  in  the  spores.  Too  little  as  yet  known. 

3.  T.  concolor  (Dicks.);  thallus  foliaceous,  orbicular,  green- 
ish-yellow, or  now  ash -coloured ;  the  very  narrow  divisions 
lacero-laciniate  and  now  much  dissected;  pale,  and  becoming 
densely  fibrillose  on  the  under  side;  apothecia  small,  wax- 
yellow,  becoming  fulvous  and  rufous,  with  a  mostly  entire  mar- 
gin, more  or  less  fibrillose  beneath.  Spores  numerous  (20-60)  in 
the  thekes,  simple  or  imperfectly  bilocular,  ^2  inic. Phys- 
cia candelaria,  Nyl.  Prodr.  Gall. p.  60;  Syn.  I,  p.  412;  and  in 
Lindig  Herb.  N.  Gran.  n.  2600.  Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  1.  c.  4,  p. 
387.  Parmelia  fibrosa,  Fr.  S.  0.  V.  p.  284.  Tuck.  Lich.  exs. 


52  PARHELIA. 

b.  effuse,  squamulose ;  the  crowded  squamules  granulose  at 

the  margin,  and  passing  now  into  a  powdery  crust. Lichen 

concolor,  Dicks.  PI.  Crypt.  Brit.  2,  p.  18,  t.  9,  /.  8.  Xanthoria, 
Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand.p.  147.  Lecanora  candelaria,  a,  Ach.  Syn. 
p.  192.  Candelaria  vulgaris,  Mass.;  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  120. 

On  trees ;  and  now  also  on  rocks ;  common  throughout  the 
northern  States  (Muhlenberg,  in  Hoffm.  D.  FL,  1796;  where  the 
plant  finds  a  place  under  the  well-described  Lichen  candelaris; 
as  it  does  also  under  his  Lecanora  candelaria,  a,  in  herb.  Ach., 
fide  Th.  Fr.)  and  found  equally  through  the  southern  (Dr.  Curtis, 
etc.)  to  Texas  (Wright)  and  as  well  in  South  America  (Lindig 
I.  c.) b,  has  the  same  range;  extending  southward  to  Louis- 
iana (Hale)  and  found  also  in  the  island  of  Cuba  ( Wright  Lich. 
Cub.  n.  79).  This  reduced  form  is  certainly  undistinguishable  in 
species  from  our  a;  and  it  does  not  appear  to  differ  at  all  from 
the  commonly  published  states  of  the  European  lichen  :  which 
compares  with  ours  then  much  as  the  European  T.  polycarpus 
and  T.  lychneus  with  the  more  luxuriant  American.  The  exu- 
berant development  of  fibrils  is  at  length  marked  in  a;  and 
suggests  readily  a  comparison  with  some,  in  other  respects  often 
well  comparable  forms,  of  our  Physcia  obscura.  Though  perhaps 
less  to  be  expected  in  b,  it  is  probable  that  the  fibrils  of  the 
receptacle  are  not  always  wholly  deficient  even  in  this ;  and 
something  like  indications  of  them  may  be  made  out  in  Anz. 
Lich.  Ital.  Sup.  n.  131,  if  not  also  in  Moug.  &  Nestl.  n.  743,  a. 

X.— PARHELIA    (Ach.)    De   Not. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  sub-pedicellate ;  the  disk  mostly 
thin ;  the  hypothecium  colourless.  Spores  ovoid,  ellipsoid, 
or  oblong,  simple,  colourless.  Spermatia  oblong,  constricted 
at  the  middle  and  with  mostly  acute  tips,  or,  rarely  (n.  18), 
needle-shaped  and  bowed ;  upon  sparingly  branched,  or  now 
sub-simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  imbricate-foliaceous,  lobate- 
laciniate,  appressed  (rarely  ascendant  and  E  vermiform,  very 
rarely  filiform  and  Alectorioid)  sub-rnembranaceous ;  more 
or  less  densely,  or  now  sparingly  fibrillose,  or  rarely  naked, 

beneath. Anatomy  of  the  thallus  given  in  Schweudener 

1.  C.  3,  p.  157. 

*  Thallus  glaucescent  (varying  also,  rarely,  to  brown,  or  even 
yellowish}. 

a.   Stock  of  P.  perlata. 


PARHELIA.  53 

1.  P.  perlata  (L.)  Ach.;    thallus  at  length  much  dilated, 
membranaceous,  smooth,  greenish-glaucesceut ;   beneath  black 
with  brown  margins,  rather  obsoletely  black-flbrillose,  or  largely 
naked  and  very  smooth;  lobes  ample,  a  little  ascending,  rounded, 
the  undulate  margins  not  ciliate,   but   often  white- sorediate; 
apothecia  (infrequent)  ample  to  large ;   disk  chestnut ;  margin 

entire.     Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  459.   '  Fr.  L. 

E.p.  59.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  15.     Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  379. 

Rocks,  especially  in  the  mountains  of  the  northern  States ; 
and  also  on  trunks ;  Halsey  View,  1823.  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz. 

](&).  P.  flavicans,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  ample,  with  the 
texture  of  the  last,  pale-yellow,  mostly  naked  beneath;  lobes 
sinuately  lobulate,  more  or  less  sorediiferous,  with  naked  edges; 
apothecia  ample,  much  as  in  the  last.  Spores  also  similar,  but 
^^  mic. P.  perlata,  v.  flavicans,  Lich.  Calif,  p.  13. 

Rocks,  coast  of  California,  Bolander.  No  reactions  with 
chloride  of  lime  or  potash,  observed. 

l(c).  P.  latissima,  Fee;  very  much  dilated,  smooth,  whitish- 
glaucescent,  for  the  most  part  wholly  glabrous  and  shining 
beneath;  lobes  rounded,  the  wavy  margins  naked,  or  now  sore- 
diiferous ;  apothecia,  in  West  Indian  and  South  American  spec- 
imens, much  as  in  P.  perlata,  but  the  spores  much  larger,  reaching 

^j  mic. Fee  Suppl.  p.  119.     P.  perlaia,  v.  latissima,  Mont. 

Cuba,  p.  231.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  379.    P.  glaberrima,  Krempelh.  in 
Flora,  1869,  p.  223. 

Trees ;  tropical  America  ;  but  found  also,  though  only  as  yet 
infertile,  in  Texas,  Lindheimer;  Florida,  Chapman;  and  South 
Carolina,  Eavenel. 

2.  P.  perforata  (Jacq.)  Ach. ;  thallus  at  length  much  dilated, 
coriaceous-rnembranaceous,  smooth,  glaucescent ;  beneath  brown- 
ish-black, strongly  but  interruptedly  black-fibrillose ;  the  rounded 
lobes  soon    creuate,   and    cut,    ciliate;    apothecia    (abundant) 
ample  to   very  large,   commonly  perforate,   cyathiform;    disk 

Chestnut ;  margin  entire.     Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. Ach.  L. 

U.  p.  459.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  58.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  69.     Nyl.  Syn. 
1,  p.  377.    Lobaria  sub-mar ginalis,  Michx.  FL,  flde  Mull. 

*  hypotropa,  Nyl. ;  more  or  less  largely  pale  or  even  white 

beneath ;  the  lobes  finally  divided  as  in  b,  often  sorediiferous. 

Syn.!  I,  p.  378. 


54  PARHELIA. 

Trees,  and  also  (in  mostly  sterile  states)  on  stones,  common ; 
very  luxuriant  and  fertile  on  the  eastern  Coast,  the  apothecia 
exceeding  at  length  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  lichen  observed 
early.  Virginia  (J.  Mitchell),  Dillenius  Hist.  Muse.  1741.  Penn- 
sylvania, J.  Bartram.  Canada  and  Carolina,  Mickaux.  Mexico,. 
Nylander.  Pacific  Coast,  Menzles. *  Texas  ( Trecul)  and  Mex- 
ico, Nylander,  1860.  Louisiana,  Hale.  South  Carolina,  EaveneL 

Ohio,   Lesquereux.      Wisconsin,    Lapham. Both    Acharius, 

and  Fries,  laid  stress  on  the  lobes  of  this  species  being  ciliate, 
and  denied  the  character  to  P.  perlata  ;  a  view  which  the  evi- 
dence of  the  North  American  lichens  appears  certainly  to  con- 
firm. And  the  sterile  European  lichens,  of  late  years  referred 
to  a  P.  perlata,  v.  ciliata  (Herb.  Borr. ;  Zwackh  Exs.  n.  56 ;  Herbr 
Koerb. ;  Anz.  Lick.  Ital.,  n.  100,  and  even  101  ;  Welwitsch  Cr. 
Lusit.  n.  77;  as  also  P.  proboscidea,  Tayl.,  and  P.  reticulata. 
Tayl.)  are,  in  fact,  whether  we  regard  the  ultimate  division  of 
the  summits  of  the  lobes,  or  their  hispid  under  side,  quite  as 
much  at  home  in  the  present  species. 

2(b).  P.  cetrata,  Ach. ;  thallus  dilated,  of  the  colour  of  the 
last,  but  rather  thinner,  smooth  above;  black  and  hispid  be- 
neath ;  the  sinuate-laciniate  lobes  (now  conspicuously  sore- 
diiferous  at  the  margins)  soon  narrowed,  and  passing  into  more 
or  less  finger-shaped,  at  length  prolonged  and  everniaeform, 

scarcely  ciliate  lobules ;  apothecia  and  spores  as  in  the  last. 

Ach.  Syn.  p.  198.  P.  perforata,  b,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  58.  Nyl.  I.  c. 

Trees,  and  also  on  stones,  throughout  our  territory,  Acharius r 
Syn.  1814;  but  reaching  its  perfection  at  the  west  (Illinois, 
Hall;  Ohio,  Lesquereux,  etc.)  and  south  (Carolina,  Schweinitz ; 

Mavenel;  Louisiana,  Hale;  Texas,  Wright). P.  perforata 

differs  from  P.  perlata  as  well  in  its  strongly  fibrillose  under 
side,  as  in  the  tendency  of  its  normally  ciliate  lobes,  to  pass, 
at  the  margins,  into  smaller  ones.  This  tendency  becomes  very 
marked  in  the  present ;  and  fragmentary  specimens  have  been 
referred,  in  European  herbaria,  to  Evernia. 

2(c).  P.  subrugata,  Krempelh. ;  thallus  of  the  colour  and 
texture  of  the  last;  'black,'  or  now  pale,  and  for  the  most  part 
naked  beneath  ;  the  lobes  passing,  as  in  the  last,  into  smaller, 
convolute  marginal  ones,  which  are  ciliate  with  strong  fibrils ; 
apothecia  ample,  cyathiform,  strongly  scrobiculate  on  the  out- 
side, the  margin  torn-crenuate,  becoming  lobulate.  Sporesr 
^l  mic. Exot.  Flecht.  p.  18. 


PAKMELIA.  55 

Mexico,  C.  Mohr.  Agreeing  so  well  with  the  description  of 
the  Brazilian  lichen  in  everything  but  the  colour  of  the  under 
side  (which  exactly  resembles  and  suggests  that  of  P.  perforate 
*  hypotropa]  that  I  cannot  but  consider  it  the  same.  Its  place 
appears  however  to  be  much  less  with  P.  perlata  than  with  P. 
perforata. 

2(d).  P.  crinita,  Ach.;  thallus  dilated,  of  the  colour  of  the 
last,  coriaceous-membranaceous,  beset  densely  with  minute 
granules  and  branchlets  (isidiophorous)  beneath  black  and  black- 
flbrillose;  the  rounded  lobes  ciliate;  apothecia  ample,  cyathi- 
form,  commonly  imperforate.  Spores  of  the  Northern  lichen 

ellipsoid,  2—  mic. ;  of  the  Southern,  ^|  mic. Syn.  p.  196, 

Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  25.  P.  perforata,  var.,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  58. 

Trees,  and  also  rocks.  New  England  and  the  northern 
States,  Muhlenberg  in  Ach.  Syn.  1814.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel. 

Texas,  Wright. The  southern  plant  (Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  69) 

is  perhaps  more  readily  comparable  with  P.  perlata  than  the 
northern  lichen,  but  is  differenced  as  well  by  the  distinct  flbrillose 
character  of  the  under  side,  and  the  ciliate  margin,  as  by  the 

isidiophorous  upper  side. P.  proboscidea,  Tayl. !  (P.  perlata, 

v.  ciliata,  Koerb. !  as  of  Nylauder  Syn.}  was  referred  (e  char.} 
to  P.  perforata  by  Fries ;  and,  I  can  entertain  no  doubt,  correctly. 
It  is  sometimes  well  comparable  with  the  present. 

2(e).  P.  sulphur ata,  Nees  &  Flot. }  like  the  southern  P. 
crinita,  as  respects  both  upper  and  under  sides,  but  from  glau- 
cescent  passing  soon  into  greenish-yellow  above ; 

*  white  within  ;  the  apothecia  not  observed. P.  chrysantha 

Tuck.  herb. 

*  *  sulphur-coloured  within ;  apothecia  commonly  imperforate. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. P.  sulphurata,  Nees  &  Flot.  Linncea, 

1834,  p.  501.     Tuckerm.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  72.     Nyl.  Syn. 
l,p.  377. 

Trunks;  *,  Blue  Ridge  in  Virginia,  Tucker  man.    Mountains 

of  Tennessee,   Prof.    Shepard.      Louisiana,   Hale. *  *  South 

Carolina,  Dr.  Mellichamp.     Louisiana,  Hale.     Texas,  Hall. 

The  specimens  leave  it  scarcely  doubtful  that  *  is  undistinguish- 
able  in  species  from  *  * ;  as  it  is  also  exceedingly  near  to  P. 
crinita. 


56  PAKMEL1A. 

.3.  P.  Icevigata  (Sm.)  Nyl.;  thallus  more  narrowed,  membra- 
naceous,  smooth,  glaucescent  ;  beneath  black,  and  more  or  less 
densely  black-fibrillose  ;  lobes  sinuate-pinuatifid  :  the  tips  now 
sorediiferous  ;  apothecia  middling-sized  ;  disk  chestnut,  with  an 
entire,  or  at  length  toothed  margin.  Spores  ellipsoid,  "  "  mic. 

—  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  384.     P.  sinuosa,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  63. 

b.  sinuosa,  Nyl.  ;  thallus  pale-yellowish.  --  P.  sinuosa  (Sm.) 
Ach.,  teste  Borr.  P.  relicina,  /?,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  70. 

Trees,  and  rocks,  a,  Louisiana,  Hale.  --  6,  Nova  Scotia, 
(Menzies)  Ach.  Syn.  1814.  Mexico,  Nylander. 

The  species  is  ill-represented  here.  The  first  form  (Louisiana, 
Hale]  referred  also  by  Nylander  (Syn.)  to  P.  Icevigata,  and 
closely  resembling  the  European  /  revoluta,  Nyl.,  under  which 
he  arranges  it,  stands  yet  in  difficult  relation  to  P.  cetrata.  - 
&,  is  at  present  quite  unknown  here  as  a  North  American  lichen. 
—  —  P.  tlliacea  approaches  the  present  more  closely  here,  and  in 
tropical  America,  than  in  Europe  ;  and  barren  specimens  of  the 
former  scarcely  now  differ  at  all  from  the  latter  (as  exhibited  in 
Nyl.  Lich.  Par.  n.  112)  but  in  smaller  size:  the  fertile  ones  are 
separable  by  the  spores. 


P.  aurulenta,  Tuckenn.  ;  lobes  rugose,  less  divided  and 
more  compacted  than  in  the  last  preceding,  at  length  thickly 
besprinkled  with  now  confluent  soredia  ;  the  medullary  layer 
sulphur-yellow  ;  -apothecia  middling-sized  ;  disk  chestnut.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  ~  mic.  --  Suppl.  1,  1.  c.  p.  424.  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  382. 
Trunks  in  the  White  Mountains,  and  rocks  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
Virginia,  fertile,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858.  Rocks  and  trunks,  Illi- 
nois, fertile,  Hall  Trees,  South  Carolina,  fertile,  Ravenel. 
Alabama,  J.  F.  Beaumont.  Louisiana,  Hale.  --  The  lichen  of 
the  White  Mountains  was  the  P.  Icevigata  of  the  author's  Syn. 
N.  Eng.,  and  would  perhaps  make  the  best  representative  that 
we  have  of  the  European  species,  were  it  not  for  the  coloration 
(more  or  less  distinct)  of  the  medullary  layer. 

4.  P.  Camtschadalis  (Ach.)  Eschw.  ;  thallus  ascendant, 
dichotomously  branch-lobed  ;  smoothish  or  now  isidiophorous  ; 
whitish  or  now  cinereous-glaucescent  ;  beneath  channelled,  soon 
blackening  and  becoming  wrinkled  and  very  black,  and  beset,  at 
least  at  the  margins,  with  black  fibrils,  which  are  now  deficient  ; 
the  narrow  lobes  finally  elongated,  attenuate,  and  densely  inter- 


PARMBLIA.  57 


tangled;    apothecia  middling-sized,   elevated;    disk  chestnut, 

with  a  somewhat  entire  margin..   Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. 

Eschw.  Bras.  p.  202.     Mont.  &   V.  d.  Bosch.  Jav.  p.  20.     Nyl. 
Syn.  I, p.  387.    P.  Americana,  Mont.  Chil. 

Trees.  Orizaba,  Mexico  (Galeotti),  Nylander  Syn.  1860.  Well 
comparable  with  Evernia  furfuracea.  The  South  American 
lichen  proves  to  be  uudistinguishable  from  the  Asiatic ;  though 
the  spores  are  perhaps  a  little  smaller. 

5.  P.  tiliacea  (Boffin.)  Floerk. ;  thallus  closely  adnate  to  the 
substrate,  soon  and  much  narrowed ;  coriaceous-membrauaceous, 
smoothish,  glaucescent ;  beneath  black,  and  densely  black- 
fibrillose ;  the  contiguous,  sinuate-laciniate,  more  or  less  wrinkled 
lobes  rounded,  and  crenate,  or  more  deeply  divided;  apothecia 
(frequent)  middling-sized ;  disk  chestnut,  with  a  crenulate  mar- 
gin. Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  small,  -|^  mic. Floerk.  in 

Sommerf.  Lapp.  p.  113.     Fr.  L.  E.p.59.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n. 
70.    Nyl.  Sijn.  p.  382. 

b.  sublcevigata,  Nyl. ;  lobes  sub-linear,  more  or  less  pinnately 
many-cleft  and  discrete,  often  stellate  ;  apothecia  and  spores  as 

in  a. Nyl.  1.  c.    P.  tiliacea,  v.  minor,  Mull.  Flora.  1877,  n.  5, 

e  descr. 

c.  relicina  ;  thallus  pale-yellowish  j  apothecia  and  spores  as 
in  a.— P.  relicina,  Fr.  8-  0.  V.  p.  283,  teste  Mont.    M.  &  V.  d. 
Bosch  Lich.  Jav.  p.  19.      Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  386.     P.  tiliacea,    v. 
flavicans,  Tuckerm.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  74. 

d.  sulphurosa  ;   medullary  layer  sulphur-yellow ;  apothecia, 
and  spores  as  in  a. 

Trees,  and  stones,  very  common.  Canada,  and  northern  and 
western  States;  Muhlenberg  Catal  1818,  etc.  Also  throughout 

the  southern  States  j  M .  A.  Curtis,  Hale,  etc. b,  southern 

States ;  Ravenel,  Hale,  Wright ;  but  similar  forms  occurring 

also  northward. c,  a  lichen  of  Cuba,  to  be  expected  in  the 

extreme  south. d,  Illinois,  Hall. 

The  North  American  P.  tiliacea  is  a  smaller  plant  than  the 
European ;  but  our  first  form  appears  to  be  otherwise  uudis- 
tinguishable. And  much  the  same  remark  may  be  made  of  the 
common,  narrow-lobed  American  forms,  which  scarcely  differ 
from  such  European  ones  as  the  var.  carporhizans,  Nyl.  (Herb. 
Church.  Babingt.  Anz.  Ital.  n.  102)  but  in  inferior  dimensions* 


58  PAKMELIA. 

and  still  narrower  divisions.  The  effect  of  these  slight  modifi- 
cations is  yet  at  length  so  marked  as  to  obscure  the  species ;  and 
our  plant  becomes  thus  better  comparable  in  almost  everything- 
except  size,  especially  of  the  spores,  with  P.  Icevigata;  while,  at 
the  same  time,  the  narrowed  conditions  are  easily  seen  to  pass 
imperceptibly  into  the  wider  and  more  typical ;  &,  being  thus  to 
be  taken  for  an  American  variety  of  P.  tiliacea,  determines  tb& 
place  of  c,  which  differs  from  b  only  in  being  straw-coloured,  d 
is  also  microphylline,  or  similar  to  &,  in  the  only  specimen  as  yet 
observed ;  but  the  internal  coloration  which  distinguishes  it  may 
not  prove  to  be  confined  to  such  narrow  states.  It  appears  im- 
possible, in  any  large  view,  whether  of  P.  sulpliurata,  P.  auru- 
lenta,  or  the  present,  to  assign  any  other  than  a  subordinate- 
value  to  the  modifications  in  these  lichens,  of  the  medullary 
colour. 

6.  P.  Texana,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  narrowed,  coriaceous-mem- 
branaceous,  reticulately  rimose,  cinereous-  glaucescent ;  beneath 
black,  papillate,  the  fibrils  obsolete;  lobes  contiguous,  plano-con- 
vex, rat  her  dilated  at  the  periphery  and  lacero-crenate  or  lobulate, 
besprinkled  with  rounded,  at  length  confluent  soredia;  apothe- 
cia  middling-sized  ;  disk  chestnut,  with  an  entire  margin.   Spores- 
ellipsoid,  4-^-mic. Suppl.  1,  /.  c.  p.  424. 

On  dead  wood;  thickets  of  the  Blanco;  Texas  (Wrigli t)r 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858. 

Intermediate  between  the  last  species  and  the  next :  but,  on> 
the  whole,  best  comparable  with  small  forms  of  P.  Borreri,  br 
from  the  same  region. 

7.  P.  Borreri,  Turn.;   thallus  soon  narrowed,   coriaceous- 
membranaceous,  more  or  less  reticulately  rugose,  and  beset  with 
rounded  soredia;    cinereous-glaucescent ;    beneath   pale-brown 
(becoming  darker),  with  now  dense,  white  (or  blackening)  fibrils ; 
lobes  of  the  periphery  rather  dilated  and  rounded,  cut-crenate ; 
apothecia  middling  to  large,  chestnut,  with  an  entire  margin. 

Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Turn,  in  Linn.  Trans.  9r 

p.  148.    Ach.  L.  U.  p.  461.  "  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  60.    Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  389. 
P.  Borreri,  *  hypoleucites,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  389.  e  descr.    P.  Bolli- 
ana,  Mull.  Flora,  1877,  n.  5. 

b.  rudecta,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  beset  with  isidioid  granules  and 

branchlets;  the  lobes  now  more  divided. Syn.  Lich,  N.  Eng. 

p.  26.     P.  rudecta,  a,  Ack. !  Syn.  p.  197. 

c.  hypomela  ;  blackening  beneath. 


PAEMELTA.  59 

Trees,  and  dead  wood ;  common  ;  and  now  (Illinois,  Hall ; 
Texas,  Wright ;  Mexico)  scarcely  differing  from  the  European 
lichen,  but  in  smaller  soredia.  But  our  plant  is  mostly  referable  to- 
ft, which  occurs  from  Canada  southward  (Muhlenberg)  Ach.  Syn. 
1814,  to  Louisiana  (Hale]  and  Mexico.  Earely  (c)  this  blackens 
beneath  (South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Texas,  Wright]  and  it  passes, 
finally,  at  the  circumference,  into  narrower,  sinuately  lobulate 
conditions  suggestive  as  well  of  the  two  species  next  preceding, 

as  of  the  closely  akin  following  one. Though  typically  pale 

beneath,  it  is  certainly  the  same  plant  which  becomes  finally,  on 
this  side,  blackish-brown. 

8..  P.  saxatilis  (L.)  Fr. ;  thallus  narrowed,  cartilagineous- 
membranaceous ;  soon  more  or  less  reticulately  rimose,  and  lacu- 
nose,  often  isidiophorous,  glaucous-cinerascent ;  beneath  black, 
and  (now  densely)  black  fibrillose  ;  lobes  sinuately,  often  piu- 
nately,  many-cleft,  retuse ;  apothecia  middling  to  large ;  disk 
chestnut,  with  an  irregular,  sub-crenulate  margin.  Spores 

ellipsoid,  "^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  61.     Schcer.   Spicil.  p.  454. 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  388. 

b.  sulcata,  Nyl. ;  lobes  mostly  wider  and  paler,  besprinkled 
with  conspicuous,  rounded  or  oblong,  now  confluent  and  reticu- 
late soredia. Nyl.  Licit.  Scand.  p.  99.    P.  saxatilis,  v.  rosce- 

formis,  Ach.,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  Lich.  N.  Eng.  p.  27. 

c.  panniformis  (Ach.)  Schser. ;  lobes  short,  densely  crowdedr 
and  imbricated. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  469.     Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  456. 

d.  omphalodes,  Fr. ;  thallus  brown,  and  blackening. Fr. 

I  c.    Nyl.  I.  c. 

Trees,  dead  wood,  and  rocks ;  common  in  the  northern  States, 
and  northward  (a,  b)  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America, 
Richardson;  Vahl.  Wind  River  Mountains,  Hayden.  New 

Mexico,  Fendler.    West  Coast,  Lyall,  etc. c,  Arctic  America, 

Herb.  Hook.    Vermont,  /.  L.  Russell.    White  Mountains. d, 

rocks  in  mountainous  and  alpine  districts ;    White  Mountains, 
Oakes.    British  Columbia,  Macoun.    Arctic  America. 

b.    Stock  of  P.  physodes. 

9.  P.  physodes  (L.)  Ach.;  thallus  rather  loosely  attached  to 
the  substrate,  more  or  less  inflated,  coriaceous-membranaceous, 
glaucous-white;  beneath  brownish-black  and  black,  smooth, 


60  PARMELIA. 

destitute  of  fibrils;  lobes  plano-convex,  somewhat  ascendant, 
sinuately  many-cleft,  now  crowded,  and  at  length  complicate, 
terminating  not  seldom  in  white  soredia  ;  apothecia  middling  to 
large ;  disk  chestnut,  with  a  rather  entire  margin.  Spores  sub- 
ellipsoid,  *^  rnic. Adi.  Syn.  p. 218.  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  Eng. 

p.  28  ;  Lick.  exs.  n.  72.    P.  ceratopliylla,  Sclmr.  Spicil.  p.  458. 

b.  obscurata,   Ach. ;     thallus  brown,  and    blackening. 

Ach.  I  c. 

c.  enter  omorpha,   Tuckerm. ;   lobes  wider  and  less  divided, 
ventricose-inflated,  now  shorter  and  complicated,  and  now  elon- 
gated and  everuioid,  rarely  black-margined ;  apothecia  (abun- 
dant) ventricose-cyathiform,  at  length  very  large. Syn.  N. 

Eng.  I.  c.,  in  part.    Parm.  enteromorpha,  Acli.  I.  c.  p.  219. 

d.  vittata,  Ach. ;  lobes  mostly  lax,  linear,  elongated,  more  or 
less  black-margined;    apothecia  (abundant)   ventricose-cyathi- 
form, and  dilated. Ach.  I.  c. 

A  common  lichen,    a,  on  rocks  and  dead  wood,  rather  rarely 
fertile,  and  also  on  trunks  (Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818),  very  com- 
monly fertile  on  spruce,  in  mountains,  and  passing  into  d. — 
b,  alpine  rocks,  Arctic  America,  Herb.  Hook.    Islands  of  Behr- 

ing's  Straits,  Wright. c,  trees,  West  Coast,  from  California 

(Menzies)  Ach.Meth.  1803,  to  Alaska;  Dr.  Kellogg. d,  trees, 

West  Coast  (Menzies]  Ach.  sub  P.  duplicata,  1803.  On  spruces 
in  the  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  , 

9(b).  P.  encausta  (Sm.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  less,  or  scarcely  in- 
flated, glaucous-cinerascent ;  the  crowded,  narrowed,  convex, 
wrinkled  lobes  at  length  complicate,  and  passing  irregularly, 
more  or  less,  into  very  narrow,  teretish,  and  torulose  ones; 
[apothecia  middling  to  large;  spores  much  as  in  the  last  preced- 
ing].  NyL  Syn.  1,  p.  401;  Scand.  p.  104.  P.  physodes  p, 

FT.  L.  E.  p.  64. 

b.  alpicola,  Nyl. ;  a  blackened,  alpine  condition. P.  alpi- 

cola,  Tli.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  125. 

Alpine  rocks,  a,  Greenland  (Vahl.)  Th.  Fries  I  c.  1860. 
White  Mountains,  infertile.  St.  Elmo,  Colorado,  Brandegee  in 
herb.  Sprague. &,  Greenland,  Vahl.  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon,  fer- 
tile, Hall. The  lichen  is  well  differenced  by  its  almost  total 

want  of  inflation,  and  very  narrow  and  irregular,  crowded  lobes, 
and  is  confined  here,  to  alpine  districts.  P.  alpicola,  Th.  Fr.,  is 


PARHELIA.  61 

not  a  member  of  the  brown  series,  but  a  blackened  form  of  a 
member  of  the  glaucesceut  series ;  and  there  is  no  question  with 
which  species  of  the  latter  it  shall  .in  that  case  be  associable,  as 
an  extremely  recedent,  exclusively  alpine  condition. 

10.  P.  pertusa  (Schrank)  Schser, ;    thallus  closely  attached 
to  the   substrate,   inflated,    membranaceous,   glaucous  -  white ; 
beneath  black,   smooth,   destitute  of  fibrils ;    lobes  sinuately- 
many-cleft,  compaginate,  here  and  there  sparingly  perforated 
with  rounded  holes,   and   beset    with  conspicuous,   scattered, 
round,  white  soredia;    apothecia  (very  rare,  except  in  austral 
regions)  '  smallish,  chestnut,  with  an  entire  margin.     Spores  in 

twos  and  fours,  ellipsoid,  ^  mic.' Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  457.  Nyl. 

Syn.l,p.4Q2.    P.  terebrata,  Mart.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  16.    P. 
diatrypa,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  493. 

Trunks,  and  also  rocks,  frequent  in  mountain  forests,  but 
not  seen  fertile.  White  Mountains ;  and  also  in  Hampshire, 
Mass.,  Tuckerman  Lich.  N.  E.  1841. 

11.  P.   lophyrea,   Ach.;    thallus    cartilagineous,   cinereous- 
glaucescent;    beneath  black,  smooth,  and,  on   this  side  only, 
cribrose-foraminous ;   lobes  flattish,  lacunulose,  flexuous,  sinu- 
ately  many-cleft,  the    tips  cut-crenate;    apothecia  middling- 
sized;  disk  chestnut,  with  a  thin,  sub-creuate  margin.     Spores 

spherical,  diam,  3£-4£  mic. Ach. !   L.    U.  p.  481,  &  e  Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  104.     P.  cribellata,  Tayl. !  New  Lich.  in  Hook.  Lond. 
Journ.  Sot.,  1847,  p.  164.     Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  403. 

Trees  on  the  West  Coast  (Menzies)  Acharius  Meth.  1803. 

12.  P.  colpodes  (Ach.)  Nyl. ;   thallus  coriaceous-membrana- 
ceous,  glaucescent,  clothed  beneath  with  a  dense,  spongy,  dark- 
brown,  and  blackening  nap,  and  beset  here  and  there  with  coarse 
fibrils ;  lobes  sinuately-many-cleft,  flattish,  at  least  at  the  periph- 
ery, and  there  at  length  more  or  less  cristate-lobulate ;  apothecia 
middling  to  large ;  disk  chestnut,  entire.,    Spores  very  numerous 
in  the  thekes,  oblong,  or  club-shaped,  and  more  or  less  bowed, 
-^  mic. Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  74.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  404.    P.  col- 
podes, &  P.  cristulata,  Ach.  Syn.  pp.  118-19.    Imbricaria  con- 
vexiuscula,  Michx.  FL,  fide  Mull. 

Trunks,  common  throughout  the  larger  part  of  the  United 
States ;  but  not  known  as  yet  from  the  Kocky  Mountains,  or 
the  West  Coast.  New  England  (Swarts),  Ach.  Prodr.  1798. 


62  PARMELIA. 

Middle  States,  Muhlenberg.  Southern  States  to  Louisiana, 
Curtis,  Hale,  etc.  It  occurs  also  in  tropical  America  (P,.  para- 
sitica,  Fee,  e  Nyl.). 

*  *  Thattus  olivaceous -brown. 

13.  P.  olivacea  (L.)  Ach.;  tballus  inembranaceous,  plicate- 
radious,  becoming  rngulose,  and  now  isidiophorous,  from  pale-  at 
length  dark-olivaceous,  and  brown  ;  beneath  black,  with  more  or 
less  frequent  blackening  fibrils  ;  lobes  flattish,  rounded,  crenate; 
apothecia  middling- sized;  disk  chestnut,  with  a  wrinkled  or 

crenulate  margin.    Spores  short-ellipsoid,  ~  mic. Ach.  L.  U. 

p.  462.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  66.     Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  395. 

*  aspidota,  Ach. ;  thallus,  and  apothecia  externally,  thickly 
beset  with  minute  warts  of  the  same  colour.  Spores  more 

rounded,  and  smaller. Ach. I.e.     Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand.p.  122. 

P.  (sub-sp.)  exasperata,  Nyl.  1.  c. 

b.  prolixa,    Ach. ;    thallus    narrowed,    many-cleft.      Spores 
smaller. Ach.  I.  c.    Nyl.  I.  c. 

* panniformis,  Nyl.;  lobes  (except  those  of  the  periphery) 
divided  into  short,  irregularly  cleft,  densely  crowded  and  imbri- 
cate ones,  now  passing  into  finger- shaped  branchlets. Nyl.  I.e. 

Exs.  Anz.  Lang.  n.  428. 

c.  sorediata  (Ach.)  Nyl.;  thallus  narrowed  as  in  b,  the  more 
discrete,  many-cleft,  lacunulose  lobes  beset  with  pulvinate,  white 

soredia. Nyl.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  102.    P.  dmdritica,  Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  68,  fide  ipsius.    P.  (sub-sp.)  sorediata,  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand. 
p.  123. 

Trees  and  rocks,  a,  on  trees  ;  northern,  and  middle  States, 
Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  Mount- 
ains of  North  Carolina,  Havenel.  New  Mexico,  Wright.  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander.  British  Columbia,  Macoun. b,  on  rocks; 

Mountains  of  New  England,  C.  C.  Frost,  etc.   California,  Bolander. 

c,  on  rocks;  New  England,  Tuckerman.   California,  Bolander. 

British  Columbia,  Macoun.  Spores  (in  the  few  specimens  at 
hand)  of  a  *  clearly  smaller ;  as  they  are  found  to  be  in  Europe. 
But  a  occurs,  in  the  otherwise  well-characterized  New  Mexico 
specimens,  with  similarly  reduced  spores.  Spores  of  b,  in  the  New 
England  lichen,  -^  mic.;  but  larger,  and  approaching  at  length 
very  closely,  in  dimensions,  to  a,  in  the  Californian. 


PARHELIA.  63 

14.  P.  stygia  (L.)  Ach.  ;  thallus  sub-cartilagineous,  smooth 
and  shining,  from  olivaceous-brown  finally  blackening;  beneath 
at  length  black,  obsoletely  tibrillose  ;  lobes  linear,  convex,  pal- 
mately  many-cleft,  finally  contorted,  and  passing  now  into 
terete  branches,  the  tips  more  or  less  incurved  ;  apothecia  mid- 
dling-sized ;  disk  dark-chestnut,  and  blackening,  with  a  sub- 
granulate  margin.  Spores  rounded  and  ellipsoid,  -^  mic.  - 
Ach.  Meth.  p.  203.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  67.  Tuck.  exs.  n.  17.  Nyl. 
Syn.  p.  397. 

Alpine  and-  sub-alpine  rocks.  Arctic  America  (Richardson], 
Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  Higher  mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
Vermont,  Tuckerman.  Mfc.  Monadnock,  N.  H.,  J.  L.  Russell. 
Adirondack  mountains,  New  York,  C.  H.  Peck. 


P.  lanata  (L.)  Wallr.  ;  Alectorioid,  blackening,  lobes 
filiform,  terete,  dichotomously  much-branched,  intricately  inter- 
tangled,  decumbent;  apothecia  and  spores  of  the  last.  -  Nyl. 
Scand.p.  103.  Th.  Fr.  Scancl.  p.  126.  P.  stygia  p,  Fr.  L.  E. 
p.  68. 

Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  1.  c.  1823.  Yosemite 
valley,  California,  fertile,  Bolander. 

*  *  *  Thallus  stratt  '-coloured. 

15.  P.  caperata  (L.)  Ach.  ;  thallus  dilated,  coriaceous-mem- 
branaceous,  undulate-plicate,  conspicuously  rugulose,  now  sore- 
diate,  or  coarsely  isidiophorous,  pale-greenish-yellow  ;  beneath 
black,  rather  sparingly  black-fibrillose  ;  lobes  sinuately-laciniate, 
with  rounded,  somewhat  entire  tips  ;  apothecia  middling  to 
large;  disk  chestnut,  with  a  sub-crenulate  margin  often  at 
length  sorediate,  or  isidioid-granulate.  Spores  ellipsoid,  ^|j  mic. 
—  Ach.  Syn.  p.  J96.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  69.  Tuck.  exs.  n.  75.  Nyl. 
Syn.  \,p.  376. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  stones  ;  not  very  commonly  fertile. 
Virginia,  Dillenius  Muse.,  1741.  Northern,  middle,  and  west- 
ern States,  Muhlenberg,  etc.  Southern  States  to  New  Mexico, 
Curtis;  Hale,  etc.  Mexico,  Nylander.  California,  Bolander. 
Arctic  America,  Richardson. 

A  narrower-lobed  southern  form  (Texas,  Wright;  New  Mex- 
ico, Fendler)  characterized  not  seldom  by  white-sorediate  mar- 
gins, and  shewing  smaller  spores  (^  mic.),  differs  also  from  the 
•common  plant  in  giving  a  red  reaction  with  chloride  of  lime; 


p  64  PARHELIA. 

but  the  same  reaction  is  afforded  by  a  similarly  white-edged 
Californian  lichen  with  spores  of  ~  mic. ;  and  as  well  by  a 
specimen  from  Arctic  America  (Herb.  Hook.)  scarcely  otherwise 
differing  from  the  common  northern  P.  caperata. 

16.  P.  conspersa  (Ehvh.)  Ach.;  thallus  dilated,  cartilagineous- 
membranaceous,  laciniately  much-divided,  smooth  and  more  or 
less  polished,  but  the  centre  often  isidiophorous,  greenish-straw- 
coloured;  beneath  brown,  or  blackening,  or  at  length  black, 
with  similarly  varying  fibrils,  which  are  now  mostly  obsolete ; 
lobes  sinuately  cut,  passing  often  into  narrowed,  pinnatifid,  at 
length  densely  complicate  conditions;  apothecia  middling  to 
large;  disk  chestnut;  margin  sub-crenulate.  Spores  ellipsoid, 

1^.  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  486.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  69.  Nyl.  Syn.  1, 

p.  391. 

Rocks  and  stones  (and,  degenerate,  on  dead  wood)  very  com- 
mon at  the  north ;  and,  in  the  mountains,  southward.  Northern 
and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818,  and  throughout  the 
upper  districts  of  the  southern,  Ravenel,  etc.;  as  also  in  the 
mountains  of  Texas,  Wright ;  New  Mexico,  Fendler;  and  Mex- 
ico, Nylander.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall.  On  the  western  Coast, 
Douglas;  Bolander.  Arctic  America,  Richardson. 

16(&).  P.  leucochlora,  Tuckerm.;  lobes  closely  appressed  and 
compaginate,  sinuately  more  or  less  piunatifid,  rugulose,  from 
glaucescent  becoming  pale-straw-coloured  j  apothecia  smallish ; 

disk  chestnut.  Spores  roundish-ellipsoid,  -yy-  mic. Tuckerm. 

in  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  392. 

On  Bald  Cypress,  Mississippi  (Dr.  Veitcli],  Tuckerman  I.  c. 
1860.  South  Carolina,  Dr.  J.  H.  Mellichamp.  Florida,  Ravenel. 

Louisiana,  Hale. The  apothecia  of  P.  conspersa  exceed  at 

length  15mm-  in  width,  and  the  spores  I3mmm-  in  length;  but  the 
apothecia  of  the  present  average  2-3mm-  and  only  rarely  reach 
4mm.  jn  width,  and  the  rounded  spores  appear  to  be  also  smaller. 
The  chemical  differences  of  P.  leucochlora,  treated  with  chloride 
of  lime,  and  with  potash,  pointed  out  by  the  present  writer 
(Amer.  Naturalist,  April,  1868)  as  by  Nylander  (Flora,  1869,  p. 
293)  will  not  here  be  dwelt  on ;  but  the  plant  is  otherwise  not 
without  interest. 

16(c).  P.  molliuscula,  Ach.;  Everniseforin,  the  narrowed 
lobes  sub-stellate,  or  loosely  intricate,  dichotomously  more  or 


PARMELIA.  65 

less  regularly  divided,  convex ;  beneath  channelled,  or  the  mar- 
gins connivent,  and  densely,  or  now  obsoletely  fibrillose ;  apo- 

thecia  unknown. L.  U.p.492;  Syn.  211,  auct.  Nyl.  Syn.  1, 

p.  393.    P.  chlorochroa,  Tucker m.  Obs.  Lich.  1,  1.  c.  p.  383. 

On  the  earth,  in  sterile  spots,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Dr. 

Hayden),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  I860. The  same  lichen  is  found  in 

Soongaria  (Herb.  Spreng.  nom.  Borr.  Camtschadatts),  in  Camts- 
chatka  (Tilesius  in  herb.  Floerk.,  nom.  Farm,  congruentis),  and  in 
the  steppes  of  the  Volga  in  Russia  (Herb.  Krempelh.,  nom.  P. 
vagantis,  Nyl).  The  last-cited  plant  of  Ny lander  is  the  P. 
molliuscula,  v.  vagans  of  his  Syn.  I.  c.,  which  is  later  subsumed 
by  him  under  P.  conspersa  (Scand.  p.  100)  and  is  the  natural  key 
to  the  present.  In  a  very  narrow-lobed,  fertile  form  of  P.  con- 
spersa (rocks,  Kansas,  Hall),  sufficiently  agreeing  in  general 
habit  with  Fellmann  exs.  n.  79,  and  with  the  narrower  form  of 
Anz.  Lich.  Ital.  Sup.  n.  109,  and,  like  them,  referable  to  the 
v.  stenophylla  of  authors,  the  lobes  are  not  only  convex,  as,  to 
some  extent,  in  the  Italian  lichen  last  cited,  but  more  or  less 
channelled  beneath;  and  the  same  convexity  and  channelling 
are  observable  in  dwarfed,  alpine  specimens  of  the  same  species, 
growing  over  mosses  (Rocky  Mountains,  Dr.  Parry)  and  suffici- 
ently explain  the  lichen  before  us. 

17.  P.  centrifuga  (L.)  Ach.;   thallus  somewhat  tartareous, 
many-cleft,   from    greenish-  at    length    bright-straw-coloured, 
opake ;  beneath  whitish  with  darker  fibrils ;  lobes  linear,  convex, 
crowded,  becoming  complicate  and  rugose-plicate  at  the  crust- 
like  centre,  which  falling  finally  away  leaves  only  the  concentri- 
cally disposed  periphery ;  apothecia  middling-sized  ;  disk  chest- 
nut, with  a  sub-crenulate  margin.     Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic. 

Ach.  L.   U.  p.  486.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  71.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  Amer. 
n.  78.    Nijl.  Syn.  1,  p.  393. 

Alpine  and  sub-alpine  rocks,  and  descending,  in  high  moun- 
tains, Muhlenberg  Catal  1818.  Arctic  America,  Vahl,  etc 
Newfoundland,  Despreaux,  etc.  Mt.  Desert,  Me.,  and  White 
Mountains,  N.  H.,  Tuckerman.  North  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
Agassiz. 

18.  P.  incurva  (Pers.)  Fr. ;  thallus  sub-cartilagineous,  many- 
cleft,  greenish-straw-coloured,   opake,  besprinkled  with  large, 
globular,  sulphur-coloured  soredia;  beneath  pale,  with  blacken- 
ing fibrils ;  lobes  very  narrow,  teretish,  densely  branching,  and 

5 


66  PAKMELIA. 

closely  approximate  and  intertangled,  the  tips  somewhat  in- 
curved;  apothecia  smallish;   disk  chestnut  with  a  somewhat 

entire  margin.      Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  70. 

Tuckerm.  Licli.  Amer.  n.  76.    Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  394.     P.  recurva, 
Ach.  L.  U.  p.  490. 

Sub-alpine  (granitic)  rocks  in  high  mountains,  rarely  fertile. 
White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Enurn.  1845.  Also  at  Mt.  Desert, 
Maine. 

19.  P.  ambigua  (Wulf.)  Ach. ;  thallus  membranaceous, 
stellate,  straw-coloured,  opake,  besprinkled  more  or  less  densely 
with  sulphur- coloured  soredia ;  beneath  brownish-black,  shin- 
ing, with  blackening  fibrils;  lobes  linear,  applanate,  dichoto- 
mously  many-cleft,  rather  loosely  disposed ;  apothecia  small  to 
middling ;  disk  chestnut,  with  a  sub-crenulate  margin.  Spores 
oblong-ovoid,  commonly  curved,  -j^^  mic.  Spermatia  acicular, 

bowed. Ach.  L.  U.p.  485.    Fr.  L.  *E.  p.  71.     Tuckerm.  Lich. 

Amer.  n.  77.    Nyl.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  105. 

b.  albescens,  Wahl. ;  whitish-ash-coloured,  with  white  sore- 
dia; apothecia  rather  larger,  shining.     Spores  rather  larger. — 
Fr.  1.  c.    P.  hyperopta,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  208.     Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand. 
p.  120.    P.  aleurites,  Nyl.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  105. 

c.  Halei;   thallus  much  as  in  a,  but  the  apothecia  rather 
larger,  and  wax-coloured,  with  a  constantly  sorediate-powdery 
margin.     Spores  as  in  a. Parmelia,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. 

a,  on  trunks,  and  dead  wood,  and  also  on  rocks,  in  alpine 
districts ;  and  descending,  in  high  mountains.  Arctic  America 
•(Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. 

British  Columbia,  Macoun. b,  with  the  last. c  is  a  southern 

lichen,  found  on  coniferous  trees  from  Louisiana  (Hale)  and 
;South  Carolina  (Eavenel)  to  Virginia  (Tuckerman),  and  north- 
ward in  New  Jersey  (on  pines,  Austin),  and  rarely,  on  the 
south  shore  of  Massachusetts  (on  white  cedar,  Willey).— 
Spores  of  b,  *~  mic.,  in  all  important  respects  like  those  of 
a;  and  the  lichen  scarcely  differs  but  in  colour.  These  two 
forms  are  high  northern  plants,  and  unknown  in  New  England 
except  in  the  highest  mountains ;  but  c,  though  geographically, 
it  should  seem,  diverse,  offers  very  little  to  distinguish  it. 


PHYSCIA.  67 


X.— PHYSCIA    (DC.,   Fr.)   Th.   Fr. 

Apothecia  scutellseform  j  the  disk  thickish ;  the  hypo- 
thecium  colourless.  Spores  ellipsoid,  biloeular  (or,  more 
rarely,  ID  exotic  species,  4-plurilocular)  brown.  Spermatia 
ellipsoid,  or,  mostly,  oblong,  on  multi-articulate  sterigmas  j 
or,  very  rarely  (n.  9)  acicular,  on  sub-simple  sterigmas. 
Thallus  foliaceous,  ratnoso-laciniate,  stellate,  or  now  ascend- 
ant and  Everuiseform,  sub-cartilagineous  j  more  or  less  fibril- 
lose,  or  rarely  naked,  beneath. For  the  anatomy  of  the 

thallus  see  Schwendeuer  Unters.  I.  c.  2,  161,  and  3,  154-7. 
From  Physcia  proper  (typified  by  P.  stellaris)  in  which  the 
cortical  layer  is  parencbymatous,  and  thus  distinguishable 
from  the  confused  tissue  which  constitutes  the  same  layer 
in  Parmelidj  certain  ascendant  species  (typified  by  P.  ciliaris, 
but  including  also  P.  speciosa)  vary  in  exhibiting  a  more 
properly  filamentous  cortical  layer :  these  differences  finding 
however  a  degree  of  reconciliation,  as  shewn  by  Nylander, 
within  the  range  of  modifications  of  P.  pulverulenta. 

*  Hagenia  (Eschiv.)  Fr.  Cortical  layer  of  intertangled  fila- 
ments with  a  mostly  longitudinal  direction ;  thallus  beneath  often 
ecorticate. 

1.  P.  erinacea  (Ach.)  Tuckerm.  j  thallus  cartilagineous,  dif- 
fusely caespitose,  naked,  glaucous-white ;  beneath  ecorticate  and 
very  white ;  the  ascendant,  flexuous  lobes  irregularly  torn-cleft, 
flattish,  ciliate  with  long  fibrils ;  apothecia  smallish,  scattered, 
pedicellate,  the  blackish -brown  disk  soon  tumid,  repressing  the 

entire  margin.     Spores  biloeular,  ^^  mic. Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  4, 

p.  388.    Borrera,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  499 ;"  Syn.  p.  222.  P.  ciliaris,  var., 
Nijl.  Syn.  I,  p.  414. 

On  shrubs,  sea  coast  of  California  (Menzies)  Ach.  L.  U.  1810; 
and  later  collectors.  The  thallus  of  this,  of  P.  comosa,  and 
of  P.  hispida  are  externally  much  alike  when  young. 

2.  P.  speciosa  (Wulf.,  Ach.)  Nyl. ;    thallus  cartilagineous- 
membranaceous,  loosely  stellate,  appressed,  greenish-glaucous ; 
beneath  corticate,  whitish,  with  fibrils  of  the  same  colour ;  lobes 
sinuately  pinnatifid,  flat,  obtuse,  with  more  or  less  ascendant, 
powdery  edges;     apothecia  smallish  to  middling- sized,   sub- 


68  PHYSCIA. 

sessile;  the  disk  naked;  the  margin  crenulate.     Spores  bilocular, 

^^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  416,  a.    Parmelia  speciosa,  Ach.  L. 

U.  p.  480.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  80,  a.     Tuck.  exs.  n.  81. 

Trees  and  mossy  rocks  in  woods.  Pennsylvania  (Muhlen- 
berg),  Hoffmann  D.  Fl.  1796.  Common  from  New  England 
southward,  in  the  mountains  at  least,  to  Alabama,  Beaumont ; 
and  westward  to  Wisconsin,  Lapham. 

2(b).  P.  hypoleuca  (Muhl.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  ample,  cartila- 
gineous,  rather  loosely  stellate,  appressed,  smooth  and  naked 
above,  greenish-glaucescent ;  beneath  largely  ecorticate  and 
very  white  (or  now  somewhat  blackening,  or  now  yellowish),  and 
densely  beset  with  hispid,  black  fibrils ;  lobes  multifid,  flat,  the 
edges  now  ascendant,  and  now  also  powdery ;  apothecia  mid- 
dling-sized to  large,  sub-pedicellate  (becoming  crowded),  the 
naked,  blackening  disk  enclosed  by  a  crenate-foliolate  margin. 

Spores  ^H  mic. Parmelia,  Muhl.  Catal.  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E. 

p.  33.  Lich.  Amer.  n.  108.  P.  speciosa,  v.  hypoleuca,  Ach.  Syn. 
p.  211.  Physcia,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  417. 

Trunks,  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg),  Ach.  Syn.  1814,  and 
throughout  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States ;  as  west  to  Illinois, 
Hall;  New  Mexico,  Mex.  Bound.  Survey;  and  Mexico.  It  is 
-  widely  diffused  through  the  warmer  regions  of  the  earth. 

2(c).  P.  Wrightii,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  ample,  cartila- 
gineous,  appressed,  smooth,  but  densely  beset  at  the  centre  with 
wart-like  lobules,  naked,  brownish-glaucescent ;  beneath  corti- 
cate, brown,  with  scattered,  simple,  pale  fibrils;  the  sparingly 
divided  lobes  compaginate ;  apothecia  ample,  sub-sessile  ;  disk 
blackish-brown ;  margin  crenate.  Spores  ^j  mic. 

Rocks,  Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas  (Mexican  Boundary 
•Survey),  Wright. 

2(d).  P.  Ravenelii,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  membranace- 
ous-cartilagineous,  stellate,  appressed,  smooth  above;  beneath 
corticate,  brown,  and  blackening,  with  fibrils  of  the  same  colour ; 
lobes  closely  imbricated,  shorter,  wider,  and  less  deeply  cleft 
than  in  P.  speciosa,  with  minutely  notched,  powdery  margins ; 
apothecia  of  middling  size,  the  crenate  margin  soon  powdery. 

Spores  smaller  than  in  P.  speciosa,  ^  mic. P.  speciosa,  v. 

granulifera,  Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  1,  1.  c.  p.  391,  in  part. 

Trunks;  low  country  of  South  Carolina  (H.  W.  Eavenel,  Esq.,) 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1860.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas,  Wright;  Hall 


PHYSCIA.  69 

In  size  and  general  character  comparable  rather  with  P. 

speciosa,  but  a  quite  distinct  member  of  the  present  group. 

2(e).  P.  granulifera  (Ach.)  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  cartila- 
gineous,  appressed,  glaucescent,  and  white,  pruinose  at  least  at 
the  tips,  and  besprinkled  with  white,  soon  powdery  granules ;  be- 
neath corticate,  pale,  with  black  fibrils ;  lobes  multifid,  dentate- 
crenate,  the  margins  neither  elevated  nor  powdery ;  apothecia 
smallish  to  middling-sized,  the  inflexed  margin  crenate.  Spores 
^^  mic. Parmelia,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  212,  P.  speciosa,  v.  granu- 
lifera, Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  1,  1.  c.  p.  390,  in  part. 

Trunks ;  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg],  Ach.  Syn.  1814.  Mary- 
land, Tuckerman.  Illinois,  Hall. 

2(/).  P.  comosa  (Eschw.)  Nyl.;  thallus  sub-stellate,  becom- 
ing erectish  and  diffusely  casspitose,  smooth  ;  beneath  ecorticate 
and  very  white ;  lobes  abbreviated,  dilated  upward  ;  the  margins 
(and  at  length  the  whole  upper  surface)  beset  with  long,  branched 
fibrils  of  the  same  colour ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  largish, 
obliquely  pedicellate ;  the  pruinose  disk  enclosed  by  a  thin,  cre- 
nate, at  length  radiately  lobate,  ciliate  border.  Spores  bilocu- 

lar,  J^  mic. Parmelia  comosa,  Eschw.  Bras.  p.  199.  Physcia, 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  416.  P.  speciosa,  v.  galactophylla,  Tuckerm.  I.  c. 
p.  392,  &  Lich.  exs.  n.  82.  P.  leucomela,  v.  galactophylla,  Nyl. 
Syn.  1,  p.  415.  Parmelia  galactophylla,  Willd.  Jierb. 

On  trees;  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg),  Hoffman  D.  Fl.  1796 ; 
and  occurring  also  rarely,  and.  only  infertile,  northward  to  Maine, 
Oakes;  but  throughout  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  southward; 
as  also  in  Ohio,  Lea ;  Illinois,  V.  d.  Bosch  j  and  Mexico,  Nylan- 

der. The  lichen  of  Eschweiler  cannot  be  distinguished  from 

P.  speciosa,  v.  galactophylla  by  merely  the  numerousness  of  the 
fibrils ;  and  it  is  observable  that  the  Parmelia  echinata,  Tayl., 
which  is  reduced  by  Nylander  (Syn.  I.  c.)  to  Physcia  comosa,  is 
exactly  (Tayl.  herb. !)  what  the  present  writer  published  as 
galactophylla. 

2(g).  P.  leucomela  (L.)  Michx.  j  thallus  ascendant  and  elon- 
gated, mostly  smooth,  either  sub-stellate,  with  the  lobation  of  P. 
speciosa,  when  the  tips  are  now  similarly  revolute  and  white- 
sorediate, — or  at  length  diffuse,  and  the  linear,  attenuated, 
densely  intertangled  lobes  more  remotely  and  irregularly  divided; 
beneath  ecorticate  and  very  white,  the  margins  beset  with  strong, 


70  PHYSCIA. 

branched,  blackening  fibrils;  apothecia  middling- sized,  pedicel- 
late, the  disk  white  pruinose,  the  border  radiately  lobate.  Spores 
larger  than  in  other  members  of  this  group,  typically  bilocular, 

•^  mic.,  and  more. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  414,  in  part.    Parmelia 

speciosa  (exc.  excip.),  leucomelas,  Eschw.  Bras.  p.  198.  Tuckerm. 
1.  c.  p.  393. 

Trees;  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Michaux,  Fl.  1803; 
Lesguereux ;  the  range  of  the  lichen  southward  much-  the  same 
with  that  of  the  last,  reaching  northward  to  near  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Peck;  and,  even  fertile,  the  coast  of  Connecticut,  Willey; 

and,  westward,  the  Californian  coast,  Menzies;  Bolander. 

This  extraordinary  modification  of  a  foliaceous  genus  was  the 
earliest  to  attract  attention  of  a  group  of  lichens  which,  spar- 
ingly represented  at  the  north,  is  conspicuous  and  elegantly 
varied  in  the  warmer  regions  of  the  earth,  and  affords  the  best 
representation  and  reconciliation  that  we  have  of  all  the  feat- 
ures of  PJiyscia.  This  is  the  group  typified  in  Europe  by  P. 
speciosa.  Fries  fully  referred  what  cannot  be  separated  from 
P.  leucomela  (Moug.  &  Nestl.  exs.  n.  941)  to  the  same  species 
that  should  include  P.  speciosa ;  and  even  Acharius,  and  Nylander 
have  failed  to  reach  any  other  opinion  as  to  the  well-character- 
ized P.  hypoleuca ;  while  the  last  author  has  gone  far  to  recog- 
nize a  conspecific  relation  between  P.  leucomela  and  P.  comosa. 
As  P.  speciosa  is  exhibited  in  the  island  of  Cuba  (Wright  lAch. 
Cub.  -n.  84)  it  should  seem  to  pa'ss  directly  into  that  tropical  form 
which  has  been  called  P.  podocarpa  (Mont.  &  V.  d.  Bosch  Lick. 
Jav. !  p.  21.  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  82)  and  the  latter  cannot  well 
be  kept  far  apart  from  P.  comosa.  This  last  is  the  analogue  in 
P.  speciosa  sensu  latiori  of  the  now  generally  accepted  P.  stell- 
aris,  v.  hispida,  and  in  fact  no  more  separable.  In  an  abbre- 
viated and  wider-lobed,  ascendant  form  referred  by  some 
authors  to  P.  leucomela  (v.  latifolia,  Mey  &  Flot.  in  herb.  Beral. ! 
Nyl.  Syn.}  it  is  easy  to  see  too  close  a  relation  to  P.  comosa ; 
and  Nylander,  as  has  been  said,  goes  far  to  admit  this ;  but 
even  the  typical,  elongated  P.  leucomela  of  all  authors  is  found 
in  states  really  not  differing  (one  might  say)  at  all  from  P.  spe^ 
ciosa  but  in  being  more  lax,  and  in  the  ecorticate  under  side. 
And  the  systematic  value  of  the  larger  dimensions  of  the  spores 
of  the  lichen  now  before  us  is  certainly  qualified  by  what  is 
known  of  exactly  similar  spore-variations  in  other  tropical 
species.  These  spores  vary  indeed  (the  spore-cells  appearing 


PHYSCIA.  71 

now  apiculate,  and  these  apices,  next,  free)  and  in  P.  comosa  as 
well  as  P.  leucomela,  so  as  to  suggest  at  least  a  quadrilocular 
structure,  which  Nylander  has  indicated  also  in  the  stock  of 
P.  obscura ;  but  it  will  scarcely  be  pretended  that  this  evident 
luxuriance  is  of  great  account ;  or  that,  in  the  present  species 
at  least,  the  spores  are  other  than  typically  bilocular. 

3.  P.  ciliaris  (L.)  DC. ;     thallus    cartilagineous,   diffusely 
ca3spitose,  more  or  less  downy,  whitish-ash-coloured  becoming 
at  length  brown ;   beneath  mostly  ecorticate  and  whitish ;  the 
elongated,  linear  lobes  many-cleft  and  soon  imbricately  inter- 
tangled,  their  edges  beset,  especially  towards  the  tips,  with 
simple  fibrils ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  largish,  pedicellate ; 
disk  flat,  sub-pruinose,  with  an  incurved,  mostly  toothed  border. 

— Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  77.    Physcia,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  414. 

b.  crinalis,  Schser. ;  thallus  much  narrowed ;  apothecia  also 

reduced.  Spores  bilocular,  ^^  mic. Schcer.  Enum.  p.  10. 

Borrera  crinalis,  Schleich.  1823.  B.  angustata,  Delis. !  in  herb. 
Spreng.  Parm.  ciliaris,  v.  angustata,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  Eng. 
p.  32  ;  Physcia,  Obs.  Lich.  1.  c.  p.  388. 

Upon  rocks,  and  on  the  earth  (only  &),  Arctic  America  (Rich- 
ardson), Hooker  L  c.  1823.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  Kocky 
Mountains,  Herb.  Hook.  Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  Miss  M.  L. 

Wilson.  Shore  of  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont,  Frost. Our 

lichen  agrees  closely  with  the  slender  form  of  the  European 
one,  but  has  a  more  northern  range,  being  scarcely  known 
far  south  of  Canada.  Width  of  lobes  for  the  most  part  less  than 
Omm-,  5,  or  about  a  quarter  of  the  largest  width  of  a,  in  Europe. 
Apothecia  2-4mm-  wide ;  those  of  a,  in  Europe,  having  a  width 
of  3-6mm-. 

4.  P.  aquila  (Ach.)  Nyl.;    thallus  cartilagineous,  stellate, 
appressed,  naked,  tawny-brown ;   beneath  corticate,  pale  with 
scattered,  finally  blackening  fibrils ;  lobes  multipartite,  linear, 
at  length  much  narrowed,   those  of  the  centre  convex  and 
densely  crowded,  those  of  the  circumference  more  dilated  and 
flat ;  apothecia  smallish  to  middling-sized,  sessile ;  the  disk  flat, 
brownish-black,  soon  naked,  with  a  tumid,  sub-crenate  border. 

— Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  422.     Parmelia,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  488. 

b.  detonsa,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  commonly  pale-  but  at  length 
tawny-brown  as  in  a,  now  isidiophorous,  or  the  lobes  oftener 


72  PHYSCIA. 

fringed  with  small  lobules;    apothecia  as  in  a,  or  the  border 

fringed  finally  like  the  lobes.    Spores  bilocular,  ^  mic. Obs. 

Lich.  1,  1.  c.p.  389.  P.  detonsa,  Fr.  S.  0.  V.  p.  284.  Tuckerm. 
Syn.  N.  E.  p.  32;  Lich.  exs.  n.  18.  Psoroma  palmulata,  Michx., 
.fide  Mull. 

Rocks,  and  trees.  b,  North  America,  Fries  I.  c.  1825.  Com- 
mon from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tucker  man ;  and  through- 
out the  southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  (Ravenel,  etc.);  Ohio, 
Lea.  And  the  same  lichen  was  found  in  Japan  by  Mr.  Wright ; 

Tbut  it  is  not  known  from  our  Pacific  coast. Lobes  more  or  less 

•elongated,  and  at  length  exceedingly  narrowed  in  the  tree-form; 
;and  our  lichen  is  generally  noticeable  for  its  paleness,  and  fre- 
quent luxuriance  of  lobation.  It  yet  also  occurs  quite  undis- 
tinguishable  from  the  European.  Spores  of  the  foreign  plant 
agreeing  in  every  respect  with  those  of  ours.  This  is  probably 
the  P.  aquila  of  Muhl.  Gated.,  whether  or  not  determined  by 
Acharius. 

*  *  Pliyscia  proper.  Cortical  layer  of  the  upper  side  pa- 
renchymatous. 

5.  P.  pulverulenta  (Schreb.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  cartilagineous, 
stellate,  from  greenish  becoming  brown,  more  or  less  pruinose ; 
beneath  black-fibrillose ;  lobes  multifid,  crenate,  the  tips  rounded ; 
apothecia  middling-sized,  sessile,  the  flat,  blackish-brown,  sub- 
pruinose  disk  bordered  by  a  thick,  at  length  lobulate,  or  leafy 

margin.     Spores  bilocular,  |^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.p.  79. 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  419. 

a.  lobes  narrower  than  in  b,  and  the  margins  not  elevated 
nor  powdery;    the  thallus  passing  often  at  the  centre  into 
crowded,  small,  convex  lobules. 

b.  leucoleiptes,  Tuckerm. ;  lobes  flat,  interruptedly  elevated 

and  powdery  at  the  margins,  beneath  black. Syn.  N.  Eng.  p. 

32.    Lich.  Amer.  exs.  n.  107. 

On  trunks,  and  rocks ;  and  on  the  earth,  a,  Pennsylvania, 
Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818,  and  common  northward ;  and  westward 
to  California,  Bolander-,  the  earth-form  (/.  muscigena,  Auct.) 
having  been  observed  in  Newfoundland,  Despreaux  (Herb. 

Spreng.),  and  Arctic  America,  Eichardson  (Herb.  Hook.). b, 

Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg,  and  northward  to  New  England; 
southward  it  is  found  in  Virginia;  and  also  in  New  Mexico, 
Fendler-,  and  California,  Bolander. 


PHYSCIA.  73 

A  variable  species,  exhibiting  forms,  recognized  generally  by 
authors  as  belonging  to  it,  which  should  be  quite  as  separable  as 
P.  aquila  ft.  A  perfectly  smooth,  brown  condition,  with  scarcely 
any  trace  of  the  characteristical  bloom,  .contrasts  with  another 
pale  one,  more  common,  which  is  pruiuose  throughout.  These 
forms  of  our  a  are  now  black,  and  now  pale  beneath.  b  has 
only  occurred  to  me  with  a  black  under  side,  and  is  otherwise 
scarcely  referable  to  the  v.  pityrea  of  authors ;  which  last  may 
yet  occur. 

6.  P.  Leana,  Tuckerm.  j   thallus  meinbranaceous,  smooth, 
loosely  imbricate,  glaucous- cinerascent ;  beneath  pale,  with  few, 
•elongated,   marginal  fibrils;   the  loosely-intertangled,  narrow, 
flat  lobes  many  cleft ;  apothecia  smallish,  sub-pedicellate,  with 

an  entire  margin.     Spores  ^  mic. Parmelia  (Physcia)  Tuck. 

in  Lea  Catal.  PL  Cincin.  p.  45.    Physcia,  Obs.  Lich.  1.  c.  p.  394, 
.&  inNyl.  Syn.  l,p.  422. 

Growing  over  mosses,  Ohio  (Lea),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  1848. 

With  much  the  habit  of  conditions  of  P.  speciosa  this  appears 
.also  to. look  toward,  and  to  be  closely  approached  by  forms  of 
.the  variable  P.  obscura.  It  has  only  occurred  once. 

7.  P.   stellaris   (L.);    thallus    cartilagineous,   stellate,   ap- 
pressed,  whitish-glaucescent,  epruinose ;  beneath  pale,  with  pale 
fibrils;  lobes  sub-linear,  many-cleft,  rather  convex,  compagi- 
nate, or  discrete,  without  soredia;  apothecia  smallish  to  scarcely 
middling-sized,   sessile,  the  disk  brownish-black,  often  grey- 
pruinose,  the  margin  rather  entire.     Spores  ^^  mic. Parme- 
lia, Fr.  L.  E.  p.  82,  a.     Tuck.  exs.  n.  83.    Physcia,  Tuckerm. 
Obs.  Lich.  1,  L  c.  p.  395,  a. 

b.  aipolia,  Nyl. ;  thallus  becoming  brown  and  finally  blacken- 
ing beneath,  and  clothed  there,  at  length  densely,  with  finally 
black  and  hispid  fibrils ;  apothecia  sub-crenate.  Spores  as  in  a. 
— Nyl.  Scand.  p.  111.  Parmelia  aipolia,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  215. 

On  trees,  dead  wood,  rocks,  and  stones.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
•Catal.  1818,  and  common  northward  to  Arctic  America,  Richard- 
.son ;  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast,  Bolander ;  and  southward  to 
the  Gulf  States,  Ravenel,  etc.,  and  Mexico,  Nylander.  But  the 
southern  plant  tends  to  lose  itself  in  the  next  member  of  the 

group. This  well-known  lichen  of  the  northern  hemisphere 

is  readily  recognizable  in  its  tree-forms,  but  departs  a  little  from 
the  type  on  rocks,  where  (b,  aipolia)  now  otherwise  quite  similar 


74  PHYSCIA. 

to  a,  it  is  differenced  at  length  conspicuously,  by  the  coloration- 
of  the  under  side.  But  these  rock-forms  are  now  pale  beneath ; 
and  one  from  the  Pacific  coast  (perhaps  the  named  but  not  char- 
acterized P.  callosa,  Kyi.  in  Flora,  1869;  p.  119),  is  noticeable  for 
its  coarser,  thicker,  rugose-verruculose  thallus  (Yosernite  Valley, 
Bolander;  Oregon,  Hall),  but  the  scanty  specimens  scarcely 

afford  any  other  than  this  difference. P.  stellaris,  a,  perfectly 

characterized,  has  occurred  in  Florida  with  apothecia  ciliate- 
below,  in  the  manner  of  P.  obscura;  Austin. 

7(b).  P.  astroidea  (Fr.)  Nyl.  j  thallus  smallish,  sub-cartila- 
gineous,  stellate,  appressed,  microphylline ;  beneath  pale  with 
pale  fibrils ;  the  erose-multifid,  much  narrowed,  flattened  lobes 
beset,  for  the  most  part,  with  rounded,  finally  confluent  soredia ; 
apothecia  smallish,  closely  sessile,  the  disk  blackening,  sub- 

pruinose,  the  margin  entire.     Spores  ^  rnic. Parmelia,  Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  81.  Physcia,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p-  426.  P.  stellar  is  /?,  Tuck- 
erm.  1.  c.  p.  395. 

*  hypomela ;  commonly  smooth  and  naked  above ;  brown  and 
at  length  black  beneath,  with  fibrils  of  the  same  colour. — — 
Parmelia  obsessa,  Mont. !  Cuba,  p.  227,  not  ofAch.     Tuckerm.  I.  c. 

Trees;  New  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  Tucker- 
man  I  c.  1860.  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  Rav- 
enel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas,  Wright. 

Mexico. *  Louisiana,   Hale ',    which  form  proves,   in  Cuba, 

to  be  scarcely  well  separable  always  from  P.  crispa.  This 
smooth  form  varies  in  the  colour  of  the  under  side  just  as  P. 
stellaris,  and  often  well  represents,  in  Texas,  as  in  Cuba,  the 
coarser  northern  lichen.  Its  apothecia  are  often  ciliate  below 
(P.  leucothrix,  Tayl. !  New  Lich.  1.  c.  p.  170)  as  in  P.  obscura. 

7(c).  P.  crispa  (Per«.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  sub-membranaceousr 
stellate,  appressed,  platyphylline,  greenish-glaucescent  (often 
pale  roseate)  beneath  pale  with  scattered  pale  fibrils;  the  rather 
wide,  flat  lobes  interruptedly  imbricate,  palmately  cut,  the 
repand  edges  powdery,  and  now  ascending  j  apothecia  smallish 
to  middling-sized,  sessile,  blackish -brown,  the  incurved  margin 

crenate,  or  granulate.     Spores  as  in  P.  stellaris. Nyl.  Syn.  17 

p.  423.  Parmelia  Domingensis,  Mont.  Cuba,  p.  225,  t.  8,  /.  3. 
Physcia  stellaris,  v.  Domingensis,  Tuckerm.  I.  c.  p.  396. 

*  hypomela ;  brown,  and  at  length  black  beneath,  with  sim- 
ilarly coloured  fibrils. 


PHYSCIA.  75 

Trees.  Seaboard  of  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Tuckerraan 
I  c.  1860.  Georgia,  Ravenel.  Florida,  Austin.  Louisiana,  Hale. 

Texas,  Wright. *  Louisiana,  Hale. P.  dilatata,  f.  integrata, 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  424,  'sufficiently  like  P.  crispa'  but  with  wider, 
lobes,  the  margins  of  which  are  not  powdery,  is  found  at  Orizaba, 
Mexico,  Nylander  1.  c. ;  where  also  P.  major,  Nyl.  ibid.,  of  the 
same  affinity,  is  said  to  occur.  Neither  is  sufficiently  known  to 
me. 

7(d).  P.  tribacia  (Ach.)  Tuckerm.  herb.;  thallus  smallish, 
sub-membranaceous,  sub-stellate,  glaucescent;  beneath  white, 
and  sparingly  white-fibrillose  ;  lobes  abbreviated,  those  of  the 
periphery  appressed,  more  or  less  dilated  or  now  narrowed,  and 
flat,  but  with  ascendant  and  erose-granulate  edges,  and  crowded 
at  the  centre  into  a  granulate  crust;  apothecia  smallish  to 
scarcely  middling-sized,  closely  sessile,  black,  commonly  grey- 

pruinose,  with  a  sub-entire  margin.  Spores  ^^  mic. Leca- 

nora,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  191,  in  part.  Parmelia,  Schorr.  Enum.  p. 
39.  P.  erosa,  Borr. !  in  E.  Sot.  Suppl.  n.  2807.  P.  stellaris, 
var.  tribacia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  83.  Physcia  stellaris  ft,  tribacia, 
Tuckerm.  1.  c. ;  &  Lich.  Amer.  n.  85. 

•Trees  and  rocks  (in  the  former  habitat  thinner  and  flatter, 
and,  in  the  latter,  more  cartilagineous,  convex,  and  grayer — 
so  that  if  we  take  the  former  for  a  descendant  of  P.  stellariSj 
we  might  incline  to  consider  the  latter  as  in  similar  relation  to 
P.  ccesia  (comp.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  84,  &  Tuckerm.  I.  c.  p.  397)  but 
this  is  perhaps  to  set  too  high  a  value  on  the  lichen  last-named, 
the  specific  rank  of  which  is  confessedly  open  to  question) 
common  from  New  England,  Tuckerman  Syn.  1848,  to  Virginia. 
South  Carolina,  Eavenel.  Louisiana,  Hale.  California,  Bolander. 
A  very  common,  quite  distinct,  and  well-marked  lichen. 

7(e).  P.  hispida  (Schreb.,  Fr.)  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  small, 
sub-cartilagineous,  glaucescent ;  beneath  white ;  at  first  sub- 
stellate,  but  ascendant  and  diffusely  ca3spitose,  and  the  short- 
ened, erectish,  imbricated  lobes  inflated  and  vaulted  at  the  tips, 
and  ciliate  throughout  with  long,  darkening  fibrils ;  apothecia 
smallish  to  scarcely  middling-sized,  sessile,  grey-pruinose,  with 

mostly  entire  margin.  Spores  as  in  the  last  preceding. 

Borrera  tenella,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  498.  Parmelia  stellaris  b.  hispida, 
Fr.  L.  E.  p.  82.  Physcia,  Tuckerm.  I  c.  p.  397. 

Trees  and  rocks.    Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c. 


76  PHYSCIA. 

1823.  New  England,  not  uncommon.  Canada,  Macoun.  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander.  Oregon,  Hall  British  Columbia,  Macoun.— 
The  lichen  is  obviously  the  analogue,  in  the  stellaris- group,  of 
P.  comosa  in  the  speciosa- group ;  and  the  appressed  forms  of  the 
former  cluster  stand  in  a  similar  relation  to  those  of  the  latter. 
— P.  stellariSj  as  here  taken,  belongs  especially  to  the  colder 
regions  of  the  earth.  On  this  continent  we  find  it  beginning  to 
be  modified  even  in  New  England ;  and  this  process  of  differen- 
tiation continues  as  we  go  southward.  Neither  of  the  three  New 
Granada  lichens  of  Lindig's  Collection  (n.  712,  731, 2602)  referred 
by  Nylander  to  his  P.  stellaris  is  (in  the  published  specimens)  a 
satisfactory  representative  of  the  northern  plant.  We  may  then 
perhaps  expect  this,  as  it  approaches,  or  enters  inter-tropical 
regions,  to  assume  new  forms,  abhorrent  no  doubt  from  the 
merely  northern  conception  of  the  species,  and  requiring  to  be 
determined  from  a  wider  point  of  view.  But  if  this  diminish  as 
well  the  systematic  value  of  the  generally  accepted  P.  astroidea, 
P.  crispa,  P.  dilatata,  etc.  (as  assumed  in  the  writer's  earlier 
review  of  the  American  Physcice,  cited  above),  it  may  be  said  to 
enhance,  from  a  comparison  of  the  equally  accepted  P.  comosa, 
the  value  of  the  now  generally  undervalued  P.  hispida. 

8.  P.  ccesia  (Hoffm.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  crustaceous-cartilagine- 
ous,  stellate,  pale  ash-coloured,  besprinked  with  rounded,  grey 
soredia ;  beneath  pale,  now  ash-coloured,  and  blackening,  with 
black  fibrils;  lobes  pinnately  many-cleft;  apothecia  smallish, 
sessile,  the  soon  naked  and  black  disk  bordered  by  a  thin,  in- 
flexed,  sub-entire  margin.  Spores  bilocular,  ^  mic. Nyl. 

Syn.  1,  p.  426.  Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  83.  Tuck.  Lich.  exs. 
n.  86. 

Old  stone  walls.  Pennsylvania,  Mulilenberg  Catal.  18.18. 

New  York,  Halsey ;  Sartwett.  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman. • 

Our  plant  (Lich.  Amer.  n.  86)  is  in  all  respects  like  the  Euro- 
pean ;  but  I  have  seen  but  little  of  it. 

9  P.  obscura  (Ehrh.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  sub-membranaceous,  or- 
bicular and  appressed  (unless  in  inuscicoline  states)  epruinose, 
glaucous-cinerascent  becoming  livid  or  brown,  now  sorediifer- 
ous ;  beneath  black,  and  more  or  less  densely  black-fibrillose ; 
lobes  dichotomously  many-cleft,  flattish,  sub-ciliate,  now  pass- 
ing at  the  centre  into  minute,  imbricated  lobules;  apothecia 
smallish  to  scarcely  middling-sized,  sessile,  the  exciple  more  or 


PHTSCIA.  77 

less  hispid,  at  least  below,  the  reddish-brown,  blackening,  naked 
disk  bordered  by  an  entire  margin.  Spores  bilocular,  ^^  mic. 

Spermatia  oblong. Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  142.     Tuckerm.  Obs. 

Lich.  1.  c.  p.  399,  max.  p.  Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  84,  max.  p- 
Tuck.  exs.  n.  87.  Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  441,  max.  p. 

*  endochrysea,  Nyl. ;  thallus  more  or  less  saffron  -  coloured 

within. Var.  erythrocardia,  Tuckerm.  1.  c.  Parmelia  endo- 

coccina,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  36. 

Trees,  dead  wood,  and  rocks.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818,  and  northward  to  Arctic  America,  Richardson-, 
westward  to  the  Pacific  coast,  Bolander;  and  southward  to 

Louisiana,  Hale,  and  Texas,  Wright. A  very  variable  lichen, 

recognizable  by  the  coloration  (though  this  may  vary  even  to 
glaucescent  as  to  thallus  and  red  as  to  apothecia  in  forms  of  the 
v.  chloantha,  Auct.)  by  the  blackening,  abundant  fibrils,  and 
especially  by  the  occurrence  of  these  more  or  less  on  the  exciple, 
which  is  seldom  quite  naked,  with  us,  and  finally  bristly  all  over. 
This  peculiar  exhibition  of  fibrils  characterizes  probably  all  the 
best  conditions  of  P.  obscura,  and  must  be  taken  therefore  for 
typical.  The  under  side  is  not  merely  black-fibrillose  beneath, 
as  commonly  described,  but  black,  both  in  European  and  North 
American  specimens,  though  doubtless  varying  in  this. 

9(b).  P.  setosa  (Ach.)  Nyl.;  thallus  much  as  in  the  imme- 
diately preceding  but  larger,  and  whitish-glaucescent  becoming 
glaucous-cinerascent,  the  wider,  linear  lobes  fringed  by  and 
cushioned  on  dense  black  fibrils.  Spores  rather  larger  than  in 
the  preceding,  ^^  mic.,  but  reaching  ffi  mic.  in  a  specimen  from 

Japan. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  429.  Parmelia,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  203.  P. 

atricapilla,  Tayl. !  New  Lich.  I.  c.  p.  162. 

Rocks  upon  mosses,  and  trunks.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818.  New  England  and  New  York,  Tuckerman.  Ohio, 

Lesquereux.  New  Mexico,  Fendler.  Mexico,  Nylander. The 

most  conspicuous  member  of  the  commonly  humble  obscura- 
stock ;  and,  beside  the  lichenographers  above-named  who  have 
taken  it  for  a  distinct  species,  Nylander  L  c.  cites  also  Schserer, 
and  Montagne ;  and  yet,  except  in  size  and  general  luxuriance, 
the  lichen  differs  in  no  respect  from  the  preceding. 

10.  P.  adglutinata  (Floerk.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  small,  membra- 
naceous,  closely  adnate  or  as  it  were  glued  to  the  substrate,  from 


78 

glaucescent  becoming  cinerascent  and  brown ;  pale  and  scarcely 
fibrillose  beneath ;  the  very  thin,  flat  lobes  compaginate,  disap- 
pearing for  the  most  part  at  the  centre  in  a  granulose  crust ; 
apothecia  small,  and  very  small ;  disk  blackish-brown ;  margin 
entire,  scarcely  ciliate.  Spores  ^  mic. Spermatia  elon- 
gated, acicular. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  428 ;  Flora,  1862,  p.  355. 

Parmelia  obscura,  v.  adglutinata,  ScJicer.  Spicil  p.  444.  Physcia, 
Tuckerman  1.  c.  p.  399. 

* pyrithrocardia,  Miill.  j  thallus  more  or  less  saffron- coloured 
within. Flora,  1880,  p.  278. 

Upon  trees  and  shrubs.  New  England,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1860; 
westward  to  Illinois,  Hall,  and  Wisconsin,  E.  L.  Greene ;  south- 
ward to  South  Carolina,  Eavenel ;  Florida,  Beaumont ;  Alabama, 
Peters-,  Louisiana,  Hale;  and  Texas,  Wright. *  Massachu- 
setts, Willey. Eemarkably  characterized  by  the  spermatia. 

The  lichen  is  better  exhibited  here  than  in  Europe,  and  appears 
at  length,  as  Nylander  has  said,  to  pass  into  P.  obscura.  From 
that  species  the  present  differs  very  considerably  in  the  impor- 
tant respect  of  the  fibrils,  or  want  of  them ;  but  agrees  with  it 
in  the  abnormal  variation  of  the  colour  of  the  medullary  layer. 


XII.— PYXINE,   Fr.,   Tuckerm. 

Apothecia  sub-scutellseforrn.  Hypotheciurn  black  ;  and, 
in  the  second  section,  the  whole  exciple  blackening  and 
Lecideoid.  Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  bilocular  (rarely,  in 
tropical  regions,  4-locular)  brown.  Spermatia  oblong,  on 
pauci-articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus  now  aduateand  aggluti- 
nate (semi-crustaceous)  and  now  rising  into  foliaceous  and 
cartilagineous  expressions  ;  the  under  side  more  or  less  fib- 
rillose.  In  the  parenchymatous  cortical  layer  of  the  upper 

side  of  the  thallus,  as  in  some  other  respects  of  thalline 
structure,  this  genus  resembles  Physcia  ;  and  its  very  incon- 
gruous apothecia  are  found  yet,  in  the  first  section  always, 
and  to  some  extent  in  the  second,  to  offer  no  external  dif- 
ferences from  those  of  the  other ;  with  which  it  also  agrees 
in  its  spore-history. 

*Dirinaria.  Apothecia  scutellceform.  Thallus  normally 
white  within. 


PYXINE.  79 

1.  P.  picta  (Sw.)  Tuckerm.  Thallus  softish,  closely  aggluti- 
nate to  the  substrate/  radiately  plaited,  white  -  glaucescent  j 
beneath  black,  scarcely  fibrillose ;  lobes  confluent,  flattened  and 
pinnately  many-cleft  at  the  circumference,  but  passing  finally  at 
the  centre  into  a  wrinkled-warty  crust,  often  besprinkled  with 
rounded,  white  soredia  j  apothecia  small,  sessile,  the  vinous-red 
disk  soon  becoming  black,  and  now  pruinose,  at  length  scarcely 
exceeded  by  the  sub-crenulate  margin.  Spores  bilocular,  ^J 

mic. Obs.  Lich.  4,  1.  c.p.  166.     Physcia,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  430, 

.&  t.  8,  /.  53.  Parm.  applana'ta,  Fee ;  Mont.  Cuba,  p.  223,  t.  8,  /. 
1.  Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  1,  I  c.p.  398. 

*  erythrocardia,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  saffron-coloured  within. 

Trees,  and  dead  wood  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina 
(Eavenel),  Tuckerman  in  Nyl.  Enum.'lS5S,  of  Georgia,  Eavenel; 
of  Louisiana,  Hale]  Texas,  Wright]  and  Mexico;  as  also  on 
rocks,  in  Alabama,  Peters. *  erythrocardia,  in  Texas,  Eave- 
nel.  Differenced  from  Physcia  by  its  hypothecium,  but  suffi- 
ciently agreeing  in  this,  as  in  general  -aspect,  with  Pyxine] 
which,  in  P.  Meissneri,  offers  apothecia  not  always  well  distin- 
guishable from  those  of  the  present. Parmelia  confluens,  Fr.; 

united  by  Nylander  with  the  earlier  P.  cegialita,  Ach.,  should, 
with  little  doubt,  be  referred  here  :  at  least  no  difference  appears 
to  be  noted. 

l(b).  P.  Frostii^  Tuck.,  thallus  crustaceous,  closely  adnate, 
stellate-radious,  smooth,  from  glaucous-grey  becoming  cream- 
coloured  ;  beneath  black ;  divisions  sub-palmately  cleft,  convex, 
concrete  (besprinkled  commonly  with  white  soredia) ;  apo- 
thecia small,  sessile  j  the  disk  flat,  black ;  the  margin  incurved. 

Spores  bilocular,  ^  mic. Squamaria,  Suppl.  1,  1.  c.,  p.  425, 

dein  Lecanora. 

Granitic  rocks,  New  England  (Frost)  Tuckerman  Suppl.  1858. 

Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  Tuckerman. Rarely  observed  in 

fruit ;  the  want  of  which  has  heretofore  obscured  the  affinity  of 
the  lichen.  It  is  a  greatly  reduced,  'northern  exhibition  of  the 
preceding  tropical  species. l 

1  And  a  still  more  marked  reduction  of  this  type  is  presented  by  a 
lichen  from  volcanic  rocks  of  the  Galapagos  Islands  (Dr.  Hill  in  Hassler 
Exp.)  in  which  while  the  apothecia  offer  no  differences  unless  possibly 
rather  smaller  spores,  the  thallus  has  passed  wholly  into  convex,  glebous 
Creoles,  somewhat  lobed  only  at  the  circumference  (P.  glebosa,  Mihi, 
herb.}. 


80  PYXItfE. 

**  Pyxine  proper.  Apothecia  scutellceform,  and  more  or 
less  resembling  at  first  those  of  the  first  section,  but  soon  blacken- 
ing all  over,  and  Lecideoid.  Thallus  becoming  yellowish  within. 

2.  P.  Cocoes  (Sw.)  Nyl.;  thallus  membranaceous,  white- 
glaucescent;  beneath  black  and  smoothish;  lobes  linear,  flat, 
many-cleft,  imbricated,  sparingly  sorediiferous,  white  within  ; 
apothecia,  in  Cuban  specimens,  very  small,  Lecideoid,  sessile, 
flattish,  the  stout  margin  at  length  disappearing.  Spores  biloc- 

ular,  ^  mic. Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  I, 1.  c.  p.  401 ;  <&4,p.  166. 

Lecidea,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  216. 

Trees  in  tropical  America,  and  perhaps  recognizable  in  some 
small  forms  from  our  extreme  south.  But  I  consider  the  name 
as  only  the  first  imperfect  indication  of  the  more  delicate  states- 
of  the  two  following  forms  of  Pyxine. 

2(b).  P.  Meissneri,  Tuckerm.  j  thallus  much  as  in  P.  Cocoes, 
but  more  or  less  yellow  within,  and  scarcely  sorediiferous ;  spar- 
ingly black-fibrillose  beneath ;  apothecia  scutellaeform,  small,  a 
flat,  black  disk  bordered  by  a  sub-entire  thalline  exciple,  itself 

at  length  blackening.  Spores  as  in  the  preceding. Obs. 

Lich.  1,  1.  c.  p.  400.  P.  Cocoes,  v.  Meissneri,  Obs.  Lich.  4,  I.  c. 

Trees,  as  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  commonly  taken  for 
distinct ;  as  it  is  often  well  distinguished.  I  have  however  seen 
no  North  American  specimens. 

2(c).  P.  sorediata,  Fr.;  stouter,  cartilagineous,  wrinkled- 
plaited;  glaucous- cinerascent  becoming  gr eenish- olivaceous  ; 
more  or  less  sulphur-coloured  within ;  the  lobes  beset  with 
rounded,  white  or  grey  soredia,  and  beneath  densely  fibrillose ; 
apothecia  commonly  Lecideoid,  small,  at  length  dilated  and 
flexuous,  the  hypothecium  resting  on  a  yellowish  or  fulvous 
stratum,  the  disk  white-pruinose,  or,  more  commonly,  naked. 

Spores  bilocular,  ~  mic. Fr.  S.  0.  V.  p.  267.  P.  Cocoes,  v. 

sorediata,  Tuck.  Obs.  Lich.  1,  I.  c.  p.  402.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p. 
54.  Parmelia,  sect.  Pyxine,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  35,  &  Lich. 
Amer.  n.  19. 

*  Eschweileri,  Tuckerm.;  spores  4-locular,  ^  mic. Obs. 

Lich.  4,  I.  c.  Lecidea  sorediata,  pro  p.,  Eschiv.  Bras.  p.  245. 
Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  94,  pro  p. 

Trees  and  rocks.  Pennsylvania  (Muhleriberg),  Ach.  Syn. 
1814.  Common  from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman,  and 


UMBILICAKIBL  81 

westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Herb.  Hook.  Also  through- 
out the  southern  States  (passing,  there  into  thinner  forms  hardly 
separable  from  P.  Cocoes),  from  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia, 
Ravenel,  and  Florida,  Austin,  to  Texas,  Wright. The  best- 
developed  and  most  northern  expression  of  Pyxine ;  and  I  possess 
it  also  from  Japan,  and  the  Himalayah,  as  well  as  from  the  West 
Indies,  and  Java.  It  was  the  type  of  the  genus.;  but  the  apo- 
thecia  are  properly  scutellseform  only  blackened,  the  hypothe- 
cium  is  well  comparable  with  that  of  P.  picta ;  and  young  apo- 

thecia  not  yet  discoloured  occur. *  Cuba,  Wright ;  not  yet 

observed  here  The  lichen  is  only  a  further  development  of  P. 
sorediata.  * 


Fam.    3.— UMBILICARIEI. 

Thallus  horizontal,  foliaceous,  sub-monophyllous,  coria- 
ceous-cartilagineous,  more  or  less  blackish-brown ;  beneath 
fibrillose,  or  now  naked  ;  attached  to  the  substrate  at  only  a 
single  point. 

The  family  is  obviously  and  strongly  differenced  from  the 
preceding  one ;  and  yet,  through  the  exotic  Omphalodium,  Mey. 
&  Flot.,  Koerb.,  the  two  are  brought  into  closest  relations  with 
each  other.  And  it  is  generally  allowed  that  Habit  must  domi- 
nate here;  however  marked  the  features  that  might  suggest 
other  arrangements.  The  natural  place  of  the  group  appears 
indeed  to  be  between  Parmeliei,  and  Sticta,  in  the  next  succeed- 
ing family. 

The  author's  explanation  of  the  spore-history  of  this  family 
may  be  found  in  Genera  Lichenum,  pp.  29,  30. 

*  A  note  by  Dr.  Nylauder  on  the  chemical  reactions  with  potash  ob- 
served by  him  in  Pyxine  may  be  found  in  his  JEnum.  Licli.  Husnot,  p.  10 ; 
but  I  am  unable  to  make  use  of  his  results.  Here  as  elsewhere,  these  re- 
sults cannot  be  said  to  possess  any  absolute  value  beyond  the  portions  of 
thallus  subjected  to  the  test;  and  we  have  no  right  either  to  assume 
that  what  we  have  not  examined  shall  accord  with  what  we  have,  or  to 
venture  on  constructing  'new  species'  out  of  what  does  not  accord. 


82  UMBILICAKIA. 

XIII.— UMBILICAKIA,    Hoffm. 

Apothecia  sub-scutellseform,  variously  difform,  blackened, 
destitute  of  gonidia,-  for  tbe  most  part  at  length  lirellose- 
proliferous.  Spores  ellipsoid,  from  simple  at  length  grauu- 
lose;  or,  more  rarely,  muriform-multilocular,  fuscescent. 
Spermatia  oblong  5  on  multi-articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus 

as  above. The  anatomy  of  the  thallus  is  largely  illustrated 

by  Schwendener,  I.  c.  3,  pp.  150,  179  j    t.  8,  /.  15-17;  t.  10, 

/.  10-13. Neither  of  the  attempts  heretofore   made  to 

divide  this  natural  genus  into  two,  can  be  called  satisfactory. 
Acharius  soon  gave  up  his  distinction  based  on  the  degree 
of  external,  atypical  change  in  the  apothecia;  and  if 
Nylander  has  indicated  recently,  with  emphasis  (Flora 
Eatisb.  1875,  p.  303)  that  this  external  change,  so  obvious 
in  the  descent  from  V.  pustulata  to  most  species  of  our  first 
section,  is  accompanied  by  a  gradual  modification  or  degen- 
eration of  the  tissues  of  the  same  organs,  we  may  admit  the 
fact,  embarrassed  though  it  be  by  the  difficult  association  of 
U.  anthradna  and  U.  pustulata  to  form  the  new  genus 
Umbilicaria,  Nyl.,  but  hardly  the  inference  that  he  draws 
from  it.  It  is  impossible,  too,  any  longer  to  lay  that  stress 
•on  the  spore  differences  which  Fee,  and  Flotow,  and  most 
recent  writers  have  attempted.  And  Schweudeuer  has  him- 
self admitted  the  difficulties  of  his  characterization  of  Gyro- 
jphora  and  Umbilicaria,  from  the  thalline  characters  alone. 
The  general  structure  of  the  thallus  offers  no  prominent 
differences  from  that  of  Parmelia  and  Physcia ;  and  the 
distinction  of  the  group,  marked  as  it  is,  may  be  said  to 
rest  on  its  peculiar  coloration,  taken  in  connection  with  the 
deficiency  of  gonidia  in,  and  the  denigration,  and  abnormal 
development  of,  its  fruit ;  and  the  manner  of  attachment  of 
the  thallus  to  the  substrate.  In  some  states  of  the  highest 
-expressions  of  Umbilicaria,  as  U.  pustulata  v.  papillata 
Hamp.,  a  Cape  of  Good  Hope  lichen,  there  is  now  indeed 
nothing  external  which  may  not  be  taken  for  Parmelieine, 
the  thalline  exciple  agreeing  entirely  in  colour  with  the 
pale  greenish-brown  thallus ;  but  in  a  full  view  of  the  fruit 


UMBILICAKIA.  83 

of  this  species  in  its  more  normal  conditions,  as  exhibited  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  it  is  perhaps  easier  to  compare  it 
(externally)  with  that  of  Sticta,  as  in  8.  faveolata,  etc.; 
however  surprisingly  the  same  fruit  be  afterwards  modified, 
as  in  U.  pustulata,  v.  papulosa,  and  U.  Pennsylvania.  We 
do  not  find  any  approach  to  this  more  normal  coloration, 
and  greater  Parrnelieine  or  Sticteiue  regularity  of  the  exciple 
in  the  other  section  of  the  genus,  unless  it  be,  rarely,  in 
U.  rugifera,  Nyl.,  occurring  now  glaucous  with  fruit  little 
darker  (California,  Bolander)  and  in  the  Himalayan  U. 
Iccanocarpoides,  Nyl.  This  fruit  is  indeed  now  Lecideoid,  as 
in  U.  anthracina,  but  quickly  passes  into  those  gyrose  states 
which  especially  mark  the  section;  or  is  developed  into 
the  starry  clusters,  more  remarkable  than  anything  else  in 
the  metamorphoses  of  the  genus,  which  characterize  U. 
Muhlenbergii. 

*  Apothecia  patellate,  now  angulate,  or  even  oblong ;  for  the 
most  part  plicate ;  or  the  oblong  sort  finally  grouped  in  stellate 
clusters.  Spores  mostly  simple,  but  now  muriform-multilocular. 
Thallus  not  papulose ;  the  cortical  layer  for  the  most  part  only 
imperfectly  parenchymatous  above,  and  scarcely  at  all  so  below. 
Gyrophora,  Fee,  Flot,  &  other  recent  authors. 

f  Stock   of  U.  anthracina.     Alpine  lichens;  but  1,  5, 
and  6  descending. 

1.  U.  rugifera,  Nyl. ;  thallus  middling-sized,  one-leaved,  co- 
riaceous, at  length  rigid,  more  or  less  rugged  with  coarse,  retic- 
ulated wrinkles;  pale  ash-coloured,  at  length  darkening,  or  now 
olive-brown;  beneath  pale,  with  now  a  rosy  tinge,  and  beset 
more  or  less  with  scattered,  or  more  rarely  dense,  pale  or  dark- 
ening fibrils;  apothecia  small  to  middling,  primarily  adnate, 
orbicular,  simple,  with  a  thin,  persistent,  finally  flexuous  margin ; 
becoming  at  last  proliferous.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  fusees- 
cent,  or  decolorate,  ^-  mic. Nyl.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  117.  Th. 

Fr.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  156. 

Alpine  rocks  (Eastern  Siberia,  Nyl.  Norwegian  Alps,  Th. 
JV.),  and  descending.  Greenland,  Giseke.  Yosemite  Valley  and 
Mountains  of  California  (Bolander),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Al- 
pine region  of  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon,  Hall. 


84  UMBILICARIA. 

2.  U.  cylindrica  (L.)  Delis. ;  thallus  of  middling  size,  com- 
monly many-leaved,  coriaceous,  round-lobed,  smoothish,  bluish- 
grey,  or  now  smoke-coloured,  fringed  for  the  most  part  with 
black  fibrils;  beneath  pale  and  more  or  less  sparingly  fibrillose; 
apothecia  small  to  almost  middling,  orbicular,  from  adnate  and 
sub-simple  soon  elevated,  convex,  and  copiously  plicate.    Spores 

ellipsoid,  fuscescent,  or  decolorate,  —•  mic. U.  proboscidea, 

/?,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  356.     Gyrophora  probosc.,  Turn.  &  Borr.  Lich. 
Brit.  p.  219. 

High  alpine  and  arctic  rocks.  Bear  Lake  (Herb.  Hook.), 
Tuckerman  Syn.  1848.  Greenland,  Vahl.  Labrador,  Herb. 
Schwein.  Newfoundland  (U.  Delism,  Despr.),  Despreaux. 

3.  U.  proboscidea  (L.)  Stenh.;    thallus  middling-sized,  one- 
leaved,  sub-membranaceous,  flattish,  few-lobed,  with  irregularly 
scalloped,  now  lacerate  edges,  reticulately  wrinkled,  especially 
at  the  pruinose  centre;  blackish-brown;   beneath  paler,  now 
grey-pruinose,  rather  sparingly  fibrillose ;  apothecia  small,  or- 
bicular, becoming  elevated  and  plicate.    Spores  ellipsoid  and 

oblong,  simple,  mostly  decolorate,  ^^  mic. U.  proboscidea, 

a,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  354.     Tuck.  exs.  n.  49.    Gyrophora  deusta,  Turn. 
&  Borr.  L.  B.  p.  222. 

b.  arctica,  Ach. ;  thallus  thickened  and  rigid,  very  rugged, 
beneath  naked. 

Alpine  rocks.     Arctic  America  (Eichardsori),  Hooker  I.  c. 

1823.  Greenland,  Vahl.     Newfoundland,  Despreaux.     White 
Mountains,  Tuckerman.    North  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Agas- 
siz.   Mexico,  Nylander. b,  Newfoundland,  Despreaux.   Green- 
land, Vahl.    White  Mountains.    Mexico,  Nylander. 

4.  U.  anthracina  (Wulf.)  Schser.;   thallus  of  middling  size, 
coriaceous,  rigid,  smooth,  or  areolate-rimulose;  blackish-brown; 
beneath  smooth,  or  minutely  granulated,  and  for  the  most  part 
black-pruinose,  without  fibrils ;   apothecia  small,  elevated,  or- 
bicular, simple.     [Spores  oblong,  simple,  decolorate,  l^j-  mic.] 
U.  atro-pruinosa,  Fr.  L.  E.p.  351.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  113. 

b.  reticulata,  Schaer. ;  reticulately  wrinkled  above. 

Alpine  rocks.    Arctic  America  (b.)  E.  Brown  (Parry's  Voy.) 

1824.  Greenland,  Vahl.     Newfoundland,  Despreaux.    On  the 
Yellowstone,  Herb.  Willey.     White  Mountains  (b.),  Tuckerman. 
The  plant  of  the  White  Mountains  does  not  differ,  but  is  in- 


TJMBILICARIA.  85 

fertile. Gyrophora  Wenckii,  Mull.  (Flora  Eatisb.  1867,  p.  433) 

from  Greenland,  appears,  by  the  description,  to  differ  from  b  in 
nothing  but  the  plicate  fruit,  looking  rather  towards  that  of  U. 
proboscidea ;  from  which  last  the  first-named  shall  differ  in 
smaller  spores.  In  an  infertile  specimen  of  G.  Wenckii  before 
me  (Herb.  Krempelh.)  agreeing  generally  with  the  published 
description,  I  find  small  clumps  of  fibrils  on  the  upper  surface 
and  at  the  margins  here  and  there,  once  more  suggesting  U. 
proboscidea.  Spores  of  G.  Wenckii  not  rarely  a  little  curved 
(Mull.  /.  c.),  as  is  observable  in  U.  anthracina-,  but  also,  more 
rarely,  in  U.  proboscidea. 

5.  U.  polyphylla  (L.)  Hoffm.;  thallus  small,  cartilagineous, 
commonly  many-leaved  and ,  clustered,  with  unequal,  crisped, 
at  length  much- divided  lobules,  smooth;  dark-olive-brown ;  be- 
neath smooth  and  very  black,  without  fibrils ;  [apothecia  small, 
sessile,  orbicular,  plicate.  Spores  ellipsoid,  decolorate,  "^-" 
mic.]. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  119.  U.  cenea,  a,  Schcer.  Spicil.p.92. 

Alpine  rocks,  and  descending.  White  Mountains,  Tucker- 
man  Syn.  1848.  Mt.  Desert,  Maine.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux. 
Greenland,  Vahl 

6  U.  flocculosa,  Hoffm.;  thallus  of  middling  size,  sub-mem- 
branaceous ;  blackish-brown,  scurfy  with  a  sooty  efflorescence  ; 
beneath  nearly  of  the  same  colour,  more  or  less  reticulately  pit- 
ted, without  fibrils;  [" apothecia  small,  sessile,  orbicular,  pli- 

•cate.  Spores  oblong  ellipsoid,  now  a  little  curved,  ^  mic."] 

Nyl.  Scand.  p.  119.  Gyrophora,  Turn.  &  Borr.  L.  B.  p.  217. 

Alpine  rocks,  and  descending.  White  Mountains,  Tucker- 
man  Syn.  1848.  Mt.  Desert,  Maine.  Rocky  Mountains,  Herb. 
Hook.  Behring's  Straits,  Wright. As  near  to  the  next  cer- 
tainly as  to  the  last ;  but .  with  larger  spores  than  in  either. 
Not  as  yet  found  fertile  here. 

7.  U.  hyperborea,  Hoffm.;  thallus  middling-sized,  mostly 
one-leaved,  coriaceous-membranaceous,  sparingly  lobed,  with 
jagged  edges,  papulose-rugulose,  now  here  and  there  perforate; 
olive-brown ;  beneath  pitted  more  or  less,  smooth,  mostly  black- 
ish ;  apothecia  small,  at  first  appressed,  oblong,  or  angulate,  but 
becoming  orbicular  and  plicate.  Spores  ellipsoid,  mostly  decol- 
orate, ^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  353.  Tuck.  exs.  n.  143.  Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  118. 


86  UMBILICAKIA. 

Alpine  rocks.  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  1.  c~ 
1823.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  Rocky  Mountains,  Herb. 
Hook.  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Macoun.  White  Mountains, 
and  highest  Green  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Mountains  of  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander. 

f  f  Stock  of  U.  erosa. 

8.  U.  phcea,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  middling-sized,  one-leaved,, 
cartilagineous,  smooth;    from  ash-coloured  becoming  tawny- 
brown  ;  beneath  granulated,  paler,  but  at  length  now  blacken- 
ing, without  fibrils  ;  apothecia  smallish,  innate,  and  now  sunken 
in  the  thallus  (which  is  then  papulose  below)  but  becoming 
more  prominent ;  originally  angulate,  becoming  many-angled ; 
or  also  rounded ;  plicate.     Spores  ellipsoid,  mostly  decelerate, 
H:^  mic. Lich.  Calif,  p.  115. 

Rocks  of  the  Pacific  coast,  alt.  1000-3000  ft.  (Bolander)  Tuck- 
erman Calif.  1866. 

9.  U.  erosa  (Web.)  HofTm.  ;  thallus  of  middling  size,  one- 
leaved,  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  of  few,  rounded  lobes,  which 
are  soon  rimulose,  with  irregularly  torn  edges,  and  more  or  less 
reticulately  perforate ;  from  olive-  at  length  blackish-brown ;  be- 
neath paler,  or  now  darker,  radiously  more  or  less  ridged,  the 
ridges  foraminous  and  this  side  finally  wholly  ragged,  or  passing 
into  fibril-like  extensions ;  apothecia  small,  appressed  and  oblong, 
passing  into  stellate  clusters ;   or  more  prominent,  rounded,  and 
plicate.      Spores  ellipsoid,  fuscescent  or  decolorate,  -^  mic. 

Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  93.      Turn.  &  Borr.  L.  B.  p.  229.      Tuck. 

Exs.  n.  48. 

Alpine  rocks ;  now  descending.  Arctic  America,  E.  Brown 
(Parry's  Voy.),  1824.  Newfoundland,  Pylaie.  White  Mountains, 
Tuckerman.  Mine  mountain,  Brattleborough,  Vt.,  alt.  about 
1000  ft.,  Eussell.  Mt.  Hood,  and  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall,  etc. 

10.  U.  Muhlenbergii  (Ach.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  middling  to 
large,  one-leaved,  coriaceous  at  length  rigid,  irregularly  more  or 
less  reticulately  pitted;   olive-brown;  beneath  mostly  darker, 
granulate,  lacerate  in  anastomosing  ridges,  and  shaggy  finally 
with  fibril-like  extensions ;  apothecia  small  to  middling,  origi- 
nally oblong  and  appressed,  passing  into  irregular,  often  stel- 
late, plicate  clusters,  without  common  margin. Ach.  Syn.  p~ 

67.     Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  Eng.  p.  74 ;  Lich.  exs.  n.  144. 


TJMBILICARIA.  $7 

Rocks.  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg)  Ach.  L.  U.  1810;  and 
common  throughout  the  northern  States  and  Canada;  as  in 

Arctic  America,  Richardson. A  reduced,  thickened,  scarcely 

pitted,  and  at  length  somewhat  polyphylline  state  (v.  alpina, 
Tuckerm.  I.  c.)  occurs  on  alpine  rocks  in  the  White  and  Green 
Mountains,  Tuckerman]  and  in  Hastings  county,  Canada, 
Macoun. 

Stock  of  U.  veiled. 

11.  U.  hirsuta  (Ach.)  Stenh. ;    thallus  one-leaved,  membra- 
naceous,  softish,  somewhat  powdery ;    pale  ash-coloured ;   be- 
neath pale,  and  hirsute  with  mostly  dense  and  pale  fibrils; 
["apothecia  small,  appressed,  orbicular,  soon  convex,  plicate. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic."] U.  vellea,  YJ 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  358.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  155. 

/9,  grisedj  Th.  Fr. ;  small,  finally  blackening  beneath,  where 
it  is  granulate,  and  either  naked,  or  very  sparingly  now  fibril- 
lose. U.  murina,  DC.  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  116. 

Rocks  in  high  mountains.  Mexico  (v.  papyrina],  Nylander. 

/?,  alpine  county,  California,  infertile  (L  A.  Lapham),  Tuck- 

erman  Calif.  1866.  This  variety  is  a  distinct  form,  and  taken 
for  a  species  by  Nylander,  according  to  whom  the  spores  also 
vary  from  those  of  a.  The  last  is  scarcely  as  yet  known  here. 

12.  U.  vellea  (L.)  Nyl.;  thallus  large,  one-leaved,  coriaceous, 
smoothish ;    glaucous  -  ash  -  coloured  ;    beneath    brownish    and 
blackening,  very  hirsute ;  apothecia  small,  appressed,  orbicular, 
plicate,  becoming  convex,  and  immarginate.     Spores  rounded- 

or  short-ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^-  mic. Nyl.  Scand. 

p.  114.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  153.     U.  hirsuta,  Tuck.  Exs.  n.  47. 

b.  the  under  side  granulate,  fibrils  mostly  obsolete. U. 

tylorhiza,  Nyl.,  fide  Th.  Fr. 

Rocks  in  high  mountains.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman 
(U.  hirsuta  of  Syn.  N.  Eng.)  1848.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux. 
North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz.  Rocky  Mountains,  in- 
fertile. Hall.  North  West  coast,  infertile,  Douglas. Fronds  at 

length  reaching  six  inches  in  diameter ;  but  the  fruit  not  exceed- 
ing one  line. 5,  Southern  Colorado,  Brandegee  (Herb.  Willey). 

13.  U.  Dillenii,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  large  to  very  large,  one- 
leaved,  coriaceous,  smooth ;  from  tawny-  at  length  sooty-brown ; 
beneath  very  black,  closely  hirsute  with  short  fibrils ;  apothecia 
middling-sized,  attached  only  at  the  centre,  orbicular,  convex, 


88  "UMBILICARIA. 

plicate,  and  becoming  lirellose,  and  immarginate.  Spores  ellip- 
soid, simple,  decelerate,  -^  mic. Lichenoides,  Dill.  Muse.  p. 

545.     Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  72 ;  Lich.  exs.  n.  46. 

Rocks.  New  Jersey  (J.  Bartram),  Dillenius  Muse.  1741. 
Common,  in  the  low  country,  throughout  the  northern  Atlantic 
States ;  and  southward,  in  the  mountains,  to  Georgia  (Ravenel) . 
Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz.  Northward  to  Newfound- 
land.  The  largest  species  known;  the  fronds  exceeding  at 

length  nine  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  fruit  now  more  than 

two  lines,  or  four  millim. The  lichen  is  quite  distinct  from 

U.  vellea. 

14.  U.  angulata,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  scarcely  middling,  one- 
leaved,  coriaceous,  rigid,  smooth ;  from  ashy-  at  length  tawny  - 
•  brown,  rendered  purplish  by  a  thin  bloom;  beneath  black, 
granulate,  lacerate,  and  clothed  at  length  more  or  less  with 
paler  fibrils;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  appressed,  an- 
gulate-patellate,  flattish,  plicate,  with  a  thick,  persistent  mar- 
gin. Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Syn.  N. 

Eng.  p.  74. 

*  Semitensis,  Tuckerm. ;  scarcely  differing  in  the  specimens 
seen,  except  that  the  spores  vary  from  simple  and  decolorate, 
when  they  resemble  those  of  U.  angulata,  to  brown,  and  muri- 
form  multilocular  (transverse  series  of  spore-cells,  5-8;  of  3  to  4 
members,  in  the  middle),  measuring  then  |J  mic. U.  Semi- 
tensis, Gen.  p.  31. 

Rocks  of  the  Pacific  coast,  a,  maritime  rocks,  Monterey, 
California  (Menzies),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  ]848.  Observatory  inlet, 

British  Columbia,  Herb.  Hook. *  Semitensis,  further  inland, 

Tosemite  Valley,  and  elsewhere  (Bolander),  Tuckerman  I.  c. 

1872. Fronds,  of  neither  lichen,  surpassing  two  inches  in 

diameter.  The  spore-history  of  *  is  important  as  illustrating 
the  view  elsewhere  taken  by  the  author,  of  the  inferior  system- 
atic value  of  merely  gradal  differences  in  spores.  It  was  re- 
marked (Lich.  Calif,  p.  7),  that  lichens  which  exhibit  the  ulti- 
mate condition  or  grade  of  their  type  of  spore,  exhibit  also 
ideally,  and  in  fact  more  or  less,  all  the  steps  or  grades  in  the 
preceding  process  of  evolution.  This  is  fully  seen  in  U.  Semi- 
tensis, which  offers,  in  a  full  examination,  simple,  bilocular,  and 
quadrilocular  spores  with  entire  spore-cells,  and  then  every  step 
beyond  to  perfectly  muriform  ones.  And  the  simple  spore  of 


UMBILICARIA.  89 

this  series  agrees  in  size  as  in  every  other  respect  with  the  spore 
of  U.  angulata;  and  is  yet  accompanied,  in  the  same  lichen, 
with  the  larger,  muriform  ones.  The  bearing  of  this  is  obvious. 
Gyrophora  of  authors  cannot  be  distinguished  from  their  Umbil- 
icaria  by  simple  spores ;  and  the  latter  organs  are  rather  to  be 
called  decolorate  than  colourless. 

*  *  Apothecia  sub-scutellate,  becoming  plicate,  and  proliferous. 
Spores  muriform-multilocular.  Thallus  papulous;  the  cortical 
layer  parenchymatous  throughout.  Spores  solitary,  or  in  twos. 

Umbilicaria,  Fee,  Flot.,  and  many  recent  authors. In  this 

section  the  genus  reaches  its  best  development.  The  denigra- 
tion of  the  fruit  is  often  less  marked  than  in  the  first  section, 
and  its  internal  structure  less  divergent  from  that  of  Parme- 
liaceous  types :  and  in  these  respects,  and  in  the  structure  of  the 
thallus  as  well,  there  is  suggested  a  clear,  if  distant  association 
with  Sticta. 

15.  U.  Caroliniana,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  middling,  membrana- 
ceous,  becoming  polyphyllous,  and  the  rounded  lobes  compli- 
cated, very  smooth, irregularly  or  obscurely  papulous;  from  olive- 
at  length  blackish-brown  ;  beneath  pitted,  granulate,  very  black; 
beset  here  and  there  with  a  few  strong  fibrils ;  apothecia  small, 
attached  only  at  the  centre,  and  elevated,  from  simple  with  a 
thick  margin  soon  plicate,  and  finally  proliferous.     Spores  ellip- 
soid, muriform-multilocular,  brown,  ^  mic. Obs.  Lich.  4, 

1.  c.  p.  167.     U.  mammulata,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  69,  non 
Ach.,fideNyl. 

Rocks,  Grandfather  mtn.,  North  Carolina  (Curtis],  Tucker- 
man  Syn.  1848.  High  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Buckley. 

16.  U.  Pennsylvania,  Hoffm.  ;    thallus  large,   one-leaved, 
coriaceous,  papulous  ;  from  ashy-  at  length  smoky-brown,  often 
white  powdery  at  the  centre;  beneath  granulate,  brownish- 
black,  without  fibrils ;  apothecia  small,  attached  at  the  centre, 
simple,  flat ;  but  becoming  proliferous,  and  excluding  finally  the 
obtuse,  soon  striate,  and  flexuous  margin.    Spores  solitary,  ellip- 
soid, muriform-multilocular,  blackish-brown,  J^  mic. Hoffm. 

PI.  Lich.  3,  p.  5.     Hook,  in  App.  Frarikl.  exp.  p.  759.     Tuck, 
•exs.  n.  40. 

Rocks,  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg),  Hoffmann  I.  c.  1801.  The 
lichen  occurs  from  Arctic  America,  Bichardson,  throughout  the 
Atlantic  States,  to  Georgia,  Eavenel. 


90  PELTIGEREI. 

17.  U.pustulata  (L.)  Hoffm.;  thallus  small  to  middling  in 
the  mountain  forms,  one-leaved,  coriaceous,  papulous ;  whitish- 
ash- coloured,  more  or  less  powdery  or  at  length  chinky;  be- 
neath reticulately  pitted,  granulated,  dark-brown  now  grey- 
pruinose ;  apothecia  small  to  almost  middling,  simple,  flat,  with 
an  obtuse,  at  length  irregular  margin.  Spores  solitary,  ellip- 
soid, muriform-multilocular,  brown,  ^^mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  351* 

Gyrophora,  Turn.  &  Borr.  L.  B.  p.  232. 

b.  papulosa,  Tuckerm.  j  thallus  middling  to  large,  darker, 
and  often  brownish ;  apothecia  soon  proliferous.  Spores  longer, 

gjnric. Syn.N.E.p.7Q]    Exs.  n.  141.      Gyroph.  papulosa, 

Ach.  Syn.  p.  67. 

Eocks.  a,  New  York,  Halsey  View,  1823.  Alpine  region  of 
the  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Organ  Mountains,  Texas, 

Wright.    Mountains  of  New  Mexico,  Fendler. &,  though  also 

alpine,  is  the  common  low- country  lichen,  and  found  from  Penn- 
sylvania (Muhlenberg),  Hoffm.  D.  Fl.  1796,  northward  to  New- 
foundland, Despreaux ;  and  southward  to  the  mountains  of  the 
Carolinas,  and  Georgia  (Ravenel).  In  this  fprm  the  fibrous  glom- 
erules  and  fringe  so  common  in  the  European  plant  are  now  ob- 
servable. 


Fam.  4.— PEL'TIGEKEI. 

Thallus  piano-ascendant,  frondose-foliaceous,  coriaceous- 
membrauaceous,  beneath  more  or  less  villous,  and  marked 
now  with  veins,  and  now  with  little  cups  or  heaps  (cyphels). 
Gonimous  layer  varying  in  structure  j  the  green  cells  com- 
posing it  being  now  of  the  ordinary  sort  (gonidia)  and  now 
of  the  blue-green,  gelatinous  sort  (gonimia). 

Fries,  Meyer,  and  Eschweiler  have  taken  their  Peltigera 
(equivalent  to  our  Peltigerei  excluding  Sticta)  for  the  highest 
exhibition  of  the  foliaceous  type  in  Lichens.  And  if  Sticta,  to 
which  Meyer  gave  the  second  place  and  Ny lander  now  assigns 
the  first,  be  added,  it  will  be  easy  to  regard  the  family  before 
us  as  constituting  the  true  centre  of  the  Parmeliacei. 

Peltigera  is  readily  seen  to  be  very  close,  on  the  one  hand  to 
Solorina,  and  on  the  other  to  Nephroma  ;  and  the  latter  stands 
in  most  intimate  and  unquestioned  affinity  to  Sticta. 


STICTA.  91 

Looked  at  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  spores,  almost  the 
whole  of  the  lichens  referable  here  is  grouped  at  one  of  the 
extremes, — the  spores  of  Sticta,  Nephroma,  and  Peltigera  being 
4-plurilocular,  and  seemingly  of  the  Colourless  Series— and  the 
analogical  centre  of  the  tribe  represented  only,  if  at  all,  by  the 
almost  rather  Pannariine  Erioderma.  Nor  is  this  the  only 
curious  feature  of  the  Peltigerei.  Though  the  close  affinity  of 
Sticta  to  Nephroma  be  scarcely  to  be  questioned,  or  of  the  latter 
to  Peltigera,  and  the  at  length  plainly  acicular  and  colourless 
spores  of  the  last  should  seem  to  refer  it,  unmistakably,  to  the 
Colourless  Series,  there  is  never  entirely  wanting  some  slight 
evidence  of  coloration;  which  becomes  marked  in  Nephroma, 
and  Sticta,  and  is  at  least  observable  in  Erioderma.  There 
appears,  however,  to  be  little  doubt  entertained  by  authors  that 
in  all  these  cases  the  spores  differ  in  type  from  those  of  Solo- 
rina;  and  'the  same  view  is,  with  some  hesitation,  accepted 
here :  and  the  genus  last-named  is  therefore  the  only  member 
of  the  family  clearly  referable  to  the  Brown  Spore-series. 
Genera,  p.  31. 

XIV.  — STICTA   (Schreb.)  Fr. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  sub -marginal,  elevated,  now 
blackening.  Spores  fusiform,  and  acicular,  2-4-plurilocular  j 
fuscescent  or  without  colour.  Spermatia  oblong,  thickened 
at  the  ends ;  on  multi-articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus  fron- 
dose-foliaceous,  variously  but  for  the  most  part  wide-lobed, 
rounded  or  now  elongated,  coriaceous-cartilagineous  j  villous 
beneath,  where  it  is  commonly  dotted  with  cyphels,  or 
marked  with  bare  spots.  Gonimous  layer  constituted,  now 

of  gonidia,  and  now  of  gonimia. Mainly  a  tropical  genus, 

a  large  proportion  of  the  species  occurring  also  in,  or  con- 
fined to  austral  regions,  but  scarcely  a  fifth  known  in  the 
northern  temperate  ones,  where  about  half  the  prominent 
forms  occur  only  sterile. 

*  Thallus  Parmeliiform  j  the  under  side  only  very  rarely  (and 
not  at  all  in  our  species)  bearing  cyphels.  Gonidia  agreeing  in 
all  important  respects  with  those  of  Parmelia,  and  Umbilicaria. 
Ricasolia,  De  Not. 


92  STICTA. 

1.  S.  amplissima  (Scop.)  Mass.;    thallus  ample>  orbicular, 
appressed,  cartilagineous-coriaceous,  smooth  or  with  age  trans- 
versely wrinkled ;  cinereous-glaucescent ;  beneath  tawny  dark- 
ening toward  the  centre,  villous;    the  elongated  lobes  either 
wide  and  for  the  most  part  compacted,  or  now  narrowed  and 
the  sinuate  lobation  marked ;    apothecia  scattered,  ample  to 
large ;  the  disk  chestnut ;  the  entire  margin  at  length  in  flexed. 
Spores  acicular,  from  bi-  at  length  quadrilocular,  soon  colourless, 

^  mic. Parmelia,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  450.     Sticta  glomeruli- 

fera,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  54.     Tuck.  Exs.  n.  105.    Eicasolia,  Nyl.  Syn.  1, 
p.  368. 

Trunks  and  rocks,  common  at  the  north,  from  New  England, 
Tucker  man,  Enum.  1845,  to  Canada,  Macrae,  and  Arctic  Amer- 
ica (Farm,  herbacea),  Richardson.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg  in 
Jierb.  Willd.  Ohio,  Lea.  Wisconsin,  Lapham.  And  it  follows 
the  mountains  southward  to  Virginia,  Curtis  ;  and  North  Caro- 
lina, Ravenel. So  far  as  seen  the  southern  lichen  is  smallish, 

and  now  suggestive  of  the  closely  allied  S.  erosa. 

2.  S.herbacea  (Huds.)  Ach. ;    thallus  membranaceous,   ap- 
pressed, smooth;   from  pale-  at  length  dark-brown;  beneath 
mostly  pale,  villous ;  lobes  sinuately  repand,  with  rounded  tips ; 
apothecia  scattered,  ample;   the  inflexed  margin  sub-crenate. 
Spores  fusiform,  2-locular,  ^  mic. Del.  Stict.  p.  132,  t.  16, 

/.  56.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  55.  Eicasolia  intermedia,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p. 
369. 

Trunks,    Orizaba,  Mexico,   F.  Miiller  in  herb.  Willey. 

Scarcely  differs  from  the  European  species ;  nor  is  any  differ- 
ence of  importance  noted  in  Nylander's  cited  description.  The 
interest  of  the  lichen  lies  in  its  affording  us  at  last  a  good 
American  representative  of  the  European  plant.  Our  northern 
£.  amplissima  is  always  without  the  "glomerules"  so  long 
taken  for  characteristical  of  the  lichen  in  Europe,  and  was  re- 
ferred therefore,  without  doubt,  in  the  catalogues  of  Muhlen- 
berg, Halsey,  and  Hooker,  who  do  not  otherwise  recognize  it, 
to  the  really  thinner  and  less  divided  S.  herbacea ;  from  which 
we  now  know  it  to  be  also  separated  by  the  spores.  And  the 
spores  decide  equally  the  place  of  certain  wider-lobed  conditions 
of  the  southern  and  tropical  S.  erosa,  which  might  pass,  and 
have  passed  with  very  experienced  lichenists,  for  the  present 
species. 


STICTA.  93 

3.  S.  erosa  (Eschw.) ;  thallus  generally  like  that  of  S.  am- 
plissima,  but  smaller  and  more  membranaceous,  scrobiculate ; 
glaucescent  (fuscescent;)  beneath  villous  and  becoming  black- 
ish-brown;   the  lobes   now  more  entire  or  erose-crenate,  and 
now  passing,  as  in  the  other  species  named  into  narrowed  and 
looser,  more  or  less  strongly  sinuate  divisions  j  apothecia  scat- 
tered, middling  to  ample,  membranaceous ;  the  disk  chestnut  j 
the  inflexed  margin  at  length  lobulate-crenate.     Spores  slender- 

acicular,  2-4-locular,  soon  without  colour,  4£J°  mic. Parme- 

lia,  Eschw.  Bras.  p.  211.     Sticta  Ravenelii,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  2, 
I.  c.  p.  203.    Ricasolia  crenulata  v.  stenospora,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p. 
373,  dein  E.  erosa,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  Fl.  N.  Gran.  p.  21. 

Trunks  and  rocks,  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia  (Ravenel),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  1859,  Florida,  Austin,  and 
throughout  the  Gulf  States,  Peters,  Hale,  etc.  Also  in  the 
Island  of  Cuba  (Lich.  Cub.  n.  66),  and  elsewhere  within  the 
tropics. Differing  in  its  (at  length  deeply  and  reticulately)  pit- 
ted upper  side,  and  its  crenulate-lobate  apothecia,  in  which  last 
feature  it  resembles  at  length  S.  crenulata  (Hook.)  Del.,  and  S. 
pallida  (Hook.). 

4.  8.  dissecta,  Ach.;    thallus  ample,  orbicular,  coriaceous, 
lacero-laciniate,  more  or  less  lacunose;   cinerous-glaucescent ; 
beneath  villous  in  blackish  anastomosing  veins  between  naked, 
pale  spots  ;  the  elongated  lobes  more  or  less  deeply  or  even  pin- 
nately  sinuate,  with  rounded  and  crenate  circumference  ;  apo- 
thecia middling  to  ample,  scattered  ;   disk  chestnut,  bordered 
by  a  sub-entire  or  finally  lobulate  margin.     Spores  broad-fusi- 
form, 2-4-locular,  fuscescent,  ^  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  451.     S. 

peltigera,  Del.  Stict.  p.  150.    Ricasolia  dissecta,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p. 
370,  &  E.  sub-dissecta,  Nyl.  ibid.  p.  371. 

b.  corrosa,  Ach. ;  lobes  passing,  more  or  less,  at  the  margins, 

into  a  fringe  of  slender  lobules. Ach.  Syn.  p.  235.  S.  dissecta, 

Del.  Stict.  p.  148.  Ricasolia  corrosa,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  372. 

Trunks,  Mexico,  Nylander  I.  c.  1860. 

Well  distinguished  by  its  veiny  under  side,  and  brown  spores. 
It  is  admirably  exhibited  in  Lindig's  New  Granada  collection ; 
for  I  cannot  consider  the  Nos.  713,  2543  of  the  first,  and  66  and 
79  of  the  second  series  of  this  collection  (Ricasolia  sub-dissecta, 
Nyl.)  as  at  all  well  separable  in  species  from  No.  113  (R.  dissecta, 
Nyl.). 


94  STICTA. 

5.  S.  pallida,  Hook. ;  thallus  irregularly  wide-lobed,  mem- 
branaceous,  smoothish ;  glaucescent ;  beneath  villous,  pale ;  the 
rounded,  sparingly  sinuate  lobes  repand  or  crenate.  Apothecia 
sub-marginal,  middling  to  ample ;  disk  chestnut,  bordered  rather 
widely  by  the  lobate- crenate  margin.  Spores  acicular  with 
more  or  less  attenuate  tips,  8-12-locular,  scarcely  coloured,  ^ 
mic. S.  Kunthii,  Del  Stict.  p.  126.  Eicasolia  pallida,  Nyl. 

i.  1,  p.  372. 


Trees,  Mexico,  Krempelhuber  Exot.  Flecht.  1868;  and  else- 
where in  tropical  and  austral  America. Another  well-marked 

species ;  my  specimens  of  which  are  from  Venezuela  (Fendler), 
New  Granada  (Lindig  n.  2514,  from  which  I  cannot  separate  n. 
13  of  the  second  series,  which  is  ticketed  Eicasolia  crenulata), 
and  Bolivia  (Mandon). 

*  *  Thallus  lax,  and,  for  the  most  part,  large-  or  long-lobed  ; 
the  under  side  bearing  cyphels:  or  spotted.  Gonidia  agreeing 
generally  with  those  of  the  first  section.  Stict  a,  Nyl. 

\  Thallus  bearing  cyphels,  which  are  now  (n.  5)  urceolate,  and 
now  (n.  6)  sorediiform,  poivdery  heaps. 

6.  S.  damcecornis  (Auct.  pr.  p.);  thallus  ample,  loosely  ex- 
tended, membranaceous- coriaceous,  smooth  or  now  pitted ;  glau- 
cescent (fuscescent,  rufous  or  now  yellowish)  beneath  from  pale 
becoming  dark-brown  with  a  similarly  varying,  mostly  thin  nap 
(which  is  now  deficient),  besprinkled  with  urceolate  cyphels; 
lobes  elongated,  now  wide  and  rounded,  flexuously  sinuate  or 
sub-piunatifid,  and  now  narrowed  into  linear,  dichotomously 
multifid,  at  length  densely  intertangled  divisions;  apothecia 
sub-marginal,  middling-sized;  disk  chestnut  and  blackening; 
the  entire  (or  now  irregularly  dentate)  margin  often  pilose,  of 
the  colour  of  the  thallus.  Spores  fusiform,  typically  4-locular, 

colourless  when  free,  ^^  mic. S.  damcecornis  &  S.  laciniata, 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  446,  pro  p.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  354,  356  pro  max.  p. 

On  trees,  Mexico,  Nylander ;  and  generally  throughout  the 
tropics. 

One  of  the  best-known  of  tropical  lichens,  and  (confused 
more  or  less  with  S.  quercizans)  very  early  observed  and  de- 
scribed ;  the  specific  name  being  derived  from  the  descriptive 
phrase  of  Plumier,  1703.  This  was  the  sub-linear,  many-cleft 
plant,  the  segments  of  which,  as  Dillenius  says  (Hist.  Muse.  t. 


STICTA.  95 

29,  115),  imitate  more  closely  the  figure  of  buck's-horns  than 
those  of  any  other  species.  Swartz,  who  recognized  this  lichen 
and  gave  its  name  the  form  it  has  since  borne  (Prodr.  Ind.  Occ.), 
undertook  also  to  separate  a  wider-lobed  one,  which,  as  contrast- 
ing with  his  l  multipartite- dichotomous '  damcecornis,  he  pro- 
posed to  call  Lichen  laciniatus.  He  figured  this  last  (Lich.  Amer. 
t.  7)  as  Hoffmann  had  already  done  (PI.  Lich.  3,  t.  65,  3),  and  it 
was  received  as  a  species  by  Acharius,  who  yet  remarked  (I.  c.) 
that  only  the  width  of  the  lobes  kept  it  from  damcecornis.  But 
Delise,  who  followed  Bory  in  distinguishing  specifically  two 
members  of  Acharius's  S.  damcecornis,  followed  also  the  latter 
author  in  accepting  S.  laciniata,  though  he  scarcely  added  to 
our  knowledge  of  it.  And  finally  both  lichens  have  been  re- 
viewed, and  set  up  once  more  as  distinct  by  Nylander,  I.  c.  The 
considerable  material  which  has  brought  me  to  a  different  opin- 
ion embraces,  beside  the  large  collections  of  Fendler  in  Vene- 
zuela, and  Wright  in  Cuba,  not  a  few  from  the  herbaria  of 
Hooker,  Greville,  and  Borrer,  from  the  Berlin  herbarium,  and 
the  Paris  herbarium  (the  last,  as  some  others,  being  determined 
by  Nylauder),  and  above  all  from  the  herbarium  of  Delise,  and 
the  admirable  New  Granada  collection  of  Lindig,  also  named  by 
Nylander.  And  all  this  scarcely  leaves  room  for  doubt  that 
Acharius  was  right,  and  that  the  distinction  of  8.  laciniata  from 
the  other  is  wholly  an  arbitrary  one.  The  thalline  characters 
by  no  means  justify  it  j  and  the  spores,  in  which  Nylander  ap- 
pears willing  to  see  some  slight  difference  in  the  measurements, 
prove  positively  the  same.  It  is  true  that  the  group,  as  thus 
understood,  is  a  vast,  and,  like  other  tropical  groups,  a  very 
varied  one ;  it  appears  better  however  to  keep  it  together,  at 
least  until  sub-species  can  be  indicated  from  the  evidence  of 
larger  material,  and  more  satisfactorily,  than  has  yet  been  done. 
S.  damcecornis,  v.  macropliylla,  Nyl.  I.  c.,  as  respects  my  specimen 
of  S.  macropliylla  j  Del.,  from  the  herbarium  of  the  latter,  as  also 
a  specimen  from  the  Paris  Museum  named  by  Nylander  himself, 
should  be  excluded  (by  the  criterion  of  the  gonidia)  from  the 
species.  And  S.  patula,  M.  &  V.  d.  Bosch,  which  is  referred  by 
the  same  author,  1.  c.,  to  his  v.  caper  ata,  differs  yet,  in  the  origi- 
nal specimens  (as  in  another  from  Tahiti),  in  larger,  often  fus- 
cescent  spores,  measuring  ^jj  mic.,  which  suggest  rather  v. 
platyphyllaj  Nyl.,  now  taken  by  him  for  a  species. 


96  STICTA. 

7.  S.  aurata  (Sm.)  Ach. ;   thallus  ample,  coriaceous-mem - 
branaceous,  broadly  and  deeply  lobed,  smoothish ;  from  greenish- 
glaucescent  soon  reddening,  and  brownish-red,  or  at  length 
rose-red;  lemon-coloured  within;   beneath  villous,  tawny  be- 
coming of  much  the  same  colour  at  the  circumference  but  black- 
ening towards  the  middle,  with  minute  sorediiform  cyphels; 
lobes  sinuately  cut,  with  soon  waved  and  crisped  and  yellow- 
powdery  edges ;  apothecia  [in  Cuban  and  Brazilian  specimens, 
ample,  marginal,  oblique,  membranaceous ;  the  disk  dark-pur- 
plish;  the  narrow,  sub-entire  margin  more  or  less  inflexed. 

Spores  irregularly  fusiform,  4-locular,  fuscescent,  2l&*°-  mic.] 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  50.     Parmelia  Eschw.  Bras.  p.  216.     Sticta,  Nyl. 
Syn.  I,  p.  361. 

Among  mosses  on  trunks  and  rocks,  always  infertile.  Tuck- 
erman  Syn.  1848;  from  the  south  shore  of  Massachusetts, 
Willey,  Pennsylvania,  Michener,  and  Ohio,  Lea,  to  the  Carolinas 
and  Georgia,  Ravenel,  the  Gulf  States,  Hale,  Wright,  etc. ;  and 
Mexico. 

f  f  Thallus  ivithout  cyptiels,  but  varied  for  the  most  part  be- 
neath with  pale,  naked  spots. 

8.  S.  pulmonaria  (L.)   Ach.;    thallus  coriaceous,   ample, 
loosely  extended,  lacunose-reticulate ;   tawny- olivaceous,  and 
dark- tawny ;  (now  sorediiferous,  or  also  isidiophorous)  beneath 
sparingly  brown-villous  in  veins  between  pale  naked  spots; 
lobes   elongated,  deeply,   at  length  narrowly,   sinuate -lobate, 
with  retuse-truncate  ends ;  apothecia  sub-marginal,  middling- 
sized  ;  the  disk  red-brown ;  the  thin,  entire  or  wrinkled,  finally 
concolorous  margin  at  length  excluded.    Spores  cymbiform,  2- 

4-locular,  colourless  when  free,  ^jj  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  449, 

nom.  emend.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  53.     Tuck.  Lich.  cxs.  n.  68.    Nyl. 
Lich.  Scand.  p.  95. 

b.  hypomela,  Del. ;    the  veins  of  the  under  side  black. 

Del.  Stict.  p.  144. 

c.  linita,  Nyl. ;  the  orbiculate  thallus  round-lobed,  with  cre- 
nate  at  length  lobulate  ends ;  less  lacunose ;  and  of  much  the 

same  colour  beneath. Nyl.  Lich.  Scand.  p.  96.      S.  linita, 

Ach.  Syn.  p.  234.    Nyl.  Syn.  (S.  Garovaglii,  Schcer.  incl.)  p.  353. 

Trees  and  rocks.  A  common  northern  lichen  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818,  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie,  and 
westward  to  Wisconsin,  Lapham.  Southward  it  follows  the 


STICTA.  97 

mountains  to  N.  and  S.  Carolina,  Eavenel;   and  is  found  also  on 

the  N.  W.  Coast,  Douglas ;  Hall. b  is  a  tree-form,  found  in 

Pennsylvania,  Krempelhuber  Exot.  Flecht.  1868,  and,  well- 
marked,  in  California,  Fitch,  and  Oregon,  Hall c,  a  rock- 
form  first  noted  as  an  United  States  plant  by  Delise,  Stict.  1822, 
occurs,  as  distinguishable  now  from  a  as  the  European,  at  the 
White  Mountains,  Tucker  man,  Syn.,  1848,  and  northward  to 
islands  of  Behriug's  Straits,  Wright. 

9.  S.  Oregana,   Tuckerm.  ;    thallus  coriaceous-membrana- 
ceous,   ample,  lacero-laciniate,   lacunose-reticulate ;    greenish- 
glaucescent  and  flavescent ;  beneath  reticulately  brown- villous 
between  naked,  white  spots;  lobes  elongated,  rounded  at  the 
circumference,  with  erose,  finally  crenate-lobulate  and  dissected 
edges  ;  apothecia  scattered,  middling-sized ;  the  disk  chestnut  • 
the  thin,  denticulate  margin  finally  excluded.     Spores  fusiform 

and  acicular,  4-locular,  without  colour  when  free,  ^~  mic. 

Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  5,  4,  p.  20. 

Trees,  Oregon,  Hall. 

*  *  *  Thallus  as  in  the  preceding  section,  except  that  the  place 
of  gonidia  is  taken  here  by  gonimia.     Stict  in  a,  Nyl. 

f  Thallus  bearing  cyphels,  tvhich  are  either  (n.  9,  10,  11,  12) 
urceolate  or  (n.  13,  14)  sorediiform. 

10.  8.  Humboldtii,  Hook. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  wide-lobed, 
villous  on  both  sides ;  ashy-grey  above ;  beneath  pale  brown, 
more  or  less  spongy-villous,  and  besprinkled  with  urceolate 
whitish  cyphels ;  lobes  irregularly  and  sparingly  divided,  with 
rounded  undulate  ends;    apothecia  scattered,  middling- sized, 
externally  villous ;  disk  reddish-brown ;  margin  entire.     Spores 

fusiform,  2-4-locular,  soon  without  colour. Del.  Stict.  p.  69. 

Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  341. 

Trees  in  Mexico,  Nylander,  I.  c. 

11.  S.  tomentosa  (Sw.)  Ach. ;    thallus  smallish,  membrana- 
ceous-coriaceous,  widely  laciniate,  mostly  pitted  or  now  smooth; 
glaucescent  passing  into   lurid-brown;    beneath  pale  for  the 
most  part,  spongy-villous,  besprinkled  with  concave,  at  length 
ample,  white  cyphels;    lobes  deeply-divided,  rounded  at  the 
ends  and  repand-crenate,  or  now  narrowed  and  bifid,  sub-ciliate ; 
apothecia  scattered  or  sub-marginal,  at  length  middling  to 

7 


98  STICTA. 

ample;    disk  reddish-brown  and  blackening;   the  very  entire 
(now    also    denticulate)   margin    becoming  pilose  or  shaggy. 
Spores  fusiform,  2-4-locular,  soon  without  colour,  ^  mic.— 
Ach.  L.  U.  p.  450.     Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  343. 

Trees,  Mexico ;  and  elsewhere  in  tropical  America,  Nylander ; 
I.  c.  A  difficult  species,  closely  related,  on  the  one  hand  to  S. 
cometia,  Ach.,  and  on  the  other  to  S.  quercizans.  It  is  under- 
stood here  as  represented  by  Stictina  tomentosa,  Nyl.  in  Lindig 
Herb.  N.  Gran.  n.  120,  and  n.  119  (from  which  last  however  I 
cannot  at  all  separate  in  species  the  S.  Lenormandi,V.  d.  Bosch, 
Nyl.,  of  Lindig  n.  2522,  which  should  seem  to  carry  with  it  the 
other  lichens  of  this  collection  so-named)  and  S.  tomentosa,  v. 
dilatata,  Nyl.  in  Mandou  Lich.  Boliv.  n.  1745.  The  S.  tomentosa 
of  Lindig  n.  2521,  differs  only  in  smoothness,  but  is  interesting 
as  enabling  us  to  connect  with  the  species  before  us  a  Sandwich 
Island  lichen  with  always  rather  longer  and  now  5-6-locular 
spores,  which  has  sometimes  passed  with  lichenographers  for  the 
•equivocal  S.  Ambavillaria,  Del.  (Nyl.  in  Herb.  Mus.  Par.).  And 
this  latter  plant  associates  itself  readily  with  the  Venezuelan 
S.  leucoblepharis,  Mont.  &  Tuck.,  already  referred  here  by  Ny- 
lander.  The  lichen  in  Lindig  coll.  2,  u.  82,  scarcely  well  asso- 

ciable  with  the  other  conditions  of  S.  tomentosa,  cited  above,  is 
at  least  comparable  with  some  of  the  specimens  of  Wright  Lich. 
Cub.  n.  56  (S.  guercizans,  v.  damcecornifolia). 

12.  S.  quercizans  (Michx.)  Ach. ;  thallus  cartilagineous- coria- 
ceous, orbiculate  and  sub-imbricate,  or  loosely  extended,  lacini- 
ate-lobate,  smooth ;  from  greenish-glaucescent  becoming  reddish- 
brown,  or  passing  into  yellowish  ;  clothed  beneath  with  a  mostly 
spongy,  pale-brownish  or  blackening  (now  obsolescent)  nap, 
which  is  besprinkled  with  urceolate,  whitish  cyphels;  lobes 
deeply  sinuate  and  now  pinnatifid,  with  rounded  and  repaud  or 
crenulate  ends,  often  at  length  crisped,  and  fringed  densely  with 
minute  coralloid  branchlets,  passing  also,  in  the  tropics,  into  a 
narrowed,  dichotomously-multifid,  entangled  form,  like  an  anal- 
ogous state  of  S.  damcecornis ;  [apothecia,  in  tropical  specimens, 
sub-marginal,  smallish  to  middling;  the  disk  reddish-brown; 
the  thin,  entire  margin  now  denticulate  and  pilose,  and  finally 
concolorous.  Spores  fusiform,  4-locular,  soon  colourless,  ^ 

mic.] Tucker  m.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  22,  &  Lick.  exs.  n.  66.    Nyl. 

Syn.  1;  p.  344-6. 


STICTA.  99 

Trunks  and  rocks,  Grandfather  mountain,  N.  Carolina, 
Michaux,  FL,  1803,  and  common  throughout  the  southern  States, 
Eavenel,  Hale;  as,  westward,  to  Ohio,  Lesquereux;  and,  scarcely 
less  so,  northward  to  Canada ;  always  infertile.  Oregon,  also 
infertile,  Hall.  Mexico,  Nylander. 

Michaux  describes  apothecia,  which  may  probably  have  been 
derived  from  some  tropical  specimen,  whether  of  S.  dameecornis, 
as  Nylander  supposes,  or  of  what  we  now  should  call  S.  quer- 
cizans.  The  only  Sticta,  beside  S.  pulmonaria,  seen  by  me  in 
herb.  Michx.  (Herb.  Mus.  Par.)  which  specimen  is  ticketed 
'Lichen,  Grandfather  rnont.,'  is  clearly  the  ' varietas  sterilis 
marginibus  pannoso-crispis '  of  his  Flora,  and  the  common  North 
American  state  of  the  present  species.  It  is  only  in  the  tropical 
and  austral  regions  of  the  earth  that  the  lichen  reaches  its  full 
development.  And  here  it  exhibits  so  close  a  relationship  to  S. 
damcecornis  that  the  distinction  of  the  two  turns  at  length  on 
the  systematic  value  we  assign  to  the  two  sorts  of  gonidia. 

13.  S.  sylvatica  (L.)  Ach.;  thallus  cartilagineous-membrana- 
ceous,  deeply  laciniate ;  from  greenish-  becoming  reddish-brown ; 
beneath  pale,  villous,  with  urceolate,  whitish  cyphels;  lobes  dif- 
form  with  repand  or  lacerate  edges,  now  somewhat  pitted,  and 
rather  sparingly  roughened  with  grey  granulations;  [apothecia 
as  in  the  next,  Nyl.] Ach.  L.  U.  p.  454.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  3-18. 

Rocks  among  mosses.  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York  (Peck), 
Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Agrees  with  the  European  lichen,  and 
differs  like  that  from  the  next,  as  from  S.  quercizans.  The  S. 
sylvatica  of  Muhlenberg,  and  of  Halsey,  is  doubtful ;  as  they  did 
not  recognize  the  nearly  akin  lichen  of  Michaux. 

13(&).  S-  fuliginosa  (Dicks.)  Ach. ;  thallus  coriaceous-mem- 
branaceous,  orbiculate,  round-lobed ;  dark-lurid-grey ;  beneath 
pale,  villous,  with  concave,  whitish  cyphels;  lobes  mostly  very 
entire,  wrinkled,  and  besprinkled,  at  length  densely,  with  black- 
ish granules ;  [apothecia,  in  a  Welsh  specimen  from  Mr.  Borrer, 
marginal,  smallish,  biatoroid,  the  reddish-brown  disk  soon  con- 
vex, and  the  thin,  entire,  paler  margin  disappearing.  Spores 

fusiform,  2-4-locular.  soon  colourless,  ^'f  mic.] Ach.  I  c.  Nyl. 

1.  c.  p.  347. 

Rocks  and  trunks.  New  England,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872; 
Willey.  California,  Bolander.  Oregon,  Hall.  British  Colum- 


100  STICTA. 

bia,  Lyall.    Mexico  (fertile),  Krempelhuber  Lich.  exot. It  is 

observable  that  while  the  present  is  a  cosmopolitan  lichen,  so 
marked  that  it  seems  impossible  not  to  give  it  a  separate  place, 
the  near  akin  8.  sylvatica  is  all  but  confined  to  Europe,  and 
closely  approaches  the  northern  (and  original)  form  of  S.  querci- 

zans. It  is  difficult  to  understand  how  such  an  observer  as 

Dillenius  should  emphasize  as  he  does  the  difference  between 
the  fruit  of  his  t.  27,  f.  101  (S.  sylvatica}  and  that  of  his  t.  26, 
f.  100  (S.  fuliginosa),  but  much  more  difficult  to  suppose  with 
Delise  (Stict.  p.  87)  that  the  figure  101,  etched  as  well  as  drawn 
by  the  author  of  the  Historia  Muscorum,  should  represent  what 
was  nothing  less  than  a  confusion  of  plants  of  different  genera. 
But  we  cannot  but  note  that  the  figure  100,  exhibiting  a  lichen 
from.Cader  Idris  in  Wales,  contrasts  also  with  101,  irrespectively 
of  the  peltate  difference  of  the  last,  in  having  the  apothecia  not 
even  marginal,  but  scattered;  a  character  which  reappears  in 
most  books,  though  certainly  qualified  in  Ach.  L.  U.  And  it  is 
not  then  without  interest  that  Mr.  Borrer's  already  cited  plant, 
which  was  also  from  Cader  Idris,  and  determined  by  him  as  S. 
fuliginosa,  has  on  its  lobes  forty  odd  apothecia,  and  that  these 
are  all  but  uniformly  close  to  the  margin.  These  small  fruits 
(averaging  1-1,  f>mm-)  have  furnished  me  with  abundant  spores; 
upon  which  compare  Nyl.  I.  c. 

13(c).  S.  limbata  (Sm.)  Ach. ;  thallus  much  as  in  the  last  but 
smallish,  membranaceous,  orbiculate,  and  sub-rnonophyllous ; 
from  leaden-  at  length  liver-brown,  smooth  ;  the  broad,  rounded 
lobes  beset  toward  the  margins  with  conspicuous,  rounded,  grey 
soredia;  [apothecia  scattered,  appressed;  disk  rusty-brown, finally 

excluding  the  margin.] Fr.  L.  E.  p.  52.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  346. 

Mudd  Man.  Brit.  Lich.  p.  88. 

Oak  trees,  on  the  Coast  range  of  mountains,  Oregon,  Herb., 
J.  W.  Eckfeldt. 

14.  S.  crocata  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  membranaceous-coriaceous, 
irregularly  laciniate,  pitted  more  or  less  and-  at  length  reticu- 
lately  ribbed,  besprinkled  commonly  and  edged  with  lemon-col- 
oured soredia ;  from  greenish-glaucescent  becoming  brownish, 
tawny,  or  russet-brown ;  beneath  of  much  the  same  colour  or 
blackening,  the  spongy  nap  speckled  with  lemon-coloured,  sore- 
diiform  cyphels ;  lobes  wide  and  rounded,  with  erose  or  crenate 
circumference,  or  (f.  laciniosa]  narrowed  into  sub-linear,  pinna- 


STICTA.  101 

tifid  divisions  with  retuse-bifid  ends ;  [apothecia,  in  exotic  speci- 
mens, now  scattered  and  now  marginal,  smallish  to  middling- 
sized  ;  the  disk  reddish-brown  and  blackening ;  the  paler  margin 
mostly  entire.  Spores  cymbiforra,  2-locular,  brown,  ^'^  mic.] 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  447.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  65.    S.  crocata,  &  S. 

gilva,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  338. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  and  rarely  also  on  trunks,  New  Eng- 
land, Tuckerman  Syn.  1848.  Canada,  Macoun.  Mountains  of 
North  Carolina,  S.  B.  Buckley.  Oregon,  Hall.  It  is  unknown 
here  in  a  fertile  state. The  narrowed  form  (f.  laciniosa)  ap- 
pears to  connect  the  more  familiar  wide  one  with  the  at  length 
palmately  many-cleft  plant  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  which  does 
not  differ  from  the  var.  gilva,  Ach.,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
The  fruit  of  S.  crocata  varies  in  a  manner  perhaps  not  wholly 
without  bearing  on  Dilleuius's  account  of  the  fruit  of  S.  sylvatica. 
It  occurs  now  scattered,  on  the  wider-lobed  fronds,  with  the  look 
of  that  of  Parmelia ;  and,  then  again,  on  the  narrowed  condi- 
tions, it  is  marginal.  And  the  shores  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan 
furnish  us,  finally,  with  an  otherwise  marked  state  (v.  mallota  (*)  ) 
in  which  the  conspicuous  apothecia  are  not  only  exactly  marginal 
and  oblique  (as  in  S.  aurata  in  Mart.  Ic.  PL  Crypt.  Bras.  t.  14, 
f.  1,  1)  but  occur  moreover  on  somewhat  extended  lobules,  and 
deserve  the  character  of  sub-peltate  (Fr.  L.  E.  p.  50)  and  a  com- 
parison with  the  peltate  ones  of  the  cited  figure  of  Dillenius  quite 
as  much  as  those  of  S.  aurata. 

15.  S.  anthraspis,  Ach.;  'thallus  cartilagineous-coriaceous, 
wide-lobed,  lacunose-reticulate,  now  conspicuously  beset,  like 
the  following  species,  with  grey  soredia;  olivaceous-brown  be- 
coming tawny,  and  russet-brown  ;  rounded  at  the  circumference 
which  is  sub-crenate,  or  now  more  deeply  cut  and  retuse-bifid  ; 
beneath  covered  with  a  pale  nap,  darkening  and  denser  toward 
the  centre,  and  besprinkled  with  white,  sorediiform  cyphels; 
apothecia  scattered;  middling-sized;  disk  from  red-brown  be- 
coming black  and  convex;  excluding  the  thin,  entire  (or  also 
now  denticulate)  margin.  Spores  fusiform,  2-4-locular,  very  soon 
colourless,  y~  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  449 ;  Syn.  p.  233. 

(*)  Sticta  crocata,  var.  mallota,  Milii;  tliallo  utrinque  plus  minus 
liirsuto  ;  apotlieciis  marginalibus  ol)liquis.  Sporce  speciei  nisi  4-locu- 
lares,  longit.  0,025-32mm-?  crassit,  0,008-llmm-.  Ad  Fretum  Magellani- 
cum,  jRei\  T.  Hill.  Does  not  differ  at  all  from  the  wider  lobed  condi- 
tion of  S.  crocata,  a,  except  in  the  points  named. 


102  ^EPHROMA. 

Among  mosses  on  rocks,  and  on  trunks.  Coast  of  California, 
Menzies  in  Ach.  Meth.  1803.  Coast  of  Oregon,  Hall. 

f  f  Thallus  without  cypliels,  but  marked  beneath  with  naked, 
white  spots. 

16.  S.   Hallii,  Tuckerm.;   thallus  cartilagineous-coriaceous, 
wide-lobed,   reticulate-lacunose,   delicately  rimulose-granulate, 
and  at  length  more  or  less  villous,  and  beset  now  with  lead-col- 
oured soredia,  ashy-glaucescent ;   beneath  ribbed,  pale-villous 
between  naked  whitish  spots ;  lobes  rounded,  very  entire ;  apo- 
thecia  scattered,  smallish  to  middling-sized,  biatoroid,  the  exci- 
ple  externally  pilose ;    disk  reddish-brown ;  the  paler  margin 

entire.     Spores  cymbiform,  bilocular,  brown,  ^^  mic. Obs. 

Lich.  4,  I  c.  p.  168. 

On  trunks,  Oregon,  E.  Hall;  to  whom  the  lichen  is  gratefully 
inscribed. 

17.  S.  scrobiculata  (Scop.)  Ach. ;  thallus  ample,  sub-orbicu- 
lar, coriaceous,  smooth,  pitted,  beset  more  or  less  with  grey  sore- 
dia; yellowish-green;    beneath  becoming  densely  dark-villous 
between  naked,  pale  spots ;   lobes  rounded,  sub-crenate ;  [apo- 
thecia,  in  European  specimens,  scattered,  smallish ;    disk  red- 
brown;    margin  entire.      Spores  long- fusiform,  4-8-locular,  at 

length  colourless,  ^°  mic.] Ach.  L.  U.  p.  353.     Tuck.  exs.  n. 

67.    Nyl.  Syn.  I, p.  353. 

Rocks  among  mosses;  and  on  trunks;  not  seen  fertile.  New- 
foundland, De  la  Pylaie,  1826.  New  England,  not  rare.  Oregon, 
Hall.  British  Columbia,  Lyall;  Macoun. 


XV.  — NEPHROMA,   Ach. 

Apothecia  reniform ;  innate  in  the  under  side  of  some- 
what extended  lobules;  the  entire  margin  disappearing. 
Spores  sub-fusiform,  quadrilocular,  fuscescent.  Spermatia 
oblong,  narrowed  a  little  at  the  middle ;  on  multi-articulate 
sterigmas.  Thallus  frondose,  more  or  less  villous  beneath 
(except  in  n.  3)  but  not  veiny.  Gouimous  layer  constituted 

now  (sect.  *)  of  gonidia,  and  now  (sect.  *  *)  of  gonimia. 

Structurally  close  to  Slicta,  Nephroma  is  a  well-distinguished, 
small  group,  having  its  main  development  in  the  cooler 


NEPHROMA.  103 

regions  of  the  earth.  All  the  European  species  are  also 
North  American. 

*  Gonimous  layer  constituted  of  gonidia. 

1.  JV.  arcticum  (L.)  Fr. ;  thallus  large  to  very  large,  coria- 
ceous;    of   flexuous,   rounded    lobes    which   are   smooth,   and 
greenish-straw-coloured  above,  and  black  beneath  with  a  paler 
margin,  and  a  coarse,  appressed  nap,  becoming  obsolete;  apo- 
thecia  large,  to  very  large ;  disk  brick-red.      Spores  fusiform- 
oblong,  4-locular,  pale  brown,  ^  mic. Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E. 

p.  18,  &  LicJi.  exs.  n.  62.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  316. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  and  on  trunks,  in  alpine  and  arctic 
regions.  Greenland,  Retz  Fl.  Scand.  1779,  and  elsewhere  in 
Arctic  America,  Richardson,  etc.  North  West  Coast,  Scouler, 
etc.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman,  Lich.  N.  E.  1838.  Essex 
Mountains,  N.  Y.,  Peck. 

2.  N.  expattidum,  Nyl. ;  thallus  ample,  coriaceous-rnembrana- 
ceous,  lobes  rounded,  smooth,   undulate,   crenate,  and  finally 
crisped;    from  greenish-glaucescent  becoming  tawny -brown; 
beneath  blackish-brown  with  pale  margin,  and  a  delicate  nap; 
apothecia  of  middling  size;  disk  reddish-brown.      Spores  fusi- 
form-ellipsoid and  dactyloid;   pale-brownish,  ^  mic. Nyl. 

Syn.  I, p.  318  (Nephromium). 

On  the  earth,  dead  wood,  etc.,  in  arctic  regions.  Great  Bear 
Lake  (Richardson  ? ),  Leighton  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  1870.  Green 
cells  gonidia  rather  than  gonimia ;  but  Nylander  takes  them  for 
intermediate  between  the  two  sorts — gonidimia,  Nyl. 

*  *  Gonimous  layer  constituted  of  gonimia. 

3.  N.  tomentosum  (Hoffm.)  Koerb. ;   thallus  ample,  cartila- 
'ineous-membranaceous ;  lobes  sinuately  cut,  rounded-crenate, 

tomentose  above  more  or  less  at  the  circumference,  the  fertile 
ones  elongated ;  from  greenish  -  glaucescent  becoming  lead- 
coloured  or  lurid-brown ;  pale  and  tomentose  beneath,  where 
they  are  beset  commonly  with  minute  white,  confluent  tubercles; 
apothecia  middling  to  large ;  disk  reddish-brown.  Spores  fusi- 
form-ellipsoid and  oblong,  pale-brown,  ?~  mic. Koerb.  Syst. 

p.  56.  N.  resupinatum,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  522,  a.  Tuckerm.  Syn. 
N.  E.p.  18,  &  Lich.  exs.  n.  13.  JUv^'lr. 

Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  and  also  on  rocks.    Arctic  Amer- 


104  NEPHROMA. 

ica,  Richardson  (Frankl.  Narr.,  &  Leight.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.), 
1823.  New  England,  etc.,  Tuckerman.  Canada,  Macoun.  Ore- 
gon, Hall.  British  Columbia,  Macoun. Occurs  naked  and 

smooth  above,  and  scarcely  tomentose  beneath. 

4.  N.  Helveticum,  Ach. ;  thallus  membranaceous,  smaller  and 
more  narrowly  and  deeply  sinuate-laciniate  than  the  last;  smooth 
and  for  the  most  part  naked  above ;  and  from  grey  soon  tawny- 
brown  ;  the  rounded,  undulate-crenate  lobes  fringed  with  tooth- 
like  lobules ;    beneath  blackening  and  tomentose ;    apothecia 
smallish  to  middling-sized ;  from  reddish-brown  soon  blacken- 
ing.    Spores  ellipsoid  and  sub-fusiform,  brown,  ^J  mic. Ach. 

L.  U.p.  523.     Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  18,  &  Lick.  exs.  n.  14. 

On  trees  and  rocks.  Arctic  America,  Eicliardson  (Frankl. 
Narr.,  &  Leight.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.),  1823.  New  England,  etc., 
Tuckerman.  Westward  to  Oregon,  Hall,  and  California,  Bo- 
lander.  Southward  common,  and  the  characteristic  species, 
from  the  Carol inas,  Ravenel,  to  Alabama,  Peters,  and  Louisiana, 
Hale.  Also  in  Mexico,  Nylander. The  lichen  is  well -distin- 
guished here,  and  scarcely  to  be  united  with  either  of  the  other 
species.  There  is  however  a  rock-form  passing  generally  above 
into  minute  lobules  (N.  asperum,  Mihi,  olim)  in  which  the  under 
side  is  only  obsoletely  or  scarcely  tomentose,  and  which  in  other 
respects  is  not  unlike  N.  Icevigatum;  itself  likewise  now  obso- 
letely tomentose,  as  in  Anz.  Langob.  n.  252. 

5.  N.  Isevigatum,  Ach.  ;    thallus  coriaceous-membrauaceous, 
rosulate,  with  smallish,  rounded,  undulate  lobes,  which  are  very 
smooth  but  at  length  wrinkled  and  pitted  above  ;  and  from  glau- 
cescent  becoming  more  or  less  chestnut-brown  ;  beneath  mostly 
pale,  wrinkled,  naked;    apothecia  smallish  to  middling-sized; 
disk  reddish-brown.      Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid,  and  daetyloid, 

pale  brown,  ™  mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  242.    Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  320. 

Peltigera  bella,  Spreng.  Syst. 

b.  parile,  Nyl. ;  thinner  and  softer,  at  length  darker ;  beneath 
blackening;  the  lobes  besprinkled,  especially  at  the  margins, 

-with  grey  soredia. Nyl.  I.  c.  Nephroma,  Ach.  Tackerm. 

Syn.  N.  E.  p.  18. 

On  mossy  rocks,  and  also  on  trunks,  in  mountain  forests. 
New  England  and  northern  States  (Torrey],  Sprengel  Syst. 
Veg.  (Peltig.  Mia,  Spreng. !),  1827.  Greenland,  Vahl.  e  Th.  Fr. 


PELTIGERA.  105 

Oregon,  Hall.    British  Columbia,  Macoun. &,  New  England, 

Tuckerman,  Lich.  N.  E.  1841.     Canada,  Macoun. 

5(6).  N.  Lusitanicum,  Schssr. ;  thallus  coriaceous-rnembra- 
naceous,  sinuately  at  length  deeply  cut,  with  crenate  tips,  from 
smooth  becoming  more  or  less  wrinkled  above ;  and  from  brown- 
ish-glaucescent  dark-reddish-brown;  beneath  smooth;  yellow 

within ;  apothecia  of  middling  size.  Spores  as  in  the  last. 

Schcer.  Enum.  p.  323. 

Rocks,  trees,  and  bushes.  California,  Bolander.  Oregon, 

Hall. Nephromium  sub-laevigatum,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  321,  from 

the  peak  of  Orizaba,  Mexico,  is,  to  judge  by  the  diagnosis,  dis- 
tinguished especially  from  N.  Icevigatum  by  its  more  or  less 

reticulately  wrinkled  thallus. N.  cellulosum,  Ach.,  is  another 

member  of  the  stock  of  N.  Icevigatum,  the  whole  difference  of 
which  (a  difference  sufficiently  foreshadowed  in  the  older  spe- 
cies) is  indicated  by  its  name  ;  and  it  is  observable  that  Nylander 
inclines,  I.  c.  to  recognize  this  Australian  lichen  (Van  Diemen's 
Land,  Herb.  Hook.)  in  Europe. 


XVI.— PELTIGERA   (Willd.,   Hoffm.)   Fee. 

Apothecia  peltseform ;  with  a  sub-crenate  margin ;  ad- 
nate  to  the  upper  side  of  extended  lobules,  or  rarely  mar- 
ginal. Spores  fusiform,  or  acicular,  4-plurilocular,  at  length 
colourless.  Thallus  froudose,  veiny  and  villous  beneath, 
where  it  is  deprived  of  the  cortical  layer.  Gonimous  layer 
constituted  now  (n.  1,  2)  of  gouidia;  but,  in  all  the  other 
species,  of  gonimia. A  familiar,  small  group  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  which  extends  however  into  the  cooler 
regions  of  the  southern ;  and  becomes  even,  in  some  forms, 
tropical.  We  have  all  the  species. 

*  Gonimous  layer  constituted  of  gonidia. 

1.  P.  venosa  (L.)  Hoffm. ;  thallus  small,  coriaceous,  becom- 
ing fan-shaped,  simple ;  greeuish-ash-coloured ;  beneath  white, 
variegated  with  coarse,  divaricate,  blackening  veins  ;  apothecia 
marginal,  middling-sized,  rounded,  horizontal;  disk  from  red- 
dish finally  blackish-brown.  Spores  fusiform,  brownish,  as  in 

ihe  other  species,  while  in  the  thekes,  4-locular,  ^  mic. Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  48.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  63. 


106  PELTIGERA. 

On  the  earth.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  New 
York,  Torrey.  Vermont  (argillaceous  soil),  Russell  Canada, 
Macoun.  Greenland,  J.  Vahl.  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  N.  W. 
Coast,  Menzies,  etc.  Rocky  Mountains,  E.  Hall.  New  Mexico, 
Fendler. 


\/ 


2.  P.  aplithosa  (L.)  Hoffm.j  thallus  ample  to  large,  coriace- 
ous, softish,  smooth ;  from  apple-green  becoming  glaucescent ; 
the  broad,  rounded,  repand  lobes  besprinkled  with  appressed, 
creuate,  brown  warts ;  and  beneath  reticulated  with  blackening 
veins  which  disappear  finally  in  a  close  nap ;  sparingly  fibrillose ; 
apothecia  on  somewhat  extended  lobules,  middling  to  ample, 
round;    disk  reddish-brown.     Spores  acicular,  4-8-locular,  4^ 
mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  44.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  9. 

Eocks,  among  mosses,  and  on  the  earth,  common  in  mountain 
forests.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818,  and  the  north- 
ern States.  Lake  Superior  shores,  Agassiz,  and  northward 
throughout  Arctic  America,  Richardson,  etc.  Ohio,  Lesquereux. 
Rocky  Mountains,  Hall.  N.  W.  Coast,  Scouler,  etc.  Mountains 

of  North  Carolina,  Ravenel. A  rather  reduced  and  thinner 

state  (f.  minor,  Tuckerm.  exs.  n.  102),  with  pale,  conspicuously 
brown-reticulated  under  side,  is  common  here,  and  is  also  Euro- 
pean.  The  apothecia  occur  now  marginal  (f.  marginalis, 

Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  37)  as  in  the  preceding  species  ;  the  specimens 
(otherwise  reduced)  being  from  Behring's  Straits,  Wright;  and 
the  alpine  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall. 

*  *  Gonimous  layer  constituted  of  gonimia. 

3.  P.  horizontalis  (L.)  Hoffm. ;   thallus  ample,  coriaceous, 
smooth ;  from  glaucous-greenish  becoming  cinereous-rufescent ; 
reticulated  beneath  with  blackening  veins  which  soon  pass  into  a 
continuous,  close  nap ;  sparingly  fibrillose ;  apothecia  on  abbre- 
viated lobules  or  sub-marginal,  middling-sized,  transversely  ob- 
long, flat,  horizontal ;  disk  reddish-brown.     Spores  fusiform,  4- 

locular,  pale-brownish,  ^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  47.     Tuckerm. 

Lich.  exs.  n.  11,  12. 

Moist  rocks  among  mosses.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg  Catal. 
1818,  and  throughout  the  middle  and  northern  States.  Canada, 
Macoun.  Ohio,  Lea.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden.  Shores  of 
Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  New  Mexico,  Fendler.  Mountains, 
of  North  Carolina,  Ravenel. 


PELTIGERA.  107 

4.  P.  polydactyla  (Neck.)  Hoffm. ;  thallus  ample,  for  the  most 
part  thin,  and  very  smooth  and  bright;  from  greenish-glauces- 
cent  becoming  lead-coloured,  or  now  brown ;  beneath  somewhat 
naked,  conspicuously  reticulated  with  brown  veins ;  the  rather 
elongated  fertile  lobes  digitately  clustered ;  the  middling-sized 
apothecia  finally  revolute;  disk  reddish-brown.     Spores  acicu- 

lar ;  slender,  4-8-locular,  ^  mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  240.     Tuck- 

erm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  10. 

Rocks,  and  trunks,  among  mosses.  Pennsylvania,  Muhlen- 
berg  Catal  1818.  New  York,  Halsey.  New  England,  Tucker- 
man.  Ohio,  Drege,  etc.  Low  country  of  the  southern  States 
from  South  Carolina,  Ravenel,  to  Louisiana,  Hale.  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, J".  Wolf.  Pacific  Coast,  Douglas,  etc.  Mexico  (f.  dolicho- 
rhiza,  Nyl.),  Nylander. 

5.  P.  scutata  (Dicks.)  Leight;    thallus  smallish,   thin  and 
paper-like,  or  now  thicker  as  in  the  last,  dull,  and  at  length 
somewhat  roughened ;  greenish-ash-coloured  and  rufescent;  the 
narrowed,  crisped  lobes  more  or  less  grey-sorediate  at  the  mar- 
gins, the  fertile  ones  very  short  and  scattered ;  beneath  white 
and  reticulated  with  brown  veins  ;  apothecia  smallish,  rounded, 
or  transversely  oblong;  disk  blackish-brown.     Spores  acicular, 

4-8-locular,  ^  mic. Peltidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  237.     Hook.  Br. 

Fl.  2,  p.  215.    Peltigera,  Leight.  Lich.-Fl.  Brit.  p.  210.    P.  Urn- 
bata,  Delis,  herb.,  Hepp.    Nyl.  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  trees,  among  mosses.  Pennsylva- 
nia, Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. 
Ohio,  Drege,  Lesquereux,  etc.  British  Columbia,  Dr.  Lyall. 

Oregon,  Hall.    California,  Bolander. Differs  both  from  the 

last  and  the  next  following  species,  and  may  properly  take  a 
place  by  itself.  There  is  no  doubt  of  the  legitimateness  of  the 
long-received  name,  which  can  hardly  yield  now  toDelise's  man- 
uscript one. 

6.  P.pulverulenta  (Tayl.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  middling-sized,  cor- 
iaceous, more  or  less  furrowed  and  pitted,  opake,  rimulose-gran- 
ulate;    from  greenish-glaucescent  becoming  ash-coloured  and 
lurid  brown;    beneath  white  with  brown  at  length  confluent 
veins ;    the  short  fertile  lobes  digitately  clustered ;  apothecia 
middling-sized;    orbicular,  disk  dark-brown.     Spores  acicular, 

4-8-locular,  ^  mic. Peltidea,   Tayl.    New  Lich.    in.  Hook. 

Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  1847,^?.  184.    P.  rufescens,  var.,  Nyl.  Syn.  1, 


108  PELTIGERA. 

p.  325;  Scand.p.  89.    P.  scutata,  Flat.,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  60,  pro 
p.    P.  scabrosa,  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  45. 

Kocks,  etc.  Greenland,  (Breutel)  Koerber,  Syst.  1855  ; 
Wenck.  Kotzebue's  Sound,  Herb.  Babington.  White  Moun- 
tains, with  the  other  characters,  but  infertile  and  therefore  doubt- 
ful, Tuckerman.  Sometimes  thinner,  but  distinct,  so  far  as  the 
specimens  go,  from  the  last.  Taylor's  lichen  was  from  South 
America,  and,  more  recently,  Nylander  has  proposed  to  separate 
this  (Lindig  N.  Gran.  n.  2520)  from  the  northern  plant  (Norrl. 
Lich.  Fenn.  n.  116)  but  he  gives  no  reason  for  so  doing.  The 
spores  of  P.  pulverulenta  are  longer  than  in  any  other  species ; 
now  measuring,  in  the  northern  form,  •^^  mic. ;  Nyl. 

7.  P.  malacea  (Ach.)  Fr. ;   thallus  middling-sized,   spongy 
and  softish,  granulate  more  or  less,  but  becoming  downy ;  livid- 
brown  ;  clothed  beneath  with  a  dense  black  nap  which  is  paler 
and  rarely  white-foveolate  at  the  margins;  scarcely  fibrillose; 
apothecia  on  extended  lobules,  middling-sized,  orbiculate ;  disk 

brownish-black.      Spores  acicular,  4-6-locular,  -  ~  mic. Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  44. 

On  the  earth  in  high  mountains.  Sub-alpine  region  of  the 
White  Mountains,  Tuckerman,  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Rocky  Moun- 
tains (a  small  fragment,  but  appearing  to  belong  here),  Willey 
herb. 

8.  P.  rufescens  (Neck.)  Hoffm. ;  thallus  middling-sized,  cor- 
iaceous, rigid,  somewhat  downy,  and  the  narrowed,   crowded, 
sub-imbricate  lobes  elevated  and  crisped  ;  greenish-ash-coloured 
becoming  at  length  dark-reddish-brown ;   beneath  reticulated 
with  brown  veins,  which  are  browu-fibrillose ;  apothecia  on  ex- 
tended lobules,  middling  to  ample,  soon  vertical  and  oblong, 
revolute ;  disk  as  in  the  next.     Spores  acicular,  4-8-locular,  ^J 
mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  46.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  104. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  trunks,  among  mosses,  New  England, 
Tuckerman,  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Canada, 
Agassiz.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  New  Mexico,  Fendler. 
Oregon,  Hall. A  long  known  and  almost  universally  recog- 
nized lichen,  with  probably  much  the  same  range  as  the  next 
species,  but  very  often  exhibited  in  embarrassing  relations  to 
that.  The  spore-dimensions  are  derived  from  but  few  measure- 
ments, of  such  specimens  only  as  appeared  tolerably  certain ; 
they  closely  however  accord  with  Nylander's. Peltidea  spuria, 


PELTIGERA.  109 

Ach.,  as  understood  by  lichenists,  has  probably  often  included 
small  forms  of  Peltigera  rufescens,  and  was  referred  to  the  latter 
in  Syu.  N.  Eng. ;  as  later  by  Nylander. 

9.  P.  canina  (L.)  Hoffm. ;  thallus  ample  to  large,  membra- 
naceous,  round-lobed,  flaccid,  furrowed,  downy;  greenish-grey 
(ciuerascent,  and  brownish) ;  beneath  whitish,  with  veins  and 
fibrils  of  much  the  same  colour,  or  now  darkening ;  the  fertile 
lobules  somewhat  elongated ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample, 
rounded,  becoming  semi-revolute  and  vertical ;  disk  reddish- 
brown.  Spores  acicular,  4-8-locular,  ^^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  45. 

b.  spongiosa,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  sub-coriaceous ;    the  pale 
veins  of  the  under  side  passing  into  tufted  fibrils  of  the  same 
colour  which  finally  run  together  into  a  dense,  continuous,  spongy 
nap. Lich.  exs.  n.  103.     Gen.  p.  38. 

c.  membranacea,  Ach.  Nyl. ;  thallus  very  thin  and  scrobicu- 

late,  almost  smooth  above. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  517.     Nyl.  Syn.  1, 

p.  324. 

ft,  spuria,  Ach. ;  thallus  much  reduced,  sub-coriaceous  ;  the 
cream-coloured  veins  of  the  under  side  scarcely  fibrillose,  the 
fertile  lobules  somewhat  digitately  clustered ;  apothecia  small- 
ish.  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  518.  P.pusilla,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  59. 

b.  sorediata,  Schser. ;  thallus  as  in  0  but  mostly  sterile  and 
round-lobed ;  besprinkled  with  grey  soredia;  the  under  side  now 

more  fibrillose. Sclicer.  Enum.  p.  21.  P.  erumpens,  Tayl. 

Neiv  Lich.  1.  c. p.  184,  &  herb.  P.  leptoderma,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  324, 
&  in  Lindig  Herb.  N.  Gran.  n.  2559.  P.  canina,  v.  sorediifera, 
Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  38. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  mossy  trunks.  Pennsylvania,  Muh- 
lenberg  Catal.  1818,  and  throughout  the  northern,  middle,  and 
western  States.  Canada,  Agassiz.  Arctic  America,  Richardson 
(fide  Leightou,  1.  c.}.  Mountains  of  the  southern  States,  Ravenel. 
New  Mexico,  Fendler.  Pacific  coast,  Douglas ;  Bolander,  etc. 

&,  spongiosa,  sub-alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains, 

Tuckerman.  British  Columbia,  Macoun.  One  of  the  largest 

and  most  marked  conditions  of  the  species. c,  membranacea, 

NorthWest  coast,  Douglas.  Oregon,  E.  Hall.  California,  Bo- 
lander.  Mexico,  Nylander. ft.  spuria  has  probably  the  same 

range  as  a,  but  I  can  only  cite  it  from  New  Jersey  (old  fields), 
Austin;  low  country  of  South  Carolina  (on  banks),  Eavenel ; 
California,  Bolander  ;  and  British  Columbia,  Macoun. b,  sore- 


HO  ERIODERMA. 

diata  passes  however  directly  into  /?  in  the  same  district  of  South 
Carolina  (on  moist  rocks),  Eavenel  (as  the  European  lichen  may 
"be  seen  to  do  in  Moug.  &  Nestl.  n.  837,  and  Rabenh.  lAcli.  Eur. 
n.  421,  c.),  and  is  found  also  (on  moist  rocks)  in  the  White 
Mountains,  Tuckerman;  on  banks  of  islands  of  Behring's  Straits, 
Wright;  in  Illinois  (on  the  earth),  Hall;  and  in  California  (on 
the  earth),  Bolander.  The  best-developed,  sorediiferous  plant 
(now  fertile)  of  the  White  Mountains  is  remarkable  for  the  finally 
dense  nap  of  its  under  side,  which  thus  far  resembles  then  the 
b.  spongiosa  of  the  same  region.  But  this  fibrillose  nap  disap- 
pears at  length  ;  and  the  common  plant  of  the  Atlantic  coast  is 
quite  the  same  with  the  P.  erumpens,  Tayl. !  (Duukerron,  Ire- 
land) which  I  have  myself  observed  in  the  north  of  Italy  (Pal- 
lauza),  but  find  scarcely  any  notice  of  in  European  writers.  The 
California!!  specimens  (infertile,  but  unquestionably  similar  to 
the  fertile  Carolina  lichen)  are  yet  so  reduced  as  to  be  mostly 
simple  (from  these,  P.  leptoderma,  Nyl.,  of  New  Granada,  as  ex- 
hibited in  Lindig's  collection  above-cited,  offers  no  differences) 
and  thus  reproduce,  at  the  end,  this  remarkable  feature  of  P. 
venosa,  at  the  beginning. 

XVII.  — ERIODERMA,   Fee. 

Apothecia  scutellseform  j  marginal  on  the  now  extended 
lobules.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  and  becoming  sub-fusiform ; 
simple  j  at  length  colourless.  Thallus  froudose,  villous,  and 
now  veiny  beneath,  where  it  is  also  now  clothed  interrupt- 
edly with  a  pannose  hypothallus  j  a  proper  cortical  layer 
wanting  on  this  side.  Gonimous  layer  constituted  of  go- 
nirnia. Another  small  group,  of  especial  interest  as  illus- 
trating the  near  relationship  of  the  Peltigerei,  to  which  all 
other  authors  but  Nylander  have  referred  Erioderma,  to  the 
Pannariei.  The  species  are  tropical,  or  austral. 

E.  polycarpum,  Fee;  thallus  membranaceous, hirsute;  green- 
ish-glaucescent;  the  summits  of  the  laciniate  lobes  crenate-cut 
and  crisped ;  beneath  soft-cottony,  whitish,  beset  with  spongy 
tufts  of  black  fibrils ;  apothecia  marginal  j  hirsute  below ;  the 
dark-brown  disk  soon  excluding  the  thin  margin.  Spores  ellip- 
soid, becoming  colourless,  ^^  mic. Fee,  Essai  sur  Us  Crypt. 

p.  145,  *.  24,/.2. 


SOLORLSTA.  Ill 

Trees,  Mexico  (var.  Mexicanum),  Njl.Enum. E.  Wrightii, 

Tuckerm.,  is  a  native  of  the  island  of  Cuba ;  and  the  few  other 
species  are  cited  from  South  America. 


XVIII.  — SOLORINA,    Ach. 

Apothecia  rounded ;  innate  in  the  upper  side  of  the  thal- 
lus ;  the  margin  obsolete.  Spores  from  ellipsoid  becoming 
fusiform-oblong,  bilocular,  brown.  Thallus  frondose;  be- 
neath villous,  and  veiny  5  the  cortical  layer  mostly  wanting 
on  this  side.  Gouimous  system  constituted  of  gonidia  (in 

the  gonimous  layer)  and  gonimia. This  little  cluster  is 

represented  in  the  alpine  and  arctic  regions  of  the  earth  by 
one  marked  species,  and  in  the  temperate  ones  of  Europe 
and  America  by  another  j  to  which  last  the  other  described 
forms  are  very  closely  akin. 

1.  8.  crocea  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  smallish,  coriaceous;  reddish- 
brown  ;   beneath  orange-saffron,  with  darker,  coarse,  branching 
veins;  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  appressed,  at  length  some- 
what tumid;    disk  red-brown.     Spores  in  eights,  ^J  mic. 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  149.    Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  329. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Greenland,  Dillenius,  Hist. 
Muse.  1741.  N.  of  Point  Lake,  Richardson.  Labrador,  Wenck. 
Rocky  Mountains,  Hall.  Oregon,  Dr.  Lyall.  Shores  of  Behr- 
ing's  Straits,  Wright. 

2.  S.  saccata  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  membranaceous,  sub-imbri- 
cate ;  greenish-ash-coloured ;  beneath  white,  cottony,  fibrillose ; 
apothecia  middling-sized,  appressed,  soon  sunken  in  pits ;  disk 

dark-brown.     Spores  mostly  in  fours,  ^|  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p. 

149.     Tuck.  Exs.  n.  64.    Peltigera,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  49. 

b.  spongiosa,  Nyl. ;  thallus  reduced  to  little  more  than  an 

edge  of  the  sunken  apothecium. Nyl.  Syn.  1.  c.  S.  limbata, 

Mudd  Man.  p.  85. 

On  the  earth,  especially  in  calcareous  regions.  Newfound- 
land, De  la  Pylaie,  1826.  Bear  Lake,  Herb.  Hook.  Greenland, 
Vahl  I.  c.  Shores  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  New  York, 

Tuckerman.  Vermont,  Russell. b,  spongiosa,  on  the  same 

substrates,  Greenland,  Vahl;  as  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America, 


112 

and    in  Newfoundland,  Nylander ;    and  at  Behring's  Straits, 

Wright.    Eocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  Coulter.  Wolf.(*} 

The  spores  of  this  species  occur  in  28-,  3s-,  oftenest  4%  and  only 
very  rarely  58-.  A  bisporous  condition  of  /?,  from  Colorado,  alt. 
13,800  ft.  (Coulter),  was  observed  by  Mr.  Willey  to  contain  spores 
measuring  -|£ir  mic.,  and  may  well  be  compared  with  S.  bispora, 
Nyl.  Syn.y  which  has  yet  no  characters  to  separate  it  from  the 
present  species. 


Fam.   5.— PANNARIEI. 

Thallus  horizontal,  various,  in  the  highest  forms  distinctly 
foliaceous,  either  sub-monophyllous  or  inany-cleft,  coriace- 
ous-membranaceous,  only  rarely  cartilagiueous, — passing 
then  into  squamulose  conditions,  which  become  in  the  end 
crustaceous ;  placed  upon  a  conspicuous  hypothallus  (now 
obsolete).  Gonimous  layer  variously  constituted;  very 
rarely,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  gonidia ;  but  commonly  of  go- 
nimia,  which  anticipate  here,  more  or  less,  the  typical  struc- 
ture of  the  next  family. 

The  structural  relations  of  this  group  have  been  considered 
by  Schwendener,  I.  c.,  3,  pp.  151,  178,  190,  etc.;  and  reference 
may  be  made  also  to  the  writer's  Genera  Lichenum,  p.  41.  With 
the  appearance  of  gonimia  in  the  last  family  (Peltigerei)  an  im- 
portant change  begins  in  the  Lichen-organism.  This  change 
finds  further  expression  and  much  fuller  development  in  the 
family  now  before  us,  which  will  be  seen  to  pass,  at  more  than 
one  point,  into  the  next-succeeding  Colle-mei,  wherein  the  go- 
nimia complete  their  history. 

The  spore-history  of  this  far  humbler  family  is  embarrassed 

(*)  This  variety  has  been  well  said  by  Fries  (L.  E.)  to  look  like  young 
plants  of  S.  saccata,  growing  on  a  foreign  crust ;  the  minute  fronds,  dif- 
fering only  in  size  from  those  of  a,  being  connected  together  and  over- 
run by  another  semi-crustaceous,  paunariifonn,  tabulate-granulate  thai- 
las,  the  darker  colour  of  which  is  due  to  gonimia,  supplanting  here  the 
more  common  green  gonidia  of  the  species ;  but  this  second  thallus  is 
taken  by  recent  authors  to  belong  to  our  lichen  equally  with  the  first, 
or  to  be  (as  compare  Nylander  I.  c.  under  S.  bispora)  an  anamorphosis 
of  that. 


ENDOCARPISCTJM.  113 

with  much  of  the  ambiguity  of  that  of  the  Peltigerei.  The  spores 
are  commonly  without  colour,  and  appear  on  the  whole  well- 
referable  to  the  Colourless  Series,  the  ultimate  condition  of 
which  is  the  acicular  spore.  But  yet  indications  of  colour  are 
sufficiently  frequent  to  suggest  that  the  organs  we  are  consider- 
ing are  rather  decolorate  than  colourless ;  and  Pannaria  lys- 
sina,  which  we  cannot  but  regard  as  belonging  here,  offers  us 
finally  the  perfected  (if  still  decolorate)  muriform  type  of  the 
brown  Spore-series.  The  Pannariei  are  conceivable  then  as 
decolorate  members  of  the  Series  characterized  by  muriform  (typi- 
cally coloured)  spores,  and  as  contiguous  therefore  with  Umbili- 
cariei,  and  to  some  extent  at  least,  if  not  with  the  bulk  of,  Pelti- 
gerei,  on  the  one  hand,  as  especially  with  Collemei  on  the  other. 
Genera,  p.  61. 

XIX.  —  ENDOCAKPISCUM,  Nyl. 

Apothecia  sunken  commonly  in  the  thallus  and  indicated 
only  by  an  ostiole,  but  becoming  superficial  and  lecanorine. 
Spores  very  minute,  simple,  without  colour;  numerous  in 
the  thekes.  Spermatia  ovoid ;  on  sub-simple  sterigtnas. 
Thallus  foliaceous,  peltate,  monophyllous ;  free,  and  strongly 
corticate  beneath ;  the  hypotballus  deficient.  Gronimous 

layer  consisting  of  gonimia. Montagne  (PL  Cell  Canar.  I. 

infra  cit.)  remarks  "the  considerable  resemblance"  both  as 
respects  habit  and  colour,  of  Endocarpiscum  Guepini  to 
Heppia  Despreauxii.  And  Nylauder,  more  recently,  goes 
so  far  (Obs.  Lick.  Pyren.  p.  56)  as  to  say  that  "Endocarpis- 
cum, properly  considered,  is  Heppia,  or  scarcely  a  sub-genus 
of  it."  But  the  two  types  may  be  said  notwithstanding  to 
be  well  distinguished,  no  less  by  external  habit  than  by 
structure. 

1.  E.  Guepini  (Delis.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  small,  monophyllous, 
cartilagineous-coriaceous ;  from  greenish-  becoming  brownish- 
olive,  the  repand,  revolute  edges  gray-sorediate ;  beneath  naked 
and  smooth,  wrinkled,  from  flesh-coloured  at  length  tawny; 
apothecia  deeply  sunken  in  minute  pits  [but  becoming  super- 
ficial and  lecanorine].  Spores  very  minute,  and  numerous  in  the 

thekes;  rounded  and  oblong,  simple,  without  colour. Endo- 

carpon,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  410.      Guepinella,  Bagl.  in  Nuov.  Giorn. 
Sot.  Ital  2,  171. 
8 


114  HEPPIA. 

Rocks.  Needham  near  Boston,  and  at  Harper's  Ferry  in 
Maryland,  Tuckerm  an  in  Nyl.  Pyrenoc.  1858.  Arkansas,  Peters. 

California,  Bolander. Lecanorine  apothecia  have  been  only 

very  recently  detected  in  the  European  lichen ;  they  have  not 
been  observed  here. 

2.  E.  Bolanderi,  Tuck.  herb. ;  thallus  minute,  crowded  in 
imbricate  patches,  coriaceous-membranaceous ;  from  olivaceous 
becoming  dark-brown;  crenate-lobate;  with  raised,  scarcely 
powdery  margins ;  beneath  smooth,  pale-brown  ;  apothecia  very 
small,  innate-sessile,  lecanorine;  a  tumid,  entire  margin  border- 
ing a  red-brown  disk.  Spores  very  minute  and  numerous,  ellip- 
soid, simple,  without  colour. Pannaria,  sect.  Endocarpiscum, 

Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  51. 

Rocks.  Ukiah,  and  elsewhere,  California  (Bolander),  Tuck- 
erman I.  c.  1872.  The  smaller  thallus  is  thinner  and  darker  than 
that  of  E.  Guepini  (with  which  the  present  sometimes  grows), 
and,  together  with  the  scutellaeform  apothecia— the  only  sort  yet 
observed — suggests  rather  a  Collema. 

XX.  — HEPPTA,   Naeg. 

Apothecia  orbicular,  immersed,  and  mostly  depressed  in 
the  thallus,  and  immargiuate.  Spores  ovoid,  simple,  de- 
colorate  j  now  (2)  numerous  in  the  thekes.  Spermatia  ellip- 
soid j  on  sub-simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  squamose-foliace- 
ous,  monophyllous,  more  or  less  continuously  corticate 
beneath,  where  it  is  closely  attached  to  the  matrix  by  pale 
Irypothalline  filaments.  Gonimous  layer  constituted  of  go- 

nimia. The  external  resemblance  of  the  very  commonly 

saccate-depressed  apothecia  of  n.  1  to  those  of  Solorina 
.saccata  is  the  only  feature  associating  it  seemingly  with 
Solorina  rather  than  Pannaria. 

1.  H. Despreauxii  (Mont.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  small  to  minute, 
-orbicular,  dull,  smoothish,  or  at  length  rimulose-rugulose ;  from 
pale-  becoming  olivaceous-green;  with  finally  raised,  repaud, 
and  crenate-lobate  edges;  beneath  mostly  pale;  apothecia  soli- 
tary in  small  fronds,  but  now  numerous  in  larger  ones,  small  to 

middling;   disk  red-brown.    Spores  ^  mic. Tuckerm.  Gen. 

p.  46.  Solorina,  Mont.  PL  Cell  Canar.  p.  104,  t.  6,  /.  5  (sporis 
.excl). 


PHYSMA.  115 

On  the  earth,  Ohio  (Lea),  Tuckerman  in  Lea.  Catal.  Cincin. 
1848.  New  England.  Illinois,  Hall  North  Carolina,  Curtis. 
South  Carolina  and  Florida,  Eavenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas, 
Wright.  And,  on  calcareous  pebbles,  Kansas,  Hall. 

In  patches  of  the  lichen  from  the  Organ  mountains,  Texas 
(Wright],  the  exterior  fronds  are  differenced  from  the  small, 
round,  interior  ones,  serving  only  as  margins  to  the  solitary  apo- 
thecia,  by  their  greater  size  and  length,  and  their  lobation; 
much  as  the  radiant,  exterior  squamules  of  squamulose  Panna- 
rice,  when  compared  with  the  small,  interior  ones. 

2.  H.  polyspora,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  much  as  in  the 
last,  but  besprinkled  with  the  numerous,  very  small  apothecia 
(scarcely  exceeding  Omm-  5,  in  width)  which  are  even  with  the 
thallus,  and  blackening.  Spores  numerous  in  the  thekes,  rounded 
and  ovoid,  from  brown  becoming  decolorate,  2-5  mic.  in  the  long- 
est diameter. 

Mountains  of  Colorado,  T.  S.  Brandegee;  comm.  by  C.  J. 
Sprague.  The  thallus  appears  to  be  more  continuously  corticate 
below  than  in  n.  1. 


XXI.— PHYSMA,  Mass. 

Apothecia  scutellseforrn.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  with- 
out colour.  Thallus  foliaceous ;  clothed  beneath  with  a  dis- 
tinct, finally  spongy  hypothallus.  Gonimous  layer  consti- 
tuted of  gonimia,  which  are  concatenate,  and  dispersed, 
amid  lax  filaments,  in  a  homogeneous  pulp;  as  in  Collema. 
—It  is  to  the  genus  last-named  that  the  first  species  01 
Physma  was  always  referred ;  as  the  other  also,  by  Mon- 
tague. And  it  cannot  well  be  questioned  that  the  two  are 
congenerical ;  but  P.  luridum  is  far  closer  to  Pannaria  rubi- 
ginosa  and  P.fulvescens  than  is  P.  byrsceum  to  any  Colleme- 
iue  lichen.  No  more  pregnant  example  can  be  cited,  among 
foliaceous  species,  of  the  intimate  relationship  of  Pannariei 
to  Collemei ;  or  of  the  unnaturalness  of  attempting  to  place 
these  families  in  different  Orders. 

1.  P.  byrsceum  (Afzel.) ;  thallus  ample,  orbicular,  cartila- 
gineous-coriaceous;  minutely  wrinkled;  lead-coloured  (cineras- 
cent) ;  the  discrete,  radiant,  linear  lobes  dilated  and  crenate  at 


116  PANNARIA. 

the  tips,  and  clothed  beneath  with  a  blackening,  spongy  nap ; 
apothecia  middling  to  ample,  concave ;  the  red  disk  bordered  by 
an  elevated,  rugose-plicate  margin.  Spores  broad  ellipsoid,  sim- 
ple, decolorate,  ^j  mic. Collema  byrsinum,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  642. 

C.  Boryanum,  Pers.,  Mont,  in  Ann.  3,  10,  p.  133. 

Trees  in  tropical  regions;  Island  of  Cuba;  and,  probably, 
Mexico. 

2.  P.  luridum  (Mont.) ;  thallus  middling-sized,  coriaceous, 
sub-monophyllous,  wrinkled  and  powdery;  from  greenish-glau- 
cous becoming  yellowish-gray,  and  livid ;  the  rather  wide,  irregu- 
larly radiant  lobes  imbricated,  and  sinuate;  clothed  beneath, 
more  or  less  densely,  with  a  pale  but  blackening  hypothallus ; 
apothecia  middling-sized;  a  rugose- crenate  margin  bordering  a 
reddish-brown  disk.  Spores  rounded-  and  broad-ellipsoid,  now 

pointedly  tipped,  simple,  decolorate,  ^"jjj  mic. Collema,  Mont. 

Cent.  3,  76,  &  Bonite,  p.  115,  t.  146, /.  3.  Parmelia  (Amphiloma), 
Russellii,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  35.  Pannaria,  Nyl.  Enum. 

Trees,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  New  England  (Russell),  Tuck- 
erman  Enum.  1845.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Virginia,  Tuckerman. 
South  Carolina,  Eavenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Missouri,  Hall.  Oc- 
curring also  in  Japan  (Wright),  and  in  the  tropics. The  dis- 
tinctly parenchymatous  cortex  is  the  chief  difference  in  structure 
between  this  and  the  preceding. 

XXII.— PANNARIA,   Delis. 

Apothecia  now  scutellseform  and  lecanorine ;  now  with 
both  thalline  and  proper  margins  (zeorine) ;  and  now  simply 
biatorine.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid  and  oblong;  simple;  or 
bi-quadrilocular;  or  rarely  muriform-multiloeular ;  brown- 
ish, or,  more  often,  decolorate.  Spermatia  (in  so  far  as 
known)  oblong;  on  multi-articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus  sub- 
foliaceous,  either  mouophyllous,  or  laciniate-multifld ;  or 
squamulose;  becoming  at  last  semi-crustaceous.  Hypo- 
thallus spongy ;  or  extenuate ;  or  obsolete.  Gonimous  layer 
constituted  either  (sect.  1,  2)  of  gonidia,  or  (sect.  3)  of  both 
gouidia  and  gonimia,  or,  more  often,  and,  in  all  the  remain- 
ing sections,  of  gonimia  alone ;  which,  and  as  well  the  fila- 
mentous and  parenchymatous  tissues,  anticipate  variously 
the  features  of  the  next  family. 


PANNARIA.  117 

*  Amphiloma.   Thallus  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  round- 
lobed,  softish,  and  deliquescent ;  upon  a  blackening  hypothallus. 
Gonimous  system  of  gonidia.     (Amphiloma,  Nyl.,  emend.) 

1.  P.  lanuginosa  ( Ach.)  Koerb. ;  thallus  orbicular,  white,  pow- 
dery; the  lobation  distinct  only  at  the  circumference,  and  often 
disappearing,  when  only  a  crust,  or  cushion-like  mass  is  left, 
determinable  by  the  delicate  hypothallus;   apothecia  scarcely 

known. Parmelia,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  465.     Farm.  (Ampkiloma) 

FT.  L.  E.  p.  88. 

Rocks,  New  England,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Canada, 
Drummond.  New  York,  Peck.  Blue  Ridge,  Virginia,  Tucker- 
man.  Louisiana,  Hale. The  pale-sulphur-coloured  tint  so 

common  in  the  European  lichen  has  not  been  observed  by  me  in 
the  North  American ;  but  the  hypothallus  is  quite  the  same  in 
both,  and  the  general  aspect. 

*  *  Psoroma.    Thallus squamulose.    Hypothallus  obsolete. 
Gonimous  system  of  gonidia.     Apothecia  lecanorine  (Psoroma, 

Nyl.,  olim.). The    only    northern    species    is    most  readily 

associable  with  Pannaria  brunnea;  and,  notwithstanding  the 
difference  in  the  gonidia,  cannot  be   called  at  home  in  any 
other  genus.    The  group  attains  its  full  development  in  the  aus- 
tral and  antarctic  regions,  where  species  with  laciniate-multifid 
and  even  frondose  thallus,  and  otherwise  remarkably  differenced, 
occur. 

2.  P.  hypnorum  (Hoffm.)  Koerb. ;  thallus  of  minute,  rounded, 
at  length  granulate-crenate,  ascendant  and  imbricate  squamules; 
from  yellowish  becoming  reddish-brown  (with  age  dark  ash-col- 
oured) ;  beneath  pale,  and  naked ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample, 
sessile;  the  disk  red-brown;  the  thin,  elevated  margin  crenate, 
and  at  length  granulate-squamulose.    Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid  and 

oblong,  simple,  decolorate,  -£™  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.p.  98. 

Tuck.  Exs.  n.  20.    Psoroma,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  121. 

On  the  earth,  growing  over  mosses  and  twigs,  in  alpine  dis- 
tricts. Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  Rocky 
Mountains,  Hall.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  White  Mount- 
ains of  N.  Eng.,  Tucker  man. 

*  *  *  Euopsls.      Thallus  tartareous,  peltate.     Hypothal- 
lus obsolete.    Gonimous  system  constituted  of  both  gonidia  and 
gonimia.    Apothecia  lecanorine.    (Euopsis,  Nyl.  emend. ) The 


118  PAKtfARIA. 

ordinary  gonidia  are  sufficiently  conspicuous  in  our  lichen,  to- 
gether with  more  or  less  similar  red  gonidia,  and,  with  these,  as 
in  the  European,  smaller  and  less  abundant  gonimia.  And 
these  differing  forms  of  the  gonidial  cells  belong  all  to  the  plant 
before  us,  and  are  neither  to  be  referred,  in  part,  to  an  intru- 
sive, foreign  Alga  (as  supposed  in  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  171)  nor,  in 
part,  to  a  foreign  Lecanora  (as  asserted  in  Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p. 
104).  And  they  condition  that  red  and  white  marbling  of  the 
thallus  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  section.  The  plant  is  thus 
referable  neither  to  Lecanora,  as  supposed  by  Sommerfelt,  and 
Nylander  (Scand.)  nor  to  Pyrenopsis,  as  by  the  latter  author  in 
Lapp.  Or.-,  but  must  either  find  a  place  here,  or  as  a  distinct 

genus  of  Parmeliei. In  the  group  Euopsis,  Nyl.,  which  has 

not  yet,  that  I  am  aware,  been  characterized,  but  is  noted  by 
its  author  as  distinguishable  from  his  Pyrenopsis,  with  which  he 
associates  it,  in  Collemei,  by  the  form  and  higher  structure  of 
its  apothecia  (Flora,  1875,  p.  363)  I  am  compelled  to  include 
his  Pyrenopsis  hcematopis. 

3.  P.  granatina  (Sommerf.) ;  thallus  minute,  monophyllous, 
attached  at  a  single  point,  rounded  or  difform,  thickish,  warted ; 
brown-reddish;  crowded  often  into  a  loose  crust;  beneath 
blackening  but  not  otherwise  differing ;  apothecia  very  small, 
adnate,  the  shining,  red-brown,  flat  or  swelling  disk  bordered 
by  a  sub-crenate  margin.  Spores  oblong,  simple,  decolorate, 

^±  mic. Lecanora,  Sommerf.  Suppl.  Lapp.  p.  90.  Nyl.  Scand. 

p.  171.  Pannaria,  Th.  Fr.  Llch.  Arct.  p.  77. 

Rocks,  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 

Maine,  Willey. Collema  licemaleum  var.  hcematopis,  Sommerf. 

(Pyrenopsis  htsmatopis,  Nyl. ;  Th.  Fr. )  which  was  found  in  Green- 
land by  Vahl,  is  considered  to  differ  in  its  concave  fruit  j  but 
the  published  European  plant  (Nyl.  in  Fellm.  Lick.  Arct.  n.  5) 
has  so  entirely  the  structure  of  Pannaria  granatina  that  I  can- 
not venture,  with  the  material  before  me,  to  separate  it  even  as 
a  variety.  And  it  is  observable  that  Nylander  has  referred  one 
and  the  same  lichen  (the  Pyrenopsis  rufescens  of  his  Lick. 
Scand.  p.  27)  at  p.  288  of  the  same  work  to  P.  hcematopis,  and 

in  Lapp.  Or.  to  P.  granatina. Pannaria  granatina  var. 

hcemalea,  Th.  Fr.  ( Collema  hcemaleum,  Sommerf.  Euopsis  hama- 
lea,  Nyl.  in  Norrl.  Lick.  Fenn.  n.  101)  also  has  the  structure  of 
P.  granatina  ;  of  which  it  appears  to  be  a  reduced  expression. 
It  is  unknown  here. 


P  AM  ARIA.  119 

*  *  *  *  Pannaria  proper.  The  characters  of  this  central 
group  of  the  always  equivocal  genus  before  us,  are  sufficiently 
various.  Thallus,  in  the  highest  expressions,  foliaceous;  but 
soon  squamulose;  and  disappearing  at  length  in  crustaceous 
states ;  the  spongy  hypothallus  becomingln  like  manner  reduced, 
and  now  obsolete.  Gonimous  system  constituted  of  gonimia, 
which  are  more  or  less  concatenate,  and  distinctly  gelatinous, 
interspersed,  in  the  highest  forms,  among  rather  loose  medul- 
lary filaments ;  these  passing,  in  the  inferior  ones,  into  a  paren- 
chymatous  tissue.  Apothecia  largely  lecanorine;  but  also 
biatorine;  and  both  sorts  sometimes  in  one  and  the  same 
species.  Spores  simple,  except  in  n.  12.  (Pannaria,  Nyl.  emend.). 

4.  P.pannosa  (Sw.)  Delis. ;  thallus  ample,  foliaceous,  orbic- 
ular, thin-membranaceous,  smooth ;  from  livid-glaucous  becom- 
ing ash-coloured  and  brown  ;   the  radiant,  narrowed,  flattish, 
many-cleft  (now  isidiophorous)  divisions  either  connate  or  dis- 
crete, seated  upon  and  bordered  by  a  dense,  black  hypothal- 
lus ;  [apothecia,  of  the  tropical  lichen,  of  middling  size,  sessile ; 
either  lecanorine,  with  incurved,  crenate  margin;  or  zeorine; 
or  biatorine ;  the  disk  from  pale-  at  length  dark-reddish-brown, 
and  the  entire,  proper  margin  finally  black.      Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid  and  sub-fusiform,  commonly  brownish,  ^5  mic. 

Parmelia,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  465. 

Trees,  in  tropical  countries ;  occurring  here,  but  as  yet  only 
seen  infertile,  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina  (Eavenel) 

Tuckerm.  Gen.  1872 ;    as  of  Louisiana,  Hale. The  original 

lichen  of  Swartz  (Lich.  Amer.  t.  5)  and  Acharius,  had  only 
biatorine  fruit,  while Nylander  (Disp.  Psor.  &  Pann.)  has  recog- 
nized only  lecanorine.  The  lecanorine  state  is  perhaps,  to 
judge  by  my  herbarium,  the  more  frequent  of  the  two  ;  but  I 
observe  no  other  differences. 

5.  P.  rubiginosa  (Thunb.)  Delis. ;  thallus  smallish,  foliace- 
ous, orbicular,  membranaceous,  smoothish ;  from  ashy-greenish 
becoming  yellowish-gray,  livid,  and  lead-coloured  ;  the  radiant, 
approximate,  rather  broad  and  concave,  imbricate  divisions 
with  dilated  and  multifid  tips,  and  raised,  crenate  margins ;  the 
dense,   and    margining    hypothallus   bluish-black;    apothecia 
smallish  to  middling,  lecanorine,    sessile;   disk  rusty-brown, 
margin  crenulate.    Spores  rounded,  and  ovoid,  simple,  decolor- 
ate,        mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  88.   Schcer.  Spirit,  p.  462. 


120  PANffARIA. 

b.  conoplea,  Fr. ;  thallus  beset  densely  with  gray  soredia, 
passing,  at  the  centre,  into  a  continuous  crust,  [apothecia  zeo- 
rine  and  biatorine]. Fr.  I.  c.  Parmelia,  AcJi.  L.  U.p.  467. 

Trees  and  rocks,  New  England,  Tucker  man  Syn.  N.  E.  1848. 
Ohio,  Lesquereux.  North,  and  South  Carolina,  Eavenel,  etc. 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  Peters,  etc.  Texas,  Hall.  California, 
Dr.  Palmer.  Oregon,  Hall. b,  New  England,  Tuckerman. 

6.  P.  leucosticta,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  squamulose,  cartilagin- 
eous-membranaceous ;    from  brownish-ash-coloured  becoming 
tawny-brown;  squamules  of  the  circumference  expanded,  elon- 
gated, and  pinnately  tabulate,  those  of  the  centre  ascendant 
and  imbricated,  dissected,  dentate-crenate,  the  teeth  white- 
powdery;    hypothallus  thin,  bluish-black;   apothecia  smallish 
to  middling,  lecanorine,   appressed;    the  red-brown  disk  at 
length  tumid,  and  excluding  the  thin,  crenate,  soon  white- 
powdery  margin.     Spores  rounded  and  ovoid,  simple,  decolorate, 
^|  mic. Obs.  Lich.  I  c.  4,j?.  404. 

Rocks,  and  also  trunks,  common  from  New  England  to 
southern  Virginia,  Tuckerman  in  Darliugt.  Fl.  Cestr.  1853.  Ohio, 
Lesquereux.  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale. 

7.  P.  pliolidota  (Mont.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  of  minute,  membrana- 
ceous,  rounded,  crenate-lobulate,  finally  crowded  and  imbricate 
squamules  which  are  predominantly  pale -yellowish-gray,  but 
are  commingled  more  or  less  with  lead-coloured  ones;  on  a 
thin,  blackening  hypothallus;  apothecia  small,  lecanorine,  ses- 
sile, the  incurved,  crenate  margin  finally  excluded  by  the  pale- 
to  dark-brown  disk.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate, 
ljh|  mic. Mont.  Fl.  GUI.  p.  146. 

Trees,  Mexico;  Nylander. The  lichen  (in  Montague's  Juan 

Fernandez  specimens)  has  not  a  little  the  aspect,  in  small,  of  a 
pale  P.  Hypnorum,  and  the  light-coloured  scales  are  character- 
ized by  gonidia,  as  in  that ;  but  a  change  takes  place  in  some  of 
these  scales,  whereby  they  assume  a  bluish  colour  (extending 
also  in  part  to  the  exciples)  and  the  scales  exhibit  then  a  pecu- 
liar and  more  delicate  crenelation,  and  offer  only  gonimia; 
which  appear  to  tie  regarded  as  determining  the  place  of  the 
lichen. 

8.  P.  Hookeri  (Sm.)  Th.  Fr. ;  thallus  squamulose,  sub-car- 
tilagineous,  more  or  less  leaden-gray;    squamules   expanded, 


P  ANN  ARIA.  121 

sub -imbricate,  bluntly  lobed  and  notched,  and  longitudinally 
striate ;  those  of  the  circumference  elongated  and  radiant,  the 
central  ones  crowded  and  crust-like  ;  blackening  beneath;  apo- 
thecia small,  lecanorine,  appressed,  the  margin  at  length  cre- 
nate,  the  flat  disk  from  reddish-brown  soon  blackening.  Spores 

broad- ellipsoid,  simple,  decelerate,  ~  mic. Th.  Fr.  Lick. 

Arct. p.  73.    P.  leucolepis  (Wahl.)  Nyl.  Scand. p.  123. 
Rocks,  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861. 

9.  P.  brunnea  (Sw.)  Mass.;  thallus  squamulose,  sub-mem- 
branaceous,  livid-ash-coloured  and  tawny-brown;   squamules 
minute,  now  explanate  and  crenate,  and  now  elongated  and  dis- 
sected, imbricate,  and  heaped  together  at  length  into  a  granu- 
lose  mass;    apothecia  middling -sized,   lecanorine,   immersed, 
very  numerous  and  soon  confluent  and  difibrm,  the  reddish- 
brown  disk  becoming  convex  and  even  turgid,  and  excluding 
then    the  commonly  persistent,   incurved,   crenulate   margin. 
Spores  oblong -ellipsoid,   often  pointed  -  tipped,  simple,  decel- 
erate, jjj^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  93.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs. 

M.  89.    Pannaria,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  123. 

On  the  earth,  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823. 
Greenland,  Vahl.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  White 
Mountains,  Willey.  Coast  of  Massachusetts,  Oakes.  Cattskill 
Mountains,  Peck.  Rocky  Mountains,  J.  Wolf. 

10.  P.  microphylla  (Sw.)  Delis. ;  thallus  squamulose,  cartila- 
gineous;  livid-ash-coloured  and  glaucescent;  the  thickish,  at 
first  expanded  but  soon  ascendant  and  imbricated,  simply  cre- 
nate squamules  compacted  at  length  into  a  continuous  crust ; 
beneath  blackening;  apothecia  smallish;  lecanorine;  zeorine; 
and  biatorine ;  superficial ;  the  disk  from  pale  becoming  black- 
ish-brown, soon  convex,  and  excluding  the  crenate,  thalline 
margin.     Spores  oblong- ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. 

—Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  90.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  110. "  Pan- 
naria, Nyl.  Scand.  p.  124. 

Rocks,  from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman  Enum. 
1845.  New  York,  Sartwell.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Ohio,  Les- 
quereux.  New  Mexico,  Fendler.  California  (f.  Californica,  a 
coarser  plant,  with  larger  spores,  measuring  ^^  mic.),  Bolander. 

11.  P.  lepidiota,  Th.  Fr.;  thallus  squamulose,  coriaceous; 
yellowish-brown,  lurid,  and  finally  blackening ;  squamules  mid- 


122  PAKtfARIA. 

dling-sized,  expanded,  crenate-lobulate  with  warty,  often  gray- 
sorediate  edges;  the  external  ones  elongated  and  radiant;  those 
more  central  becoming  ascendant,  closely  imbricated,  and  heaped 
at  last  into  a  granulate,  often  gray-powdery  crust ;  upon  a  thin, 
black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  smallish  to  middling,  depressed, 
biatorine;  disk  from  reddish  becoming  blackish-brown;  the 
thin  margin  soon  excluded.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  pointed- 
tipped,  simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  74. 

P.  prcetermissa,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  124. 

b.  coralliphora ;  thallus  passing  into  a  dense  mass  of  stout, 
torulose  branchlets. 

c.  cyanolepra;  thallus  disappearing  in  minute,  conglomerate, 
steel-blue  granules. P.  cyanolepra,  Tuckerm.  Lich.  Calif,  p.  17. 

On  the  earth,  and  rocks.  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries,  I.  c. 
1861.  California,  Bolander.  Oregon,  Hall.  Rocky  Mountains, 

Brandegee.    Northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Macoun. &, 

Vancouver's  Island,  Macoun. c,  California,  on  clay,  Bolander. 

The  Lake  Superior  specimens  are  very  smooth,  but  scarcely 

referable  to  the  next  species ;  they  are  remarkable  for  a  fibril- 
lose  ring  on  the  under  side  of  the  apothecia.  But  the  same  feat- 
ure (elsewhere  not  unknown  in  this  genus,  as  compare  the  ob- 
servation in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  98)  is  observable  in  b,  a  blacker 
plant  than  usual,  and  so  far  resembling  the  var.  tristis,  Th.  Fr. ; 
and  I  have  detected  it  also  in  the  European  lichen  last  named. 

c,  as  originally  considered,  appeared  to  be  a  simply  granu- 

lose  lichen  to  be  compared  with  P.  nebulosa  (Hoffm.),  Nyl.  In 
other  specimens  however  the  granules  are  seen  to  belong  to 
squainules,  which  I  incline  (though  not  without  some  uncer- 
tainty) to  refer  to  the  present  species. 

12.  P.  carnosa  (Dicks.);  thallus  squamulose  -  foliaceous, 
membranaceous ;  from  pale  -  yellowish  -  brown  becoming  livid, 
and  brownish-chestnut ;  the  extended  and  lobe-like,  deeply  la- 
ciniate  and  erose-granulate  squamules  ascendant  and  loosely 
imbricated,  or  now  heaped ;  beneath  whitish ;  apothecia  small- 
ish, biatorine,  sessile,  flattish,  the  disk  dark-red,  the  at  first 
paler  margin  thin  and  entire.  Spores  from  ellipsoid  and  simple ; 
becoming  oblong-fusiform  and  bilocular ;  mostly  decolorate,  ^£ 

mic. Parmelia,  Schcsr.  Spicil.  p.  566.  Pannaria  muscorum, 

Nyl.  Scand.  p.  127. 

Rocks  among  mosses.      Great  Bear  Lake,  Arctic  America, 


PAtftfARIA.  123 

(Richardson),  Leighton  in  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.  1867. Described 

from  European  specimens  ;  I  have  seen  no  others.  The  lichen 
is  so  near  to  the  last,  that  that  was  referred  to  it  by  both  Som- 
merfelt  and  Fries.  The  spores  become  indeed  bilocular,  and 
incongruous  therefore  with  the  type  of  the  present  section  ;  but 
they  are  perhaps  more  commonly  like  those  of  the  last  species, 
which  attain  finally  to  the  same  shape  and  size. 

13.  P.  tryptophylla  (Ach.)  Mass.;    thallus  squamulose-folia- 
ceous,  membranaceous  ;    from  pale-yellowish  soon  becoming 
livid-brownish  ;   squamules  stellate- expanded,  lacero-laciniate, 
erose  and  dentate-granulate,  passing  then  into  a  densely  coral- 
line-granulose  crust;    upon  a  bluish-black  hypothallus;    apo- 
thecia  small,  biatorine,  sessile ;  the  disk  chestnut-brown,  finally 
convex ;  and  the  thin  paler  margin  disappearing.    Spores  ellip- 
soid, simple,  decolorate,  ^J  mic. Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct  p.  76. 

Nyl.  Scand.  p.  125. 

Trunks,  and  stones,  New  England  and  New  York,  Tucker- 
man  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.    South  Carolina,  Ravenel.    Louisiana,  Hale. 

The  South  Carolina  specimens,  and  those  from  Louisiana, 

do  not  appear  to  differ  from  P.  nigro-cincta,  Nyl.  in  Lindig  herb. 
N.  Gran.  n.  818 ;  but  all  three  are  clearly  referable,  if  I  mis- 
take not,  to  the  older  species  before  us.  The  other  lichens 
named  nigro-cincta  in  Lindig's  collection  (n.  2623,  2882,  18  of 
2d  collection)  together  with  Montague's  original  Juan  Fernandez 
specimens  of  his  species,  and  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  103  in  great 
part  at  least,  seem,  in  like  manner,  referable  to  a  reduced  P. 
pannosa ;  n.  18,  in  particular,  not  offering  any  differences  from 
Wright  Cub.  n.  102,  which  should  be  the  original  pannosa  of 
Acharius.  The  dimensions  given  in  Nyl.  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  27, 
might  be  supposed  to  mean  that  the  spores  of  P.  nigro-cincta 
are  smaller  than  those  of  P.  pannosa ;  but  an  examination  of 
seven  specimens  of  the  former,  four  of  them  named  by  the 
author  cited,  shews  that  both  species  agree  very  well,  in  all 
respects,  in  their  spores. 

14.  P.  melamphylla,  Tuckerm.   in  litt. ;    thallus  orbicular, 
squamulose,  membranaceous ;  from  black-green  becoming  quite 
black ;  the  minute  squamules  stellate-expanded  and  crenate  at 
the  circumference,  but  somewhat  imbricated  at  the  centre  where 
they  pass  into  a  ragged  crust ;  apothecia.     .    . 

Rocks  (schist)  Vermont,  Frost. Texture  parenchymatous 


124  PANNAKIA. 

throughout;  cells  rounded;  the  goniinia  (diam.  5-6  mic.,  but 
now  larger)  being  mostly  solitary.  Spermatia  ellipsoid;  on 
sub-simple  sterigmas.  The  place  of  the  lichen  to  be  further 
determined  by  the  fruit,  as  yet  unknown. 

15.  P.  crossophylla,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  effuse,  membrana- 
ceous,  terete-compressed,  dichotomously  much-branched,  de- 
cumbent;  leaden -gray;    the  outer  portions  plume-like,  ^the 
inner  ones  densely  imbricated,  and  crowded  into  a  squamaceous- 
verrucose  crust ;  beneath  blackening  at  the  centre  ;  apothecia 
small,  biatorine,  immixt ;  the  disk  from  flesh-coloured  becom- 
ing chestnut-brown,  soon  convex  and  excluding  the  thin,  pale 

margin.     Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Obs. 

Lick.  1.  c.  4,  p.  404. 

Rocks,  Vermont  (Russell),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1861.  New 
York,  Peck.  Pennsylvania,  Eau.  Ohio,  Lesquereux.  Alabama, 
Peters. 

*****  Coccocarpia.  Thallus  foliaceous,  sub-mono- 
phyllous.  Medullary  layer  compact,  with  the  habit  of  that  of 
Peltigerei.  Gonimous  system  constituted  of  gonimia;  also  com- 
parable with  those  of  the  last  family.  Apothecia  biatorine. 

Spores  simple. In  this  group  Pannaria  may  be  said  to  look 

back,  so  far  as  thalline  structure  is  considered,  to  the  preced- 
ing and  higher,  rather  than  forward  to  the  next  following  fam- 
ily,— but,  as  regards  the  fruit,  to  be  less  typical  than  Pannaria 
proper. 

16.  P. plumbea  (Lightf.)  Delis.;  thallus  smallish,  orbicular, 
coriaceous-membranaceous ;     from  yellowish-brown  becoming 
livid-lead-coloured ;  the  more  or  less  connate  lobes  dilated  out- 
wardly, radiately  wrinkled,  and,  with  age,  concentrically  zoned, 
with  rounded  and  round-crenate  tips ;  the  centre  passing  into 
imbricate  lobules ;  upon  a  dense,  spongy,  at  length  bluish-black 
hypothallus ;  apothecia  smallish,  biatorine  ;  with  flat,  or  swell- 
ing, from  rusty-  at  length  sanguineous-red  disk ;  and  thin,  paler 
margin ;  finally  confluent.     Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate, 
~  mic. Parmelia,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  466.    Fr.  L.  E.  p.  87. 

On  an  old  oak,  Newport  mountain,  Island  of  Mt.  Desert, 
Maine,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  On  a  Birch  stump,  and  on  ex- 
posed rocks,  Island  of  Grand  Menan,  Willey. 

17.  P.  molyMcea  (Pers.)  Tuckerm.;  thallus  small  to  ample, 
orbicular,  with  the  texture  of  the  last,  and  the  radiately  plaited, 


PANNARIA.  125 

rather  entire  lobes  similarly  differenced  ;  from  pale  whitish- 
passing  into  brownish-  and  dark-leaden  gray ;  upon  a  hypothal- 
lus  like  that  of  the  last ;  apothecia  from  smallish  at  length 
more  than  middling-sized,  biatorine,  appressed,  soon  rather 
applanate  and  ample,  convex,  immarginate ;  disk  from  reddish- 
orange  or  chestnut  becoming  black.  Spores  ellipsoid  and  cym- 

biform,   bi  -  nucleolate,    decolorate,  -|^  mic. Tuckerm.   Gen. 

Lich.  p.  52.  Lecidea  Parmelioides  (Hook.}  Mont.  Cuba,  p.  192. 
Coccocarpia,  Tuckerm.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  104-107. 

b.  cronia,  Nyl.  ;  lobes  beset,  at  length  densely,  with  isidioid 
branchlets;    the  marginate  apothecia  white-flbrillose  beneath. 
Spores  as  in  a.    Parmelia  cronia,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  36. 

c.  incisa,  Nyl. ;  lobes  narrowed,  discrete  more  or  less  at  the 
circumference,  and  many-cleft;    at  the   centre  isidiophorous. 

[Apothecia  now  as  in  a,  and  now  as  in  b.] Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N. 

Gran.  p.  27  &  Lindig  herb.  n.  2538.     Coccocarpia  incisa,  Pers., 
Mont,  in  Ann.  Sci. 

Trees,  bushes,  and  dead  wood;  a  tropical  lichen,  but  ex- 
tending throughout  the  United  States  ;  Tuckerman  in  Darlingt. 
FL  Cest.  1853.  Texas,  Wright.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Alabama, 
Beaumont.  Florida,  Austin.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel.  Penn- 
sylvania, Michener.  Western  New  York,  Sartwell. b,  Rocks, 

and  also  trunks,  etc.,  commonly  infertile;  from  New  England 
to  Virginia,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Illinois,  fertile,  Wolf. 
North  Carolina  to  Texas,  Eavenel.  Alabama,  fertile,  Peters. 
Louisiana,  Hale.  As  also  Cuba,  Wright;  and  New  Granada, 

Lindig. c,   Trunks,    Florida,    Eavenel. This    species  is 

closely  akin  to  the  preceding,  but  is  differenced  by  the  apo- 
thecia, and  the  spores.  The  colours  are  perhaps  also  a  little 
unlike;  but  the  present  becomes  remarkable  in  the  tropics 
(where  the  other  is  wanting)  for  a  certain  luxuriance  (Coccocar- 
pia incisa,  ciliolata,  etc.,  of  authors)  which,  rare  enough  in  the 
northern  lichen,  is  far  from  surprising  in  the  tropical. 

18^  P.  stellata  (Tuckerm.)  Nyl.;  thallus  minute,  orbiculate, 
membranaceous ;  lead-coloured;  the  very  narrow,  linear,  and 
flat  lobes  discrete,  radiant,  and  many-cleft  at  the  circumference, 
but  becoming  at  the  centre  densely  imbricated,  and  dentate- 
lobulate;  white,  and  white-fibrillose  beneath;  apothecia  very 
small,  sessile ;  with  a  reddish-brown  disk ;  white  fibrillose  below. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  as  in  P.  molybdcea,  but  small,  decolorate,  -^- 


126  P  ANN  ARIA. 

mic. Coccocarpia,  Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  5,  p.  402.  Panna- 

ria,  Nyl.  Disp.  Psor.  &  Pann. 

Upon  Holly,  Low  country  of  South  Carolina  (Mavenel),  Tuck- 
erman I.  c.  1862.  Florida,  Messrs.  /.  D.  Smith,  &  Austin.  Ala- 
bama (Herb.  Willey). 

The  apothecia  and  spores  refer  the  plant  to  the  present  sec- 
tion, rather  than  the  preceding.  The  thallus  is  also  well -com- 
parable with  that  of  such  specimens  of  P.  motybdcea,  v.  incisa, 
as  are  given  in  Lindig  N.  G.  Coll.  2,  n.  68 ;  except  in  its  at 
length  extreme  narrowness  and  minuteness. 

******  Lecothecium.  Thallus  reduced  ;  squamulose-folia- 
ceous ;  and  crustaceous ;  the  hypothallus  mostly  indistinct,  or 
obsolete.  Medullary  layer,  when  denned,  of  compact,  elongated 
cells.  Gonimia  more  or  less  concatenate  and  distinctly  gelati- 
nous, with  a  Collemeine  aspect.  Apothecia  lecanorine  (n.  19, 
20)  or  biatorine.  Spores  (except  in  19)  2-4-locular.  (Lecothe- 
cium, Trevis.  Pannarice  sp.,  &  Pterygium,  Nyl.) 

19.  P.   Sonomensis,   Tuckerm.;    thallus   small,   irregular; 
greenish-brown ;  made  up^of  minute,  discrete,  elongated,  linear, 
many-cleft  lobes,  of  which  the  central  are  teretish  and  inter- 

jtangled,  and  the  outer  ones  expanded;  beneath  whitish,  and 
naked,  the  hypothallus  being  obsolete ;  apothecia  very  small, 
lecanorine ;  the  entire  margin  finally  excluded ;  and  the  reddish- 
brown  disk  blackening.  Spores  fusiform,  curved,  simple,  de- 
colorate,  ^f  mic. Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  12,  p.  169. 

Granitic  and  other  rocks,  Sonoma,  and  Yosemite,  California 
(Bolander),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1877. 

20.  P.  stenophytta,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  minute,  orbiculate, 
stellate-expanded ;  greenish-brown ;  lobes  terete,  those  of  the 
circumference  radiant,  and  branching ;  the  central  ones  squam- 
ulose-granulose,  falling  away  at  length  and  leaving  the  zoned 
periphery;  beneath  pale  without  apparent  hypothallus;  apo- 
thecia very  small,  lecanorine ;  the  disk  brown ;  the  margin  soon 
disappearing.     Spores  ellipsoid  and  oblong,  somewhat  Curved, 
bilocular,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  12,  p.  169. 

Calcareous  rocks  growing  intermingled  with  the  next,  Ala- 
bama (Peters),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1877. Apothecia  appearing 

to  be  now  zeorine ;  and  so  not  impossibly  biatorine  also,  at  last. 


PAKtfARIA.  127 

21.  P.  Petersii,  Tuckerm.  ;    thallus  squamulose-foliaceous, 
membranaceous,  stellate-expanded  ;  from  livid-glaucous  becom- 
ing olivaceous,  and  black;    lobes  appressed,  flat,  contiguous, 
now  dispersed  and  soon  falling  away  at  the  centre  ;  radiant  and 
many-cleft  at  the  concentrically  disposed  circumference ;    the 
hypothallus  obsolete;     apothecia  very  small,   biatorine,   flat, 
black,  with  a  thin  margin.     Spores  ellipsoid  and  oblong,  simple 

and  bilocular,  decelerate,  ^^  mic. Gen.  Lick. p.  54.    Lecidea, 

Tuck.    Pterygium,  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  93. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Alabama  (Peters]  Tuckerman  in  Nyl. 
Syn.  1858.  New  York,  Wittey. The  regular,  stellate,  con- 
centrically disposed  thallus  is  not  always  to  be  seen ;  but  only 
scattered  lobules. 

22.  P.flabellosa,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  squamulose-foliaceous, 
membranaceous ;    livid- ash -coloured;    lobules   narrow-linear, 
dissected,  those  of  the  circumference  expanded  and  fan-shaped, 
flat,  and  longitudinally  striate ;  those  of  the  centre  teretish  and 
heaped;    upon  an  indistinct,  finally  blue-black  hypothallus; 
apothecia  very  small,  immixt,  flat ;  a  red  disk  bordered  by  a 
pale -livid  margin,  and  both  finally  blackening.     Spores  oblong- 
ellipsoid,  2-4-locular,  decelerate,  ^^  mic. Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  5, 

p.  401 ;  Gen.  Lich.  p.  54. 

Granitic  rocks.    Vermont   (Frost),  Tuckerman  I.  c.   1862. 

White  Mountains,   Willey. Apothecia  3-6  mic.  wide,  about 

twice  the  size  of  those  of  the  last. 

23.  P.  nigra  (Huds.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  very  minutely  squamu- 
lose  ;  leaden-ash-coloured;  squamules  now  scattered  and  lobu- 
late,  but  heaped,  for  the  most  part,  into  a  broken,  granulose  or 
corallinoid  crust;  upon  a  thin,  blue-black  hypothallus;    apo- 
thecia very  small,  biatorine,  sessile  (from  reddish-brown)  com- 
monly black,  the  swelling  disk  soon  excluding  the  thin  margin. 

Spores  oblong,   2-4-locular,   decolorate,  ^^  mic. Collema, 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  628.    Pannaria,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  126. 

b.  ccesia,  Nyl. ;  thallus  dark-gray,  or  whitish ;  the  internal 

structure  confused  and  obscure. Tuckerm.  Gen.  Lich.  p.  54. 

Collolechia,  Mass.,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  377. 

Calcareous  rocks,  and  sandstones,  Pennsylvania  and  the 
northern  States  to  Canada,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Illinois 
and  Kansas,  Hall  Alabama,  Peters. b,  calcareous  rocks, 


128  COLLEMEI. 

Trenton,  N.  Y.,  etc.,  Tuckerman  Gen.  Lich.  1872. Structure 

of  the  thallus  of  the  present  species,  in  its  best  conditions  (as 
Fellni.  Lich.  Arct.  n.  101)  sufficiently  agreeing  with  that  of  the 
other  species  of  this  section,  and.  with  Pterygium,  Nyl.,  which  is 
not  well  at  home  in  Collemei ;  and  the  lichen  differs  in  fact  in 
nothing  from  Lecothecium  of  Authors  but  the  very  indistinct  hy- 
pothallus. Both  the  colour,  and  imperfectly  denned,  or  con- 
fused structure  of  b  may  perhaps  be  attributable  to  the  action 
of  lime :  like  a,  the  lichen  is  inseparable  from  the  Pannariei. 

*******  Jane II a.  Thallus  crustaceous,  squamulose-granu- 
lose,  parenchymatous  throughout.  Hypothallus  obsolete.  Goni- 
mous  system  of  gonimia.  Apothecia  biatorine.  Spores  muri- 
form-plurilocular.  (Collema  aut  Leptogium,  Auct.) 

24.  P.  byssina  (Kof£m..)  Tuckerm.;  thallus  effuse  ;  of  minute, 
granulose,  or  now  corallinoid,  ash-coloured  squamules,  passing 
into  scurfy  granules ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small,  innate-ses- 
sile; margin  depressed;  disk  reddish-brown.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Leptogium,  ZwacJch  Exs.  n. 

174.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  120.  Collema,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  410.  Pan- 
naria,  Tuck.  Gen.  p.  56. 

On  the  earth,  Illinois  (Hall),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872.  Massa- 
chusetts, on  bank- walls,  Willey. 


Fam.  6.— COLLEMEI. 

Thallus  various,  exhibiting  the  whole  range  of  variation 
in  form  of  the  Tribe, — now  shrub-like  and  ascendant ;  or 
filiform  and  decumbent ;  now,  and  for  the  most  part,  folia- 
ceous ;  and  now,  at  length  crust-like ;  when  moist  more  or 
less  gelatinous  (whence  the  name  Jelly-lichens)  •  the  hypo- 
thallus,  except  in  rare  cases,  obsolete.  Gonimous  system 
exclusively  of  gonimia,  which  are  now  clustered  in  roundish 
groups,  or  more  commonly  linked  together  in  necklace-like 
chains,  nestling  in  a  homogeneous  pulp  derived  from  the 
dissolution  of  the  thickened  membranes. 

For  a  consideration  of  the  relations  of  this  much-disputed 
Family  to  the  immediately  preceding  ones,  and  of  the  insupera- 


LICHItfEI.  129 

ble  difficulties  in  the  way  of  continuing  to  regard  it  as  ordinarily 
distinct  from  them,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  author's  Gen- 
era Lichenum,  p.  56-64,  etc. 

The  spore-history  of  the  Cottemei  offers  an  evident  contrast 
to  that  of  the  Pannariei,  in  that  while  in  the  latter  the  greater 
proportion  of  the  forms,  and  all  the  more  typical  ones,  have 
simple  spores, — the  higher  features  shewing  themselves  only  in 
the  receding  sections,  the  confused  and  at  length  aberrant  struct- 
ure of  which  assimilates  them  to  Eucollemel, — it  is  the  bulk  and 
most  typical  portion  of  the  former  which  displays  the  higher 
spore-characterization,  and  only  in  general  the  reduced  and  re- 
ceding clusters  'in  which  the  spores  are  simple.  We  descend 
thus  from  the  foliaceous  Pannariae  to  the  sections  Lecothecium 
and  Janella ;  as  we  ascend  from  Pyrenopsis  and  Omphalaria  to 
Leptogium  and  Hydrothyria.  But  in  both  alike  the  ultimate  con- 
dition of  tne  spore  is  that  of  the  Coloured  Series ;  and  those 
spores  therefore  the  structure  of  which  represents  earlier  stages 
of  spore-development,  however  without  colour  and  apparently 
equivocal,  are  to  be  taken  for  decolorate  members  of  the  same 
Series. 


Sub-Fam.    1. — LICHINEI. 

Thallus  filamentous  or  shrub-like  j  the  gonimia  either 
constituting  an  axis  (as  in  Sirosiphon,  and  other  types  of 
Algce,  with  which  Class  the  principal  members  of  the  present 
Sub-Family  were  formerly  placed,  as  Sirosiphon  is  now,  by 
some,  with  Lichenes)  but  interpenetrated  and  surrounded 
by  filamentous  elements  (hyphse),  and  crowded  at  length  by 
the  development  of  the  latter  into  a  regular  gonimous  layer 
(Sect.  1),  or  concatenate  (Sect.  2).  Medullary  layer  more  or 
less  parenchymatous.  Apothecia  globose ;  oftener  biatorine. 

Sect.  1.    Ephebei.     Thallus  filamentous,  sirosiphonoid. 

The  plants  to  be  now  described  are  distinguished  from  Alga,  as 
well  by  the  possession  of  apothecia,  as  of  hyphae.  In  other  re- 
spects, however,  the  present  section  is  so  close  to  certain  Algal 
types  (especially  Sirosiplion,  Kiitz.),  and  this  resemblance  ap- 
peared otherwise  of  such  difficult  explanation,  that  the  question  of 
parasitism  long  since  suggested  itself.  Ephebe  pubescens,  in  its 
9 


130  THEKMUTIS. 

•so-called  fertile  condition,  was  thus  taken  for  an  Alga  infested  by 
a  Fungus  (Hepp.  Flecht.  Eur.  n.  712).  De  Bary  illustrated  this 
further,  and  proposed  an  alternative.  Either  the  lichens  now 
before  us  are  the  fully  developed,  fructifying  states  of  plants, 
the  less  developed  conditions  of  which  ranked  heretofore  as 
Nostodiacece,  Ckroococcacece,  etc.,  among  the  Algce,  or  the  groups 
last-named  are  typical  Algce,  which  assume  the  form  of  Collema, 
Ephebe,  etc.,  in  consequence  of  being  penetrated  by  certain  para- 
sitical Ascomycetes,  which  spread  their  mycelial  cells  through, 
•and  thus  condition  the  growing  thallus.  (De  Bary,  Morph.  & 
PJiys.  d.  Pilze,  etc.,  p.  291.)  Schwendener's  development  of  the 
latter  hypothesis  (Die  Algen-typen  der  Flechten-gonidien,  1869, 
etc.)  opened  up  an  enquiry  of  deep  interest,  which  yet  neither 
his  own  profound  researches,  nor  the  later  ones  of  Bornet  (Re- 
cherches  sur  les  gonidies,  Ann.  5,  17,  1873)  and  Stahl  (Beitr.  z. 
Entwickelungsgeschickte  d.  Flechten,  1877)  were  sufficient  to  de- 
termine ;  and  the  question  remained  an  open  one,  till  it  was  set- 
tled, and  in  favour  of  the  autonomy  of  the  Lichens,  by  Minks 
(Das  Microgonidium,  1879). Sirosiphon,  Kiitz.,  of  which  sev- 
eral species  are  recognized  here  (Prof.  W.  G.  Farlow),  has  lately 
found  a  place  in  certain  Lichen-catalogues  with  the  authority 
apparently  of  Dr.  Nylander;  but  the  group  of  Algce  in  question, 
as  constituted,  is  only  hypothetically  associable  with  Lichens ; 
and  the  eminent  author  cited  has  not  yet  attempted  to  remove 

the  difficulty  of  so  associating  it. Ephebella,   Itzigs.,  also 

North  American  (Farlow)  is  still  further  removed  from  Lichens. 

[THERMUTIS,   Fr.,   Born. 

Apothecia  very  small,  biatorine.  Spores  ellipsoid,  colour- 
less. Spermatia  oblong;  on  simple  sterigmas.  Thallus 
slender  filiform,  densely  tufted ;  the  gonimia  constituting,  at 
the  extremities,  a  single,  central  axis,  which  breaks  up,  in 
the  older  parts,  into  transverse  rings. 

T.  belutina  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  thallus  of  very  slender,  decumbent, 
sub-simple,  crisped,  blackish-brown  filaments  intertangled  into 
close,  velvety  cushions;  apothecia  a  little  concave,  pale  brown, 
with  an  obtuse  margin.  Spores  roundish-ellipsoid,  simple,  "-^ 

mic." Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  286.  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  450. 

Gonionema,  Nyl.  Syn.  I, p.  88,  t.  I,/.  11. 

Rocks  and  stones,  Europe ;  but  known  to  fruit  only  in  the  ex- 


SPILONEMA.— EPHEBE.  131 

treme  north.    It  has  not  yet  been  detected  here. There  being 

no  question  of  the  plant's  being  the  type  of  Thermutis,  Fr.  (8. 
0.  V.  p.  302 ;  1825)  it  is  not  a  sufficient  reason  for  supplanting 
this  name  by  Nylander's,  that  Fries,  many  years  later,  referred 
incorrectly,  in  Hit.  (Schaer.  Enum.  p.  248),  an  incongruous  lichen 
to  his  genus.] 

[SPILONEMA,    Born. 

Apothecia  minute,  lentiform,  imtnarginate,  black.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  colourless.  Spermatia  oblong  j  on  multi-articulate 
sterigmas.  Thallus  slender  filiform,  branched,  the  large 
gonimia  arranged  at  first  in  an  axial  column,  as  in  the  last, 
but  soon  exhibiting,  like  that,  the  dissolution  of  this  column 
into  transverse  layers.  Nyl.  ut  infra. 

S.  paradoxum,  Born. ;  "  thallus  densely  caespitose,  entangled, 
irregularly  and  somewhat  one-sidedly  branched,  the  filaments 
about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  height ;  blackish-brown ;  apothecia 
hemispherical,  without  any  margin,  black.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
simple,  9-4  mic."— — Nyl.  Syn.  p.  89,  t.  2,/.  3.  Leight.  in  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  1865. 

Kocks  in  the  south  of  Europe ;  as  also  in  North  Wales  ;  and 
in  Finland. 

This  plant  is  also  unknown  here,  having,  like  the  last,  been 
hitherto  sought  in  vain  among  the  Sirosophons,  etc.,  of  our  rocks ; 
but  it  may  occur  within  our  limits,  however  long  obscured  by 
the  absence  of  fruit.  The  general  agreement  in  thalline  struct- 
ure of  the  plants  which  constitute  the  present  section  (Ephebei) 
is  such,  that  their  distinction  turns  on  their  fruit-characters. 
Spilonema  differs  yet,  by  its  branched  and  shrub-like  habit,  from 
Thermutis  ;  as  by  its  smaller  size  from  Ephebe. 

A  minute,  pulvinate  lichen,  looking  like  a  small  and  lighter- 
coloured  Ephebe,  which  Bornet  (in  litt.,  /dte  Farlow)  was  inclined 
provisionally  to  refer  to  this  genus,  but  infertile,  has  occurred, 
on  calcareous  rocks  in  Alabama,  Peters ;  and,  what  is  possibly 
the  same,  on  granitic  rocks  in  Massachusetts,  Willey.'] 

\ 

XXIIL— EPHEBE,   Fr.,   Born. 

Apothecia  minute,  now  persistently  immersed  in  the 
thallus  and  endocarpeine,  and  now  superficial  and  globose- 


132  EPHEBE. 

lecanorine;  the  coarctate  disk  punctiform.  Spores  ellip- 
soid, colourless.  Spermatia  ellipsoid;  on  simple  sterigmas. 
Thallus  coarsely  filamentous,  branched  j  the  large  gonimia 
grouped  finally  more  or  less  together  outside  of  the  medul- 
lary parenchyma. 

*  Apothecia  (so  far  as  known)  immersed  in  the  thallus. 

1.  E.  pubescens,  Fr. ;  thallus  much-branched,  rather  rigid, 
transversely  somewhat  wrinkled  and  scabrous,   decumbent  in 
loosely  intertaugled  tufts ;  from  blackish-green  becoming  black ; 
[apothecia  immersed  several  together  in  siliquose  swellings  of 
the  thallus;  the  disk  reduced  to  a  point.     Spores  oblong-ellip- 
soid, bilocular,  colourless,  ^~  mic.] Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  90,  t.  2,  1, 

&  17-20.    Leight.  I  c. 

Rocks,  throughout  New  England,  and  northward,  Tuckerman 
Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Greenland  ?  &  cf  Hornemann,  fide  Bornet. 
New  York,  Peck.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Probably  throughout  the 
Appalachian  system  of  mountains,  as  in  Alabama,  Peters. 
Always  as  yet  (with  the  above  noted  exception  of  Greenland) 
seen  here  without  apothecia,  but  occurring  with  spermogones, 
which  resemble  the  apothecia  of  the  next  species.  Reliance  is 
hardly  to  be  placed  on  the  ordinarily  dioecious  character  sup- 
posed to  distinguish  this  from  the  next  (Nyl.  Syn.  I.  c.}  as  com- 
pare the  E.  Lapponica,  Nyl.  in  Flora,  1875,  which  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  differ  at  all  from  the  present  but  in  being  monoecious. 

2.  E.  mammillosum  (Lyngb.)  Fr.;    thallus   simple;    softer 
than  the  last;    the  simple  branches  incrassated  and  spindle 
shaped,  and  thickly  mammillated  on  all  sides ;  apothecia  un- 
known.  Harv.  Brit.  Algce,  p.  153. 

Wet  rocks  near  Norman's  Woe,  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Prof.  Far- 
low.  Both  Agardh,  and  Harvey  have  inclined  to  consider  this  a 
variety  of  the  last,  from  which  Fries  (Summ.  Veg.  Scand.)  has 
distinguished  it. 

*  *  Apothecia  superficial,  and  globose. 

3.  E.  solida,  Bora. ;  thallus  generally  like  that  of  the  first 
species  in  habit  as  in  roughness,  but  much  shorter,  and  perhaps 
more  uniformly  stouter-branched  and  shrub-like,  and  growing  in 
smaller  tufts ;  black ;  apothecia  lateral  and  terminal ;  the  punc- 
tiform disk  at  length  evidently  impressed ;  with  an  obtuse  mar- 


LICHINA.  133 

gin.    Spores  oblong,  often  a  little  curved,  simple,  colourless,  ^ 

mic.,  the  slender  paraphyses  at  length  distinct. Born,  in  Ann. 

Sci.  3,  18,  171.     Nyl.  Syn.  I, p.  90. 

Rocks  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  Georgia  (Lesquereux) ,  Bornet  I.  c. 
1852.  Vermont,  Frost.  Massachusetts,  Willey. 

Like  a  reduced,  and  more  shrub-like  Efrhebe,  with  what  might 
seem  normal  apothecia.  Spermogones  as  in  the  last ;  but  the 

sterigmas  shorter. E.  Lesquereuxii,  Born.  I  c.,  p.  170,  from 

the  Raccoon  Mountains,  Alabama  (Lesquereux),  is  said  by  Bornet 
to  differ  from  E.  solida  only  in  being  thrice  or  four  times  as 
large ;  the  fruit  is  unknown,  and  the  plant  no  longer  exists  in 
Herb.  Lesq.  E.  pubescens  occurs  now  in  Alabama  (Peters)  twice 
as  large  as  in  the  ordinary  state,  there  also  found. 

The  more  normal  fruit  being  all  in  fact  that  distinguishes  this 
section  of  Ephebe  from  the  first,  it  appears  undesirable  to  sep- 
arate it  generically  as  Ephebeia,  Nyl.  (Flora,  1875). 

Sect.  2.  Eulichinei.  Thattus  fruticulose,  the  gonimia 
concatenate,  and  constituting  a  distinct  layer. 


XXIV.— LICHINA,    Ag.,   Mont. 

Apothecia  minute,  terminal,  globose-lecanorine  j  with  a 
punctiform  disk.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless.  Sper- 
rnatia  ellipsoid;  on  simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  shrub-like, 
cartilagineous-corneous,  brownish-black ;  the  texture  Colle- 
meine ;  but  the  necklace-like  chains  of  gonimia  distinctly 
separated  from  the  mostly  determinate  cortical,  as  from  the 
medullary  layer. 

L.  confinis  (Sin.)  Ag. ;  thallus  densely  csespitose,  dichoto- 
mously  branched ;  greenish-black;  the  slender  branches  terete, 
and  somewhat  fastigiate.  Spores  in  cylindraceous  thekes,  the 
paraphyses  finally  distinct.  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  430. 

*  Willeyi ;  thallus  scarcely  differing  externally,  but  the  corti- 
cal layer  obsolete ;  and  the  gonimia  supplanted,  for  the  most 
part  entirely,  by  a  microscopical  Alga,  the  long  tapering  points 
of  which  appear  outwardly ;  apothecia  also  similar  to  those  of 

the  species;  as  well  as  the  spores. Lichina  L.  confini  prox., 

Schwend.  Algentypen  der  Flechtengonid.  p.  19. 


134  ETJCOLLEMEI. 

Kocks  beyond  the  tides,  but  within  reach  of  the  sea  in  storms, 
Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  Tucker  man  in  Schwendener  I  c.  1869.  Hol- 
lows retaining  water  longest  in  otherwise  dry  rocks,  at  least  five 
miles  from  the  sea,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey. 

No  exceptions  having  occurred,  and  the  normal  L.  confinis 
being  unknown  to  us,  this  remarkable  medley  of  alien  organisms 
must  not  only  stand  with  us  for  Licliina,  but,  as  Schwendener 
has  remarked,  must  be  admitted,  without  further  investigation, 
to  speak  at  any  rate  for,  rather  than  against  the  theory  of  para- 
sitism. At  the  same  time,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  while  L. 
Willeyi  exhibits  the  living  together  in  most  intimate  association 
of  two  plants  of  distinct  Classes,  the  one  penetrating  indeed  the 
other,  and  assuming  the  place  even  (it  should  seem)  of  a  part  of 
the  typical,  internal  structure  of  the  other,  the  two  are  always 
distinct;  and  the  zigzag  chains  of  Lichina-gommia  which  are 
rarely  found  in  thicker  portions  of  the  thallus  offer  no  indication 
of  genetic  relationship  to  the  Alga  occupying  the  periphery. 
And  thus,  though  at  first  sight  appearing  possibly  to  bear  with 
force  on  the  side  of  parasitism,  the  complex  organism  before  us 
is  really  of  smaller  account  in  the  argument  than  some  other  less 
pretentious  facts. 


Sub-Fam.  2.  —  COLLEMEI  proper. 

Thallus  foliaceous,  now  diminished  or  microphylline ;  or, 
at  length,  crust-like  (granulose,  or  even  filmy)  j  only  excep- 
tionally fruticulose ;  the  gonimia  disposed  in  rounded,  dicho- 
tomously  branched  clusters  j  or,  more  commonly,  in  neck- 
lace-like chains ;  dissolving  for  the  most  part,  more  or  less, 
into  a  homogeneous  pulp,  traversed  by  the  hyphse.  Medul- 
lary layer,  in  the  lowest  forms,  parenchymatous.  Apothecia 
normally  scutellseform,  but  sometimes  persistently  unde- 
veloped, or  globose. 

The  difficulties  of  arrangement  of  the  intricately  correlated 
and  perplexed  groups  which  make  up  the  present  Sub-Family 
have  been  considered  by  the  author  in  Genera  Lichenum,  pp. 
69-77.  The  disposition  there  found  preferable  will  be  adopted 
here,  with  the  single  exception  that  Synalissa  symphorea  is  sep- 
arated from  the  granulose  species  in  that  work  associated  with 
it,  and  is  united  with  Omphalaria ;  from  which  the  writer  had , 


PYRENOPSIS.  135 

in  the  same  place  (Gen.  p.  72),  questioned  whether  it  were 
" really  dissociable."  These  granulose  species  (Pyrenopsis,  Nyl.) 
make  a  group  "  precluded  by  its  parenchymatous  tissue  from  the 
chief  structural  peculiarities  of  Collemei ;  and,  in  the  last  resort, 
perhaps  reconcilable  with  those  only  by  a  certain  accordance  in 
habit"  (Gen.  p.  77)  separating  them  from  low  types  of  Panna- 
riei.  But  Synalissa  symphorea  is,  in  every  respect,  a  Collemeine 
lichen ;  and  its  structure  is  that,  not  of  Pyrenopsis  but  Ompha- 
laria  proper,  in  which  we  already  have  fruticulose  types.  (*) 

Sect.  1.  Omphalariei,  Koerb.  Thallus  either  granulose, 
fruticulose,  or  reduced-folidceous,  attached  only  at  the  centre; 
gonimia,  for  the  most  part,  collected  in  clusters. 

XXV.  — PYRENOPSIS,   Nyl. 

Apothecia  very  small,  depressed-globose  ;  the  disk  con- 
tracted and  urceolate,  or  now  at  length  open.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  simple  or  bilocular,  decelerate.  Spermatia  oblong, 
or  now  filiform  and  bowed  (n.  5)  on  simple  sterigmas.  Thal- 
lus coralloid-granulose  ;  or  still  more  reduced  and  even 
filmy;  the  texture  parenchymatous  throughout  j  the  go- 
nimia  in  clusters  ;  or,  more  rarely,  in  chains. 

Humble  plants,  resembling  brownish  or  blackish  stains,  which 
the  lens  shews  to  be  scurfy ;  on  rocks.  But  little  is  known  as 
yet  of  them  here. 

*  Gonimia  disposed  in  clusters. 

1.  P.  Schcereri  (Mass.)  Nyl.;  thallus  of  minute,  corallinoid 
granules,  crowded  together  into  areole-like  groups,  and  forming 
a  broken,  blackish  crust ;  apothecia  very  small,  lecanoroid;  the 

(*)  Nylander  has  indeed  lately  (Collemacei  <$•  ccett.  Cubani  Novi,  in 
Flora,  1875)  referred  the  most  elegant  of  these  (the  Cuban  0.  Wrightii 
of  the  present  writer)  to  his  Synalissa ;  but  the  reference  is  determined 
perhaps  rather  by  the  marked  fruticulose  habit  of  the  plant,  as  the  Cuban 
lichen  offers  no  important  distinction  in  structure  from  his  Omphalaria. 
"In  textura  thalli,"  he  remarks  however,  "  observatur,  filamenta  apice 
divisa  in  gonimia  abire,  ita  ut  hi  apices  filamentorum  singuli  in  impres- 
sione  gonimii  levi  infigantur,  et  sic  3  vel  4  scepius  gonimia  sub-botryose 
infixa  conspiciantur'"  (Nyl.  1.  c.) — an  observation  capable  perhaps  of 
being  understood  in  more  than  one  way;  and  hardly  to  be  taken  as 
meant  to  suggest  a  structural  difference  between  the  two  groups  ! 


136  PYRENOPSIS. 

flat  disk  more  or  less  reddish  at  least  when  wet ;  the  thin  mar- 
gin now  granulate-coronate.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decelerate, 

^  mic. ;  the  paraphyses  capillary,  mostly  conglutinate. Pan- 

naria,  Mass.  Eic.  p.  14.  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  46. 

Calcareous .  rocks.  Illinois  (Hall),  Tuckerman  Gen.,  1874. 
Trenton  Falls,  N.  T.,  Willey.  Alabama,  Peters. 

Our  plant  agrees  with  an  excellent  Bavarian  specimen  ( Ar- 
nold] from  which  I  cannot,  however,  distinguish  one  of  the  two 
(from  the  same  substrate  in  Bavaria,  Arnold]  of  Omphalaria 
decipiens  given  in  Anzi  Venet.  2.  The  Italian  specimens  of  the 
present,  so  far  as  seen  (Mass.  Ital.  n.  338 ;  Anz.  Langob.  n.  430) 

are  inferior. What  I  have  seen  of  Psoroticliia  murorum, 

Mass.  (Mass.  Lick.  Ital.  n.  300;  Am.  in  herb.  Koerb.),  scarcely 
makes  clear  the  distinction  between  that  lichen  and  Pyrenopsis 
Schcereri.  The  latter  is  rather  distinguished  in  the  lowly  group 
before  us  by  its  well-characterized  apothecia. 

2.  P.  melambola,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  of  exceedingly  minute, 
olivaceous  granules  compacted  into  finally  thick  and  sub-stipi- 
tate,  scabrous,  black  areoles,  and  forming  a  close  crust;  apothe- 
cia very  minute,  1-6  in  the  areoles,  innate,  lecanorine,  black ; 
the  thin  margin  persistent  and  of  the  same  colour  with  the  sub- 
papillate  disk.     Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^^  mic.; 

the  paraphyses  conglutinate. Synalissa,  Obs.  Lick.  4,  I.  c.  12, 

p.  170. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Alabama  (Peters),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1877. 
The  regular,  raised  areoles  now  exceeding  1  millim.  in  width, 
and  almost  reaching  it  in  thickness  ;  the  apothecia  from  Omm-,  1 
to  Omm-,  3  wide. 

3.  P.polycocca  (Nyl.) ;  thallus  of  rounded  blackish  granules 
soon  passing  into  a  broken,  pitch-black  crust  which  is  hidden 
mostly  by  the  numerous  apothecia ;  these  are  very  small,  concol- 
orous,  globose,  with  a  coarctate,  punctiform,   urceolate  disk. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^p  mic.,  the  capillary  para- 
physes conglutinate. Synalissa,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  96. 

Granitic  rocks,  Vermont  (Frost),  Tuckerman  in  Nyl.  I.  c. 
1858. Apothecia  Omm-,  3  to  Omm-,  4  wide. 

4.  P.  pliceococca,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  coralloid-granulose,  com- 
pacted into  a  thickish,  broken  crust  like  that  of  the  last,  but 
reddish-brown  ;  apothecia  scattered,  very  small,  globose,  concol- 


PYREFOPSIS.  137 

orous ;  with  a  punctifonn,  impressed  disk  which  becomes  at 
length  dilated  and  lecanoriue.  Spores  ellipsoid  and  ovoid,  sim- 
ple and  bilocular,  decolorate,  ^  mic. ;  the  capillary  paraphyses 

at  length  distinct. Synalissa,  Gen.  Lich.  p.  80. 

Granitic  rocks,  North  Carolina  (Curtis),  Tnckerman  I. c.  1872. 

Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  Willey. Apothecia  Omm-, 

3  to  Omm-,  5  wide. 

The  colour  of  the  thallus,  passing  from  blood-red  into  reddish- 
brown,  and  no  less  the  large  internal  cells  each  containing  from 
one  to  four  gonimia  (now  exactly  comparable  with  those  of  Om- 
phalaria  Pliylliscum)  and  the  larger  spores,  separate  this  from 
the  last ;  which  is  however  unknown  as  yet  except  at  its  original 
station  j  and  its  range  of  variation  therefore  uncertain. 

5.  P.  phylliscina,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  thin,  made  up  of  very 
minute,  brownish-black  granules  which  are  collected  in  an  irreg- 
ular, filmy  crust;  apothecia  minute,  globose,  almost  closed  (Ver- 
rucaria3form).     Spores  in  sub-fusiform  thekes,  ovoid-ellipsoid, 
simple  and  bilocular,  decolorate,  9^J-  mic. ;  the  paraphyses  few 
and  short. Synalissa,  Gen.  Lich.  p.  80. 

Granitic  rocks,  New  Bedford  ( Willey},  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872. 

Spermatia  filiform,  bowed.  In  this  respect,  as  in  the  inexpli- 
cate,  globular  apothecia  with  the  disk  represented  only  by  what 
seems  a  Verrucariine  ostiole,  and  the  fusiform  thekes,  the  licheii 
reminds  us  of  Omphalaria  Phylliscum ;  nor  are  the  large  go- 
nimia ill-comparable  with  those  of  that.  Apothecia  Omm-,  2  to 
Omm-,  3  wide. 

*  *  Gonimia  disposed  in  chains. 

6.  P.  corallina,  Willey;  thallus  coralloid,  the  pyriform,  re- 
tuse  granules  becoming  elongated,  nodulose,  and  irregularly 
short-branched ;  and  constituting  finally  a  broken-areolate,  dark- 
olivaceous  (and  blackening)  crust;  apothecia  minute,  globose- 
lecanorine ;  with  a  coarctate,  impressed  disk.     Spores  ellipsoid, 
simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. ;   the  capillary  paraphyses  finally 
distinct. Willey,  msc. 

On  stones  (granitic)  near  the  ground  in  boggy  places,  on  the 

coast  of  Massachusetts,   Willey. Chains  of  gonimia  of  3-9 

members. 

7.  P.  viridi-rufa,  Tuckerm.;    thallus  of  rounded  granules 
which  are  soon  grouped  in  areole-like  clumps,  and  crowded  to- 


138  OMPHALARIA. 

gether  finally  into  a  broken  crust;  pale-bluish-  or  sage-green  ; 
apothecia  very  small,  lecanoroid,  innate,  flattish ;  the  disk  ru- 
fous; the  paler  margin  persistent.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decel- 
erate, ^  mic. ;  the  paraphyses  somewhat  distinct. Synalissa, 

Obs.  Lich.  I.  supra  c. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Texas  (Wright],  Tuckerman  1.  c.  1877. 

Gonimia  mostly  solitary  or  in  twos,  but  occurring  also  in  chains 
of  fours  and  sixes ;  10-17  mic.  in  the  longest  diameter. Frag- 
ments from  Bourbon  County,  Kansas  (Hall],  also  calcareous, 
agrees,  so  far  as  they  go,  very  well  with  this,  except  in  their 
blackish  colour,  bringing  them  near  to  Porocyphus  areolatus, 
Koerb. ;  which  is  similar  in  fact  in  the  spores  and  paraphyses, 
and  the  gonimia.  From  this  last  P.  viridi-rufa  is  distinguisha- 
ble, with  whatever  ultimate  rank,  by  the  colours,  and  the  differ- 
ent matrix.  Apothecia,  as  seen,  Omra-,  3  to  Omm-,  4  thick. 

XXVI.  — OMPHALARIA,   Dur.   &   Mont. 

Apothecia  very  small,  sub-globose;  more  or  less  immersed 
in  the  thallus,  or  superficial ;  rarely  explicate  and  scutellae- 
form.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate.  Spermatia  el- 
lipsoid, or  now  (n.  2,  3)  filiform  and  bowed;  on  simple 
sterigmas.  Thallus  fruticulose,  or,  more  commonly,  foliace- 
ous,  attached  to  the  substrate  at  only  one  point ;  the  go- 
nimia disposed  in  clusters,  or  rarely  linked  together  in 
necklace -like  chains,  interspersed  among  anastomosing 
hyphae  in  a  homogeneous  pulp. 

Synalissa,  Fr.  S.  0.  V.  p.  297  (1824)  was  founded  on  the 
type  of  the  first  section  of  Omphalaria  as  here  understood ;  but 
placed  with  SphaBriaceous  Fungi.  It  was  long  before  Fries 
again  reviewed  the  plant,  and  restored  it  to  its  proper  affinity, 
but  he  took  occasion  at  the  same  time  (Summ.  Veg.  Scand.  p. 
563,  1849)  to  associate  with  it  generically  Endocarpon phylliscum, 
Wahl.,  which  makes  here  the  second  section  of  the  present  genus. 
Before  this,  however,  Montagne  had  distinguished  (Alger.  1846) 
our  third  section  (to  which  he  afterwards  referred  also  our 
second)  as  Omphalaria;  and  the  group  thus  established  has 
acquired,  whether  as  Omphalariei  or  Omphalaria,  emend.,  of 
authors,  an  extent,  and  has  received  an  amount  of  illustration 
which  makes  any  attempt  at  superseding  its  well-known  name 
by  the  older  one  impracticable. 


OMPHALARIA.  139 


* 


Synalissa.  Thallus  fruticulose ;  the gonimia  disposed  in 
clusters.  Apothecia  globose-lecanorine.  Spermatia  either  ellip- 
soid (n.  1)  or  filiform  (n.  2). 

1.  0.  symplwrea  (DC.);   thallus  pulvinate,  minute,  rigid; 
sparingly  or  at  length  dichotomously  divided,  with  short  and 
stout,  torulose  branches ;  apothecia  terminal,  globose ;   the  co- 
arctate,  concave  disk  at  length  dilated  and  bordered  by  an  ob- 
tuse margin.     Spores  more  commonly  12-16  in  the  thekes,  ellip- 
soid and  globular,  simple,  decolorate,  ^-4  mic. Synalissa,  Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  27.     8.  symphorea  &  sphcerospora,  Nyl.  Syn. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Alabama  (Peters],  Tuckermanin  Nyl.  Syn. 
1858. 

The  European  lichen  is  not  always  as  well-developed  as  ours, 
but  the  two  are  inseparable  in  species.  The  plant  starts  as  a 
glebous-squamaceous  frond  with  the  aspect  of  0.  pyrenoides. 
As  this  grows  it  takes  on  more  of  the  look  of  0.  umbella,  above 
as  well  as  below ;  and  only  finally  assumes  its  fruticulose  char- 
acter. 

2.  0.  Texana,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  nodulose-sub-fruticulose, 
of  the  size  and  with  the  texture  and  colour  of  n.  ]  j   apothecia 
unknown.    Spermogones  situated  like  and  resembling  apothecia, 

containing  filiform,  bowed  spermatia;  on  simple  sterigmas. 

Synalissa,  Gen.  Lich.  p.  80. 

Calcareous  rocks,  very  sparingly,  Texas  (Wright),  Tucker- 
man  I.  c.  1872. 

Like  a  nodose  or  undeveloped  form  of  n.  1,  but  becoming 
somewhat  branched.  Internal  structure  also  similar,  except 
that  the  larger  gonimia  (reaching  14  mic.  at  least  in  diameter) 
have  much  the  look  of  those  of  the  next  following  species  though 
only  of  half  the  size. 

*  *  Endocarpoma.  Thallus  foliaceous,  with  the  habit 
and  texture  of  tlee  following  section,  with  which  this  also  agrees 
in  the  evolution  of  the  gonimia  ;  but  the  latter  larger  than  usual, 
and  soon  solitary.  Apothecia  immersed  and  persistently  nuclei- 
form.  Spermatia  filiform. 

3.  O.phyllisca  (Wahl.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  small,  rigid,  rosu- 
late,  black,  the  rounded  lobules  conspicuous  at  the  periphery 
but  less  so  at  the  centre,  or  more  rarely  somewhat  imbricate ; 
apothecia  minute,  depressed-globose;  the  urceolate  disk  with  a 


140  OMPHALAEIA. 

punctiform  aperture.  Spores  in  sub-fusiform  thekes  9-18,  ellip- 
soid and  globular,  simple,  decolorate,  -^~  mic. Tuckerm.  Gen. 

p.  84.  0.  Demangeonii,  Mont,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Sept.,  1849.  0. 
Silesiaca,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  423.  Phylliscum  endocarpoides  & 
P.  Demangeonii,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  136,  t.  3,  /.  5.  P.  endocarpoides, 
Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  443.  Schwend.  Undersuch.  in  Naeg.  Beitr. 
1868,  4,  194. 

Granitic  rocks,  White  Mountains  (Eussell),  Tuckerman  Gen. 
1872.  Vermont,  Frost.  Massachusetts,  Willey.  Ehode  Island, 
J.  L.  Bennett.  Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz.  Oregon,  Hall. 

This  plant,  the  whole  aspect  of  which  is  that  of  Omphalaria 
proper,  as  is  the  general  internal  structure,  differs  yet  in  the 
early  breaking  up  of  the  gonimous  clusters  which  so  commonly 
characterize  the  section,  and  the  large  size  of  the  then  solitary 
gonimia,  as  well  as  in  the  feebler  development  of  gelatinous  pulp; 
in  both  which  respects  it  looks  rather  towards  Pyrenopsis.  It  is 
possible  then  to  regard  it  as  an  intermediate  type  between  Py- 
renopsis and  Omphalaria.  As  now  accepted  as  a  genus  by 
authors  the  distinction  turns  however,  if  we  mistake  not,  less  on 
the  thalline  differences  than  on  the  assumption  of  an  essential 
difference  in  the  fruit  j  that  this  namely,  instead  of  being  to  be 
considered,  in  spite  of  its  diffluent  paraphyses,  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  Collemeine  group  to  which  the  plant  manifestly  be- 
longs by  its  other  characters,  and  in  which  inexplicate  apothe- 
cia,  so  surprisingly  exhibited  in  0.  leptophylla  and  0.  deusta  of 
the  island  of  Cuba,  are  the  rule,  shall  be  reckoned  a  perithe- 
cium ;  an  opinion  which  we  take  for  untenable. 

*  *  *  Omphalaria  proper.  Thallus  foliaceous,  attached  to 
the  substrate  at  only  a  single  point ;  the  gonimia  in  clusters  ;  or 
rarely  (n.  8)  in  chains ;  interspersed  among  hyphce,  in  a  homo- 
geneous pulp. This  group  is  distinctly  gelatinous  and  Colle- 
meine. The  species  with  concatenate  gonimia  are  indeed  referred 
to  Collema  by  Nylander  (Syn.} ;  but  belong  naturally,  by  the 
peculiar  attachment,  and  whole  habit,  with  the  others. 

f  Gonimia  in  clusters. 

4.  0.  Kansana,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  pulvinate,  rigid,  black, 
made  up  of  stipitate,  erect,  clavate  fronds  which  become  lobate 
above,  or,  from  the  dilated  fruit,  pileate ;  apothecia  sub-terminal, 
concolorous,  soon  convex  and  the  margin  disappearing.  Spores 


OMPHALARIA.  141 

in  ventricose  thekes  8-12  or  more,  from  ellipsoid  soon  oblong  and 

constricted  at  the  middle,  simple,   decolorate,  ^  mic. Obs. 

Lich.  4,  I  c.  12,  p.  170. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Kansas  (Hall],  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1877. 
Fronds  1-1  £mm-  in  height,  with  much  the  habit  and  internal 
structure  of  0.  corallodes  (Mass.),  Nyl.,  but  smaller,  and  with  less 
of  foliaceous  character.  Clusters  of  gonimia  soon  broken  up,  the 
solitary  ones  12-19  mic.,  in  the  longest  diameter;  almost  defi- 
cient at  the  centre.  The  spores  become  perhaps  finally  bilocu- 
lar  ?  Apothecia  Oram-,  5  to  Omm-,  8  wide. 

5.  0.  pyrenoides,  Nyl. ;    thallus  squamaceous,   black ;    the 
small  fronds  rounded  and  convex ;  apothecia  one  in  each  frond, 
innate,  concolorous,  at  length  somewhat  dilated,  with  an  obtuse 
margin.     Spores  rounded-ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  -^  mic. 
Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  100. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Texas  ( Wright),  Tuckerman  in  Nyl.  Syn. 
1858. Spermatia  minute,  ellipsoid ;  on  simple  sterigmas. 

6.  0.  pulvinata,  Nyl. ;  thallus  foliaceous,  coriaceous-cartila- 
gineous,  black ;  of  closely  aggregated  lobes,  which  are  divided 
more  or  less,  and  pass  into  ascendant,  wavy  and  crenate-cut, 
rounded  lobules ;    [apothecia  for  the  most  part  at  the  edges  of 
the    lobes,  tuberculiform,  pallescent.      Spores  short-ellipsoid, 
simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic.] Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  99. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  G.  E.  Gerard. 
Shores  of  Willoughby  Lake,  Frost.  Mountains  of  Colorado, 

Brandegee  in  herb.  Willey. The  apothecia  have  not  as  yet 

occurred  here. 

7.  0,  Girardi,  Dur.   &  Mont. ;    thallus  coriaceous,   black ; 
with  much  the  aspect  and  texture  of  the  last  but  fewer-  and 
much-wider-lobed,  and  the  lobes  only  sparingly  divided  and 
undulate ;  [apothecia  uroeolate.     Spores  short-ellipsoid,  simple, 

decolorate,  -|£  mic. Mont.  Syll.  p.  380.    Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  99. 

Collema  plutonium,  Tucker  m.  in  litt. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Alabama  (Peters),  Tuckerman  in  Nyl.  I.  c. 
1858.  Apothecia  unknown  here. 

f  f  Gonimia  commonly  in  chains. 

8.  0.  Umbella,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  small,  rounded,  thick  and 
rigid,  sub-monophyllous,  granulate  ;  brown-olivaceous  and  black- 


142  COLLEMA. 

ening;  beneath  paler,  passing  with  age  into  two  or  three  ob- 
scurely distinguishable  lobes,  with  lobulate  and  crenulate  edges ; 
apothecia  numerous,  superficial,  lecauorine;  the  disk  reddish- 
brown,  bordered  by  an  obtuse  margin.  Spores  ellipsoid  and 
cymbiform,  simple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. ;  the  capillary  paraphy- 

ses  distinct. Tuckerm.  in  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  105.  Collema, 

Nyl.  I.  c. 

Calcareous  rock,  Alabama  (Peters),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  1858. 

Apothecia  Omm-,  3  to  Omm-,  4  wide. 

Very  close  to  0.  botryosa,  Nyl.,  which  is  by  no  means  always 
as  "endocarpeine"  as  described;  and  the  latter  occurs  more  or 
less  with  the  gonidia  concatenate,  though  it  is  accepted  without 
question  by  Nylander  as  an  Omphalaria.  I  find  this  true  also  of 
the  gonimous  system  of  the  American  0.  Girardi. 

Sect.  2.  Eucollemei.  Thallus  foliaceous  (or  only  excep- 
tionally fruticulose],  the  whole  under  side  attached  to  the  substrate; 

the  gonimia  in  chains. 

• 

XXVII.— COLLEMA,   Hoffm.,  Fr. 

..  Apothecia  from  very  small  at  length  middling-sized,  scu- 
tellseform.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid  and  cymbiform,  now  sim- 
ple ;  now  fusiform  and  2-plurilocular  j  and  now  murifonn- 
plurilocular ;  decolorate.  Spermatia  ellipsoid  or  oblong; 
for  the  most  part  on  jointed  sterigmas.  The  cortical  layer 
of  the  thallus  obsolete  j  or,  with  rare  exceptions,  indistinct. 
Gonimia  in  chains. 

*  Coll  em  ell  a.     Thallus  fruticulose.    Spores  simple. 

1.  C.  cladodes,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  small,  pulvinate,  cartila- 
gineous ;  blackish-green ;  the  terete  divisions  longitudinally  stri- 
ate  and  fastigiately  somewhat  branched ;  those  of  the  circumfer- 
ence stellate-radiant;  apothecia  minute,  terminal,  or  lateral, 
depressed-globose.  Spores  rounded,  simple,  decolorate,  16-19 
mic.  in  diameter. Gen.  Lich.  p.  89. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Trenton  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872. 
The  plant  did  not  yield  me  spores  ;  but  Mr.  Willey  has  since  col- 
lected specimens  which  gave  him  the  result  above  noted. 

*  *  Lathagrium.  Thallus  foliaceous,  sub-membranaceous, 
exhibiting  now  indications,  at  least  interruptedly,  of  a  cortical 


COLLEMA.  143 

layer,  ivhich  becomes  at  length  distinct.  Spores  from  simple  and 
ovoid-ellipsoid  becoming  bilocular,  and  elongated  and  bi-quadri- 
plurilocular,  icith  entire  sporoblasts  ;  only  exceptionally  sub-muri- 
form. 

2.  C.  myriococcum,  Ach.,  Arn.;   thallus  of  middling  size, 
sub-orbicular,  cartilagineous ;  black ;  attached  closely  to  the  sub- 
strate in  the  manner  and  with  the  look  of  Nostoc  Commune; 
the  irregular,  flexuous,  variously  complicated  lobes  repand,  and 
more  or  less  warted ;  apothecia  minute,  crowded,  immersed,  or 
emergent,  lecanorine,  the  pale-brown  disk  bordered  at  length  by 
a  persistent  margin.     Spores  rounded-ovoid  and  ellipsoid,  eirn- 

ple,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  638.     Arn.  Fragm.  in 

Flora,  1867.     Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  89. 

Calcareous  rocks,  growing  over  mosses,  Rockland  County, 
New  York  (Austin),  Tuckerman  I  c.  1872.  What  is  with  little 
doubt  the  same  plant  but  infertile,  has  occurred,  in  similar  sta- 
tions, at  Trenton  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Tuckerman  ;  in  New  Jersey,  Aus- 
tin ;  and  in  Alabama,  Peters. 

The  C.  chalazanum  of  Leigh  ton  Lich.-Fl.  Brit.  p.  17,  if  we 
may  judge  by  an  Irish  lichen  of  Herb.  Taylor,  is  scarcely  separable 
from  the  present ;  and  Nylander  (Lich.  Scand.  p.  29)  has  ques- 
tioned the  specific  distinctness  of  the  two;  but,  according  to 
Arnold,  the  former  is  kept  apart  by  longer  and  larger  spores 
(Hepp.  n.  662).  The  shape  of  the  spores  is  however  quite  uncer- 
tain ;  and  the  supposed  difference  in  the  thekes  is  no  more,  in 
our  plant  at  least,  to  be  depended  on ;  these  organs  occurring 
now  narrowed,  with  the  spores  in  a  single  series,  and  now  ventri- 

cose. The  apparent  distance  between  the  present  species  and 

the  one  next  following  might  seem  perhaps  to  be  reduced  by  C. 
omphalarioides,  Auz.  (Lich.  Etrur.  n.  46),  which  Arnold  has  re- 
ferred to  the  group  represented  by  C.  myriococcum  (Lempho- 
lemma,  Koerb.),  but  the  relation  of  the  Italian  lichen  to  C.  pyc- 
nocarpum  appears  to  be  far  more  intimate  than  to  any  form  of 
the  other  group. 

3.  C.pycnocarpum,Ny}.;  thallus  middling-sized,  sub-orbicu- 
lar, membranaceous-cartilagineous ;  from  pale-  becoming  black- 
ish-green ;  lobes  radiately  expanded,  soon  irregularly  narrowed, 
fenestrate,  ribbed,  with  ascendant  marginal  lobules  which  are 
densely  rugose-lobulate,  and  covered  at  length  with  the  crowded 
fruit  concealing  the  thallus ;  apothecia  small,  disk  red,  soon  con- 


144  COLLEMA. 

vex,  and  excluding  the  thin,  entire  margin.  Spores  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, bilocular,  decolorate,  ^  inic. Nyl.  Syn.  p.  115. 

Trunks,  North  America,  Nylander  I.  c.  1858.  Canada,  Drum- 
mond,  New  England  and  Middle  States,  Tuckerman.  Illinois, 
Hall.  Carolina  and  Georgia,  Eavenel.  Florida,  Austin.  Ala- 
bama and  Arkansas,  Peters. And  also  in  New  Granada,  S. 

Amer.,  Nylander  (Lindig,  herb.  n.  2872). 

3(b).  C.  cyrtaspis,  Tuckerm. ;  a  stouter  and  rather  larger 
lichen  with  more  distinct  lobation,  better  displaying  the  thalline 
features  of  C.  pycnocarpum ;  apothecia  larger  (commonly 
l-2mm-  wide)  scattered,  the  dark-chestnut,  shining  disk  bordered 
more  persistently  by  a  thickish,  crenulate  margin.  Spores  sub- 
fusiform,  4-locular,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Obs.  Licli.  2, 1.  c.  387. 

Trunks  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  Tucker- 
man  1.  c.  1862.  It  has  occurred  also  in  New  Jersey,  Austin  ; 
New  York,  Sarticell ;  and  even  in  Massachusetts,  Willey ;  but 
is  better  exhibited  southward.  Illinois,  Hall.  Ohio,  Lea.  North 
Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  Mavenel.  Ala- 
bama and  Arkansas,  Peters. There  is  scarcely  any  difference, 

in  the  thallus,  from  C.  pycnocarpum,  beyond  what  is  noted. 
Indeed  C.  aggregatum  may  be  said  to  differ,  in  this  respect, 
rather  in  that  inferior  regularity  of  arrangement  which  Sommer- 
felt  has  distinguished  as  '  caespitose-fasciculate,'  than  anything 
else ;  and  the  thallus  of  the  very  distinct  C.  callibotrys  is  not 
easily  otherwise  describable  ;  all  these  lichens  depending  mainly 
for  their  rank  on  the  spore-characters.  It  may  however  be 
added,  for  what  it  may  be  worth,  that  while  the  apothecia  and 
the  spores  of  the  present  are  larger  than  those  of  C.  pycno- 
carpum, the  collogonidia  appear  to  be  somewhat-  smaller ;  or  to 
differ  as  3-6  mic.,  from  4-7  mic. 

4.  C.  laciniatum,  Nyl. ;    thallus  middling-tized,   orbicular, 
cartilagineous,   stellate;     olive-green;    the  narrow,  elongated, 
radiant  lobes  discrete,  deeply  laciniate,   with  rugose-nodulose 
tips;  apothecia  of  middling  size,  elevated;  the  flattish  disk  bor- 
dered by  a  sub-crenate  margin.    Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid,  biloc- 
ular, decolorate,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  116. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Alabama  (Peters],  Tuckerman  in  Nyl.  I.  c. 
1858.  Kansas,  Hall. 

5.  C.  micropliyllum,  Ach. ;  thallus  minute,  sub-membranace- 
ous,  orbicular,  or  now  fragmentary  and  effuse ;  olivaceous  be- 


COLLEMA.  145 

coming  blackish-green ;  lobes  at  the  circumference  explanate,  at 
the  centre  reduced  and  sub-imbricate,  granulate-crenate ;  apo- 
thecia  numerous,  small,  sessile,  urceolate,  and  flat ;  the  thalline 
margin  finally  disappearing,  and  a  pale,  proper  border  margin- 
ing the  red  disk.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  sub-muriform  (long. 

series  of  cells  4,  transv.  1-2),  decolorate,  ^|  mic. Ach.  Syn. 

p.  310.     Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  527. 

Elm-bark,  Massachusetts  (Willey],  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
Illinois,  Hall. It  is  a  character  of  the  lichen  to  exhibit  urceo- 
late apothecia,  but  these  become  flat,  and  even  convex.  The 
fruit  is  properly  zeorine,  but  conspicuously  at  length  biatorine, 
as  in  the  European  plant,  with  which  ours  entirely  agrees.  The 
structure  of  the  spore  is  exceptional  as  regards  the  present  sec- 
tion, but  the  thalline  characters  bring  the  plant  into  close  rela- 
tion, on  the  one  hand  to  C.  verruciforme,  Nyl.,  and  C.  callibotrySj 
and  on  the  other  to  the  European  C.  conglomeratum,  HofTm.  (of 
which  C.  verruculosum,  Hepp.,  with  similarly  exceptional  spores, 
is  a  near  relative),  and  C.  pycnocarpum. 

6.  C.  callibotrys,  Tuckerrn.;  thallus  with  the  size,  general 
features  and  texture  of  that  of  C.  cyrtaspis  ;  from  pale-  at  length 
dark-olivaceous;    the  irregularly  narrowed,  fenestrate,  ribbed 
lobes  giving  off  ascendant,  botryose-difform  lobules  which  are 
thickly  covered  with  the  minute  fruit ;  apothecia  concave ;  the 
disk  red,  the  margin  very  entire.     Spores  at  first  and  commonly 
squared,  with  four  cells  disposed  crosswise,  but  at  length  ellip- 
soid, and  the  cells  more  or  less  divided,  decolorate,  ^§  mic. 

Obs.  Lich.  2,  1.  c.  p.  386. 

Trees,  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Tuck- 
erman I.  c.  1862.  Florida,  Austin.  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas, 
Hall. 

7.  C.  verruciforme,  Nyl. ;  thallus  minute,  cartilagineous,  of 
ascendant,  crenate,  and  granulate,  olivaceous,  or  olive-brown 
lobules ;  which  are  either  crowded  into  small,  rounded,  compli- 
cated heaps,  or  fragmentary  and  effuse;  apothecia  numerous, 
very  small ;  more  or  less  urceolate,  the  reddish-brown  disk  bor- 
dered by  a  thickish,  thalline  margin.     Spores  squared,  with  four 
cells  disposed  as  in  the  last  species,  and  in  like  manner  becom- 
ing ellipsoid  and  sub-muriform,  decolorate,  ^  mic. Nyl. 

Syn.  I,  p.  112. 

On  Red  Cedar  and  other  trees,  Weymouth  and  New  Bedford 
10 


146  COLLBMA. 

(Willey),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.    Also  on  Eed  Cedar  at  Cam- 
bridge.   On  the  same  bark  in  New  Jersey,  Austin. 

Like  the  somewhat  similar  C.  microphyllum,  this  lichen, 
which,  as  represented  in  Schaerer's  excellent  specimens  (Lich. 
Helv.  n.  416),  corresponds  with  the  definition  of  Acharius  (<7. 
furvum  v.  verruciforme,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  323)  in  exhibiting  dense, 
rounded,  little  cushions,  which  gave  occasion  to  its  name,  passes, 
at  least  here,  into  an  effuse  and  scurfy  form,  not  otherwise  dif- 
fering. And  this  ends  finally  in  an  almost  granulose  and  crus- 
taceous  one,  from  which  C.  quadratum,  Lahm  (Koerb.  Parerg. 
p.  411),  appears  to  be  scarcely  separable.  C.  callibotrys,  with  its 
well-developed,  foliaceous  thallus,  offers  evidently  the  other 
extreme  of  this  series  of  lichens,  so  manifestly  connected  by  the 
spores. 

8.  C.  aggregatum,  Nyl. ;  thallus  of  middling  size,  orbicular, 
membranaceous  -  cartilagineous,  sub  -  monophyllous,  lobate  -  pli- 
cate and  fenestrate,  marked  with  conspicuous,  anastomosing, 
rugose -granulate  ridges;  from  bright-  becoming  blackish -green; 
beneath  pale ;  apothecia  of  middling  size,  somewhat  elevated, 
flattish,  mostly  in  bunches  on  the  ridges ;  the  disk  reddish,  the 
margin  sub-entire.  Spores  long-fusiform,  plurilocular,  decel- 
erate, ^J  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  115.  Synechobl., Koerb.  Parerg. 

p.  419. 

b.  implicatum ;  scarcely  differing  but  in  now  larger  apothe- 
cia, and  stouter  spores,  ^  mic. C.  implicatum,  Nyl.  Prodr. 

N.  Gran.  p.  2 ;  &  in  herb.  Lindig,  n.  749. 

c.  glaucophthalmum ;  like  the  last,  but  the  apothecia  white- 

pruinose.    Spores  ^y  mic. C.  glaucophthalmum,  Nyl.  Syn.  1, 

p.  114;  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  2;  &  in  herb.  Lindig,  n.  813. 

Trees,  &,  Mexico,  Nylander,  1863 ;  as  also  in  Cuba,  Wright ; 

Venezuela,  Wagner-,  Fendler-,  and  New  Granada,  Lindig. 

c,  Mexico,  Nylander  Syn.,  1858.  New  Granada,  Lindig. 

These  lichens  have  all  the  same  thallus,  and  are  generally 
similar. 

S(d).  C.  leptaleum,  Tuckerm.;  with  the  thallus  of  C.  aggre- 
gatum,  and  apothecia  varying,  like  those  of  the  varieties  of  that 
lichen,  now  to  ample,  but  better  characterized  than  the  latter 

by  its  smaller,  vermiform  spores,  with  obtuse  ends,  ^  mic. 

Obs.  Lich.  I  c.  6;  p.  263. 


COLLEMA.  147 

Trees,  not  uncommon  from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuck- 
erman  I.  c.  1863.  New  York,  Eussell.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel. 

Alabama,  Peters.    Louisiana,  Hale.    Texas,  Wright. As  also- 

in  Cuba,  Wright  ;  and  Japan,  Wright. 

9.  C.  microptychium,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  small,  pulvinate,  car- 
tilagineous;  blackish-green;   lobes  thickly  crowded  together, 
erectish,  rounded,  crenate,  gyrose-complicate ;  apothecia  small, 
sessile,  flat ;  the  disk  rufous,  the  margin  entire.    Spores  vermi- 
form, plurilocular,  decolorate,  ^^  mic. Lich.  Calif,  p.  35. 

Trunks  of  Elm,  Chestnut,  and  other  trees,  Amherst,  Mass.r 

Tuckerman  1.  c.  1866. As  C.  leptaleum  offers  the  thallus  of  C. 

aggregatum  with  distinct  spores,  the  present  lichen  exhibits 
the  spores,  we  may  say,  of  C.  leptaleum  with  an  irreconcilable 
thallus,  now  approaching  that  of  the  next  specie.s.  A  rather 
larger  but  not  dissimilar  lichen,  differenced  similarly  to  this 
from  C.  flaccidum  by  its  thicker  thallus,  has  occurred,  on  trees, 
at  Amherst,  and  in  the  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  j  Willey ; 
but  always  infertile. 

10.  C.  flaccidum,  Ach.;  thallus  middling-sized,  membrana- 
ceous ;  olive -green ;  made  up  of  ample,  lax  and  bullate,  rounded, 
entire  lobes,  which  are  besprinkled  mostly  with  concolorous 
granules,  and  the  ascendant  margins  plicate-undulate ;  beneath 
paler ;  apothecia  smallish,  scattered,  sessile,  flattish ;  the  disk 
reddish-brown,  the  thin  margin  entire,  now  granulate.    Spores 
ovoid  and  cymbiform,  4-6-locular,  decolorate,  ^  mic. ;  becom- 
ing also  long-fusiform,  and  6-8-locular,  ^^  mic. Ach.  Syn.  p. 

322.     Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  91. 

Kocks  and  trunks,  from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tucker- 
man Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Canada,  Drummond.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illi- 
nois, Hall.  North  and  South  Carolina,  infertile,  Eavenel ;  New 
Mexico,  infertile,  Fendler. 

11.  C.  nigrescens  (Huds.)  Ach. ;  thallus  middling-sized,  or- 
biculate,  thin-membranaceous,  sub-monophyllous,  closely  ad- 
nate  to  the  substrate,  smooth,  conspicuously  marked  with  radi- 
ating wrinkles,  and  pustule-like  prominences ;  olivaceous-green 
and  blackening;  the  rounded,  flexuous  lobes  entire;  beneath 
paler,  costate-lacunose ;   apothecia  small,  crowded;  the  disk 
reddish-brown,  becoming  convex  and  excluding  the  thin  mar- 
gin.   Spores  long-fusiform  and  acicular,  plurilocular,  decolorate,, 
4-g?  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  646.    Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  114. 


148  COLLEMA. 

b.  leucopepla,  Tuckerm. ;  a  smaller  lichen,  with  very  small 
apothecia  which  are  white-pruinose ;  and  longer  spores,  ^  mic. 
Gen.  p.  92. 

Trunks,  a,  northern  and  middle  States,  not  rare,  Muhlen- 
berg  Catal.  1818.  Canada,  Macoun.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois,  Hall. 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel. 
Florida,  J.  D.  Smith.  Alabama,  Peters.  Oregon,  Hall.  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander. b,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  Eavenel. 

Florida,  J.  D.  Smith.  Alabama,  Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale. 

a  occurs  now  white-pruinose ;  in  Massachusetts,  Willey. 

11  (b).  C.  ryssoleum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  membranaceous,  rather 
loose,  smooth ;  from  olivaceous  at  length  blackish-brown ;  the 
rounded,  bullate  lobes  ascendant,  with  plicate-undulate  and 
crisped  edges,  above  rugose-papulose,  beneath  paler  and  reticu- 
late -lacunose;  apothecia  smallish  to  almost  middling -sized, 
scattered,  or  crowded  ;  otherwise  as  in  the  last.  Spores  ovoid 

and  cymbiform,  4-6-locular,  decolorate,  ^J  mic. Lich.  Calif. 

p.  34 ;  Gen.  p.  92. 

Rocks.  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1866. 
Peaks  of  Otter,  Va.,  Beyrich  in  herb.  Spreng.  New  York,  and 
New  Jersey,  Austin  ;  Peck.  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Cur- 
tis; Buckley. Apothecia  now  small;  and  the  lichen  is  with- 
out doubt  a  member  of  C.  nigrescens,  but  pretty  well  differenced ; 
much  as  C.  leptaleum  from  C.  aggregatum. 

*  *  *  Eucollema.  Thallus  foliaceous,  coriaceous -cartila- 
gineous,  very  gelatinous  ;  the  cortical  layer  deficient.  Spores  for 
the  most  part  ovoid-ellipsoid',  or  now  elongated;  from  bi-quadri- 
locular  with  entire  sporoblasts  (rarely  persistently  entire]  soon 
passing  into  muriform,  which  last  state  especially  characterizes 
the  section. 

12.  C.  pulposum  (Bernh.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  of  middling  size, 
orbicular,  coriaceous,  very  gelatinous  when  wet,  more  or  less 
rosulate;  from  leek-green  blackening;  the  thick,  entire,  or 
repand-crenate  lobes  explanate  at  the  circumference,  but  irreg- 
ularly imbricate  and  plicate  at  the  centre,  where  they  become 
reduced  and  finally  granulose ;  apothecia  of  middling  size,  flat- 
tish  j  the  disk  rufous,  the  margin  rather  entire.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  from  4-locular  becoming  sub-muriform,  decolorate, 


JLi 


16-24 
7-10 


mic.» Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  109.    Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  93. 


COLLEMA.  149 

On  the  earth  in  calcareous  soils.    Pennsylvania,  Mulilenberg 

Catal.  1818. Muhlenberg's  plant  may  very  probably  have 

been  determined  by  Acharius ;  but  the  species  is  taken  here  for 
a  collective  one,  as  by  Nylander  I:  c.,  and  more  thoroughly  yet 
by  Arnold  (Fragm.  in  Flora,  1867).  It  is  without  doubt  largely 
represented  in  North  America,  but  abounds  peculiarly  in  diffi- 
culties, which  do  not  appear  to  be  as  yet  resolvable  in  Europe ; 
as  certainly  not  here.  With  present  knowledge,  beside  what 
may  vaguely  be  taken  for  true  C.  pulposum,  the  group  may  be 
considered  as  represented  with  us  by  the  five  following,  at  least 
sub-species,  the  claims  of  which  to  higher  rank  are  left  open. 
Three  of  them  are  received  as  species  by  most  authors ;  the 
other  two  are  recent  determinations. 

12(b).  C.  Texanum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub  -  stellate ;  the 
more  or  less  narrowed,  radiant,  finally  ascendant  lobes  pal- 
mately  rnultifid,  and  beset  at  length  with  wart-like  lobules; 
apothecia  as  in  12.  Spores  ovoid,  persistently  bilocular,  decolo- 
rate,  ^  mic. Suppl.  2,  I  c.  p.  200. 

On  dead  twigs,  etc.,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  on 
calcareous  earth  in  the  valley  of  the  Blanco,  Texas  (Wright), 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1859.  On  calcareous  earth,  Alabama,  Peters. 

The  lobation  of  the  originally  described  lichen  suggests 

that  of  C.  laciniatum,  but  the  earth  specimens  depart  less  from 
C.  pulposmn ;  and  the  distinction  turns  on  the  spores. 

12(c).  C.  tenax  (Sw.)  Ach.;  thallus  thinnish,  the  ample  lobes 
expanded  and  appressed  (or  now  also  ascendant  and  compli- 
cate) ;  lead-coloured  or  yellowish-green ;  apothecia  immersed 
but  becoming  superficial ;  the  rufous  disk  bordered  by  a  thick, 
from  entire  becoming  rugose-crenulate  margin.  Spores  as  in 
12. Ach.  Syn.  p.  314.  Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  148. 

On  the  earth  in  calcareous  soils.  Pennsylvania  (Muhleriberg], 
Acharius,  Syn.  1814.  Vermont,  Eussell.  New  York,  Sartwell. 

Ohio,  Lesquereux.  Missouri,  Hall. Conspicuous,  for  the  most 

part,  as  well  by  the  colours,  as  the  sunken  fruit  ;  but  the  char- 
acters do  not  always  hold. 

I2(d).  C.crispum,~BoTT.',  thallus  thinnish ;  olivaceous-green; 
lobes  of  the  circumference  explanate,  those  of  the  centre  with 
raised,  dentate -granulate  and  plicate  edges,  the  whole  covered 
with  and  concealed  by  the  numerous  fruit ;  apothecia  more  or 


150  COLLEMA. 

less  concave,  disk  dark-rufous,  margin  granulate.    Spores  as  in 

12,  Y!  mic. Borr.  in  E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2716,  /.  1.    Hook.  Br. 

Fl.  2,  p.  212.  Mudd.  Man.  Brit.  Lick.  p.  40.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p. 
110. 

On  the  earth,  Canada  (Drummond),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
Massachusetts,  Willey.  Vermont,  Frost.  New  York,  Sartwell. 
Ohio,  Miss  Biddlecome.  Colorado,  Rothrock.  British  Columbia, 

scarcely  diverse,  Macoun. Our  lichen  is  noticeable  for  its 

hollowed  apothecia ;  and  appears  to  be  less  distinctly  calcare- 
ous than  the  last,  to  which  however  it  is  near.  Nylander's  plant 
(Lick.  Fellm.  n.  7;  Lich.  Norrl  n.  151)  scarcely  differs  from  that 
of  Borrer  (herb.  Taylor),  who  first  made  clear  its  difference. 

12(e).  C.  limosum,  Ach.;  thallus  thin,  cartilagineous,  more 
or  less  scattered ;  from  leek-green  becoming  dark-green ;  the 
variously  irregular,  soon  obliterated  lobes  dentate-crenate,  or 
narrowed  now  into  ascendant,  blunt  lobules;  apothecia  im- 
mersed, becoming  superficial  and  dilated ;  the  disk  rufous,  the 
attenuate  margin  rather  prominent  and  channelled.  Spores 
commonly  in  fours  in  the  thekes,  ellipsoid,  soon  muriform-plu- 
rilocular,  the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  four  to  eight,  de- 

colorate,  j~  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  110.  C.  glaucescens,  Koerb. 

Syst.  p.  403. 

On  the  earth  in  clay  soil.  Illinois  (HaU),  Tuckerman  Gen. 
1872.  New  York,  Clinton.  South  Carolina,  Austin ;  Eavenel. 

Oakland  hills,  California,  Bolander. Well  distinguishable  by 

the  mostly  crowded,  flat,  at  length  ample  apothecia,  with  little 
other  appearance  of  thallus  than  the  sharp  and  channelled  bor- 
der of  the  fruit,  as  also  by  its  large  spores,  which  are  very  com- 
monly in  fours.  Our  plant  is  the  same  with  that  of  Borrer  (E. 
Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2704,  f.  1,  &  in  herb.  Taylor!),  who  had  opportu- 
nities of  knowing  Acharius's  lichen ;  and  the  same  also  as  that 
of  Torssell  (herb. !)  who  knew  Fries's  j  from  which  last,  accord- 
ing to  Nylander  I.  c.,  his  own  does  not  differ.  Hoffmann's  de- 
scription of  his  C.  glaucescens  (D.  Fl.  p.  100)  is  scarcely  sufiicient. 

12(/).  C.  coccophorum,  Tuckerm.  j  thallus  small,  orbicular, 
coriaceous;  black;  made  up  of  minute,  erect,  round-headed 
lobules  or  stalked  granules,  which  here  and  there  coalesce,  and 
expand  at  the  circumference  into  crenate-cut  and  granulate 
lobes ;  apothecia  flat ;  the  disk  reddish-brown,  the  margin  thin, 
finally  granulate.  Spores  ovoid -ellipsoid,  bilocular,  mostly 
decolorate,  mic. Obs.  Lich.  1.  c.  5,  p.  385. 


COLLEMA.  151 

On  the  earth.  In  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas 
(Wright),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1862.  Oakland,  California,  Eolander. 
-  Reduced  European  conditions  of  C.  pulposum  are  described 
much  as  this  ;  but  I  have  seen  nothing  like  our  plant  ;  which 
appears  also  to  be  distinguishable  by  the  spores. 


C.  plicatile,  Schaer.  ;  thallus  orbicular,  coriaceous, 
laciniate  ;  blackish-green  ;  the  centrifugal,  ascendant  divisions 
undulate-plicate,  the  centre  imbricate  -lobate;  apothecia  smaller 
than  in  C.  pulposum,  commonly  concave,  very  entire.  Spores 
ovoid-  ellipsoid,  sub-muriform,  oftener  with  four  series  of  spore- 
cells,  and  measuring  1^J  mic.,  according  to  Nylander;  but  at 
length  with  six  to  eight  series,  and  measuring  |^  mic.,  accord- 
ing to  Arnold.  --  Schcer.  Spirit,  p.  543;  Enum.  p.  258.  Nyl. 
Syn.  1,  p.  109. 

Calcareous  (and  other)  rocks.  Iceland  ;  and,  in  Europe,  from 
Norway  to  the  Mediterranean;  Nyl.  -  The  C.  plicatile  of  Acha- 
rius,  the  only  lichen  of  the  name,  so  far  as  appears  in  print,  that 
he  knew,  was  from  granitic  rocks  of  Lake  Wettern  in  Sweden, 
and,  according  to  Nylander  (Scand.  p.  29)  is  really  C.  furvum 
Ach.;  which  I  have  myself  seen  referred  to  C.  plicatile  by 
Floerke,  probably  not  without  authority.  But,  according  to 
Schaerer  (Spirit.  1.  c.),  his  calcareous  plant  which  now  passes  for 
C.  plicatile,  is  the  same  at  once  with  that  of  Acharius,  as  with 
the  differing  one  of  Fries  (Lick.  Suec.  n.  96).  The  two  appear 
to  approach,  as  in  the  C.  plicatile  v.  riparium,  Krempelh.  herb.  ; 
but  the  latter  (C.  plicatile,  Schser.)  is  evidently  and  closely  akin 
to  C.  pulposum,  under  which  in  fact,  Arnold  (Fragm.)  has  reck- 
oned it.  This  lichen  is  most  unsatisfactorily  exhibited  in  the 
published  Lich.  exsicc.  ;  as  in  such  other  specimens  as  are  known 
to  me.  It  may  well  occur  here.] 

13.  C.  meltznum,  Ach.;  thallus  middling-sized,  orbiculate, 
coriaceous,  lacero  -  laciniate  ;  black  -green;  the  radiant,  elon- 
gated divisions  narrow,  zigzag,  channelled,  with  elevated,  wavy, 
crisped,  and  crenate  edges,  which  are  often  complicate  ;  apo- 
thecia sub-marginal,  small  to  middling-sized,  flattish;  with  a 
somewhat  entire  or  crenate  thalline  margin.  Spores  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, from  4-locular  soon  becoming  sub-muriform,  decolorate, 
±|  mic.  -  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  636.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  108. 

b.  potycarpum,  Schaer.  ;  reduced,  the  lobes  much  narrowed, 


152  COLLEMA. 

crowded^  and  complicate;  apothecia  smallish,   and  crowded. 

Schcer.  Enum.  p.  255. 

Calcareous,  and  other  rocks.  Greenland  (/.  VaJil)  Th.  Fries 
I.  c.  1861. 6,  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright. 

14.  C.  cristatellum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  scattered,  microphyl- 
line,  coriaceous;  olivaceous-black;  the  very  minute  lobes  as- 
cendant, with  crenate-cut,  rugose-granulate  edges,  reduced  now 
at  the  centre  to  erect,  club-shaped  lobules ;  apothecia  small  to 
middling- sized,  flattish ;  the  disk  dark-chestnut,  the  thin  mar- 
gin granulate.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  from  4-locular  becoming 
sub-muriform,  decolorate,  ^^  mic. Lick.  Calif,  p.  29. 

On  the  earth.  Gravelly  soil,  New  Mexico  (Fendler),  Tucker- 
man  I.  c.  1866.  And  a  very  similar  plant  is  found  in  California, 

Bolander. The  New  Mexican  lichen  is  possibly  only  a  very 

reduced  state  of  the  C.  cristatum,  Schser.  (Licli.  Helv.  n.  417), 
which  is  reckoned  by  Nylander  (Syn.}  a  condition  of  the  last 
species. 

15.  C.  multipartitum  (Sm.)  Tayl.;  thallus  of  middling  size, 
coriaceous,  laciniate ;  brownish- olivaceous  and  blackening ;  the 
radiant,  narrow,  repeatedly  forked  divisions  convex,  with  as- 
cendant, rather  entire,  undulate-plicate  edges ;  apothecia  small 
to  middling,  flattish ;   the  disk  dark-red  and  blackening,  the 
margin  very  entire.     Spores  linear-oblong,  mostly  curved,  from 
4-locular  becoming  6-8-locular  with  entire  spore-cells,  decol- 
orate, "  mic. Hook.  Brit.  Fl.  2,  p.  210.    Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  116. 

Calcareous  rocks  near  Stewart's  Lake,  British  Columbia, 
Macoun.  The  specimens  are  fragmentary,  but  perhaps  to  be 
referred  to  a  reduced,  smooth  form  of  this  species.  In  the  com- 
plicate edges  of  the  thallus  the  lichen  is  better  indeed  compara- 
ble with  SynecJiobl.  Laureri  Koerb.  (Anz.  Langob.  n.  5)  than  with 
Smith's  Irish  lichen  (Herb.  Tayl.),  but  agrees  with  the  latter  in 
its  scarcely  concatenate  collogonidia,  and  its  spores. 

16.  C.furvum  ( Ach. )  Nyl. ;  thallus  middling- sized,  sub-mem- 
branaceous,  lobate,  complicate;   olivaceous-green  and  blacken- 
ing; soon  besprinkled  with  concolorous  granules ;  lobes  rounded- 
difform,   erectish,  with  wavy,   entire,   or  sub-crenate   edges, 
becoming  now  oblong  and  sinuate -laciniat e ;   apothecia  scat- 
tered, smallish,  flattish ;  the  disk  dark-brown,  the  margin  very 
entire.    Spores  ellipsoid,  4-locular  becoming  sub-muriform,  de- 


COLLEMA.  153 

colorate,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  107.     C.  furvum  pro  p.,  & 

C.  tunceforme,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  322. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Pennsylvania  (Mulileriberg  in  herb.  Willd. ), 
Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Found  by  Mr.  Russell  in  Vermont; 
and  by  myself  in  Canada,  New  York,  and  Maryland,  but  only 
twice  observed  fertile.  It  is  similar  to  C.  flaccidum,  but  has  a 
thicker  thallus,  and  is  quite  distinct  in  the  spores. 

17.  C.  granosum  (Wulf.)  Schser.;  thallus  of  middling  size, 
coriaceous-membranaceous,  rigid,  very  gelatinous  when  wet, 
irregularly  laciniate,  dirty-yellowish-green  (lead-coloured  and 
blackening);  the  divisions   sinuously  lobed,  imbricate;  either 
ample  and  rounded,  with  entire  or  crenate-cut  edges ;  or  elon- 
gated and  variously  divided ;  transversely  or  reticulately  sharp- 
wrinkled  ;  and  more  or  less  coarsely  granulate ;  [apothecia,  in 
European  specimens,  scattered,  of  middling  size,  innate  or  ses- 
sile ;  the  disk  dark-red,  the  margin  thick,  and  wrinkled  or  gran- 
ulate.    Spores  ellipsoid  and  cymbiform,  soon  sub-muriform  (the 

transverse  series  of  spore-cells  4-6),  decolorate,  ^^  mic.] 

Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  540;  Enum.  p.  253.     C.  auriculatum,  Hoffm. 

D.  Fl.     C.  dermatinum,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  648. 

Calcareous  districts,  growing  over  mosses,  on  rocks.  Ohio 
(Lesquereux),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Illinois,  Hall Agree- 
ing not  ill  with  the  last,  but  the  ultimate  lobation  is  different, 
as  well  as  the  coloration,  and  especially  the  minute  wrinkling. 
Fruit  rare ;  seen  only,  in  our  plant,  very  young. 

18.  C.  pustulatum,  Ach.;   thallus  almost  middling  -  sized, 
coriaceous-membranaceous,  sub-monophyllous;  brownish-olive; 
with  rounded,  lobate-crenate  periphery ;  becoming  lacero-lacin- 
iate,  and  often  convolute  and  sinuately  many- cleft ;  besprinkled 
with  the  pustular  fruit;   apothecia  minute,  crowded,  adnate; 
the  concave  or  flattish,  dark-red  disk  scarcely  exceeded  by  the 
entire  border.    Spores  rounded-ovoid  and  ellipsoid,  from  bilocu- 
lar  becoming  quadrilocular  and  sub-muriform,  decolorate,  ^^ 
mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  317.    Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  108. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg),  Acharius  Syn. 
1814.  Alabama,  Peters.  Illinois,  Wolf. Comparable  as  re- 
spects the  lobation  with  the  last,  but  very  different,  especially 
in  the  fruit,  which  neither  Acharius  nor  Nylander  have  well 
described  from  the  lecanorine  point  of  view. C.  stenophyllum, 


154  LEPTOGIUM. 

Nyl.  Syn.  p.  107  (from  North  America,  Drummond),  is  unknown 
to  me  ;  but  the  description  scarcely  makes  clear  its  distinction 
from  the  present,  in  which  the  thallus  is  often  convolute,  and 
the  fruit  becomes  regular. 


XXVIII.— LEPTOGIUM,   Fr.,  Nyl. 

Apothecia  sub-scutellseform,  lecanorine,  or  zeorine,  in  the 
higher  forms,  but  commonly  biatorine  in  the  lower.  Spores 
ovoid-ellipsoid  (occurring  now  simple;  or  the  spore  fusi- 
form-elongated and  bi-plurilocular  with  entire  spore-cells  j 
but,  most  commonly),  muriform-plurilocular.  Spermatia  ob- 
long ;  on  articulate  sterigmas.  Thallus  foliaceous ;  or  rarely 
fruticulose;  membranaceous ;  the  cortical  layer  distinct; 
the  gonimia  (with  rare  exceptions)  linked  together  in  chains. 
The  whole  thallus,  in  the  less  developed  species,  now  paren- 
chymatous. 

*  Polychidium.     Thallus  fruticulose. 

1.  L.  dendriscum,  Nyl.  j  thallus  very  minute,  effuse,  slender, 
dichotomously  much-branched;   pale-green;   the  intertangled 
branches  terete  and  smooth ;   [apothecia,  in  a  Cuban  specimen, 
small,  biatorine ;  the  disk  brownish-red,  the  paler  margin  en- 
tire.    "  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate,  ^J  mic." Nyl. 

Syn.  1,  p.  135. 

Trees  in  inter -tropical  regions.  Also  in  Florida  (Herb. 
Michener),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 

2.  L.  intricatulum,  Nyl.;  thallus  very  minute,  effuse,  de- 
pressed; dichotomously  branched;  chestnut-brown,  dull;   the 
shortish  branches  crowded  together,  unequally  cylindraceous ; 
apothecia  unknown. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  135. 

Beech  trunks  in  the  White  Mountains  (Oakes),  Nylander  I.  c. 

1858. This  humble  but  interesting  because  little  known  plant 

is  comparable  in  some  respects  with  the  next,  with  which  it  also 
agrees  in  the  collogonidia  occurring  only  in  very  short  chains, 
or  solitary. 

3.  L.  muscicola  (Sw.)  Fr. ;  thallus  minute,  pulvinate,  irregularly 
much-branched ;  from  greenish-brown  passing  into  olive-black ; 
the  densely  interwoven  branches  mostly  terete,  and  more  or  less 


LEPTOGIUM.  155 

longitudinally  striate ;  apothecia  of  middling  size,  biatorine,  ap- 
pressed;  the  disk  flattish,  brown-red;  the  thin,  paler  margin 
nearly  entire.  Spores  cymbiform  and  fusiform-oblong,  bilocu- 

lar,  decolorate,  ^^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  134. 

Growing  over  mosses  on  rocks  in  mountains.  White  Mount- 
ains, Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Brattleborough,  Vermont,  Frost. 
California  (in  the  Yosemite  Valley,  7-8000  feet  altitude,  and  also 
at  1500  feet  altitude  on  coast-rocks  exposed  to  the  sea-fog), 
Bolander.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright. 

4.  L.  bolacinum,  Stizenb. ;  thallus  minute,  pulvinate,  terete, 
sub-dichotomously  much-divided ;  pale-lead-coloured  and  ash- 
coloured,  the  tips  much  diminished,  dissected,  and  darker;  apo- 
thecia unknown. Parmelia  lacera  v.  bolacina  (Ach.)  Schcer. 

Spicil.  p.  519.  Cornicularia  Umhausensis,  Auerswald  in  Hed- 
wigia,  1869,  &  Eabenh.  Lich.  Eur.  862. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872 ; 
Willey.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Illinois,  Hall.  South  Carolina, 

Havenel. Acharius  marks  this  as  unknown  to  him,  having 

taken  it  up  from  Dill.  t.  29,  f.  35,  the  reference  of  our  plant  to 
which  seems  a  little  uncertain;  but  it  is  possible  that  the 
Swedish  lichenographer,  who  cites  Schleicher's  published  speci- 
men of  Coll  lacerum,  a,  Ach.,  may  also  have  seen  the  present 
(C.  lacerum,  e,  Ach.)  known  at  least  later  to  Schleicher,  accord- 
ing to  Schaerer.  The  latter  described  but  did  not  publish  what 
he  took  for  the  lichen ;  I  cannot  however  but  regard  it  as  rep- 
resented by  the  right-hand  specimen  (in  my  copy)  of  his  P.  atro- 
ccerulea  d,  lophtea  (Lick.  Helv.  n.  407),  which  agrees  with  the  de- 
scription of  his  bolacinum,  and  is  well- distinguished  from  all  L. 
lacerum.  Nylander  (Flora,  1876,  p.  578)  first  pointed  out  that 
the  'glomerules'  of  the  European  Sticta  amplissima  are  quite  the 
same  with  Leptogium  bolacinum;  and  he  regards  this  as  an 
analogous  growth  to  the  European '  Stereocaulon  nanum,'  u  which 
is,"  he  declares,  "no  Stereocaulon,  nor  anything  related  to  that 
genus,  but  a  kind  of  Lepraria,  and,  like  l  Parmelia  lanuginosa,' 
and  other  leprarioid  crusts,  never  produces  apothecia."  The 
Stereocaulon  is  unknown  here ;  but  it  is  curious  that  our  form  of 
the  Sticta  named  (Tuckerm.  Lich.  Amer.  exs.  n.  105,  which  is 
accepted  in  Nyl.  Syn.)  never  bears  '  glomerules.' 

*  *  Lathagrium.  Tliallus  foliaceous.  Spores  from  cymbi- 
form bilocular,  becoming  long-fusiform  and  plurilocularj  with 
entire  spore-cells. 


156  LEPTOGIUM. 

5.  L.  rivale,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  minute,  tufted,  microphyl- 
line;   greenish  -  lead  -  coloured  j  the  narrow,  ligulate,  flexuous, 
repand  lobes  crowded  and  imbricate ;  apothecia  (so  far  as  seen) 
immersed,  and  indicated  by  an  ostiole.     Spores  cymbiform, 
bilocular,  decolorate,  ^J  mic. Obs.  Lick.  4,  1.  c.  p.  170. 

"On  small  pebbles  on  the  bottom  of  a  clear  brook,  Big  Trees, 
Mariposa,"  California,  growing  with  and  on  Hydrotliyria,  Buss. 
(Bolander),  Tuckerman  in  Schwend.  Flecht.  als  Parasit.  I.  c. 
1869.- — Known  as  yet  only  in  minute  portions  adhering  to  and 
accompanying  HydrotJiyria.  The  sunken  fruit  was  first  ob- 
served, in  the  course  of  his  examination  of  the  thallus,  by  Prof. 
Schwendener. 

6.  L.  albociliatum,  Desmaz.;  thallus  middling-sized,  rosu- 
late,  laciniate-lobate,  greenish-lead-coloured  becoming  black- 
ish-olivaceous ;  the  rounded  divisions  sinuately  cut,  crisped,  and 
crenate,  and  finally  lacerate-denticulate,  minutely  ciliate  with 
white  fibrils,  now  granulate  or  minutely  lobulate  at  the  centre ; 
paler  beneath  where  there  is  more  or  less  of  a  fleecy  nap ;  apo- 
thecia scattered,  smallish,  biatorine,  sessile  j  the  red-brown  disk 
soon  convex,  and  the  thin,  paler  margin  disappearing.    Spores 

cymbiform,  bilocular,  soon  decolorate,  ^J  mic. Desmaz.  in 

Ann.  Sci.  4,  4,  p.  132.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  35.     Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  95. 
PolycUdium  Cetrarioides,  Anz.  Catal.  Sondr.  p.  7. 

Among  mosses  on  rocks,  California  (Bolander),  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872.  Silverton,  Oregon,  Hall. — —The  European  lichens 
are  probably  all  referable  to  the  same  reduced  and  ascendant 
form  (v.  Cetrarioides)  described  by  Anzi  (Lich.  Langob.  n.  13) 
and  contrast  sufficiently  with  the  depressed  and  regular  Cali- 
fornian  plant  (formerly  distinguished  by  me  as  L.  leucothrix), 
which  differs  also  in  the  free  extension  of  the  white  fibrils  of  the 
upper  side  to  the  under ;  but  the  latter  is  certainly  no  more 
than  the  fully  developed  condition  of  the  former.  The  medul- 
lary layer  is  compact  in  this  species. 

*  *  *  Euleptogium.  Thallus  foliaceous.  Spores  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, soon  muriform. 

7.  L.  ccesiellum,  Tuckerm.  herb.;  thallus  crust-like,  granu- 
late-squamulose  ;  greenish-glaucescent,  becoming  sky-blue  when 
wet ;  the  very  minute,  scurfy  squamules  finally  expanded,  sub- 
imbricate,  and  crenulate ;  apothecia  smallish,  biatorine,  adnate, 


LEPTOGITTM.  157 

a  little  concave,  or  flat ;  the  disk  reddish-brown,  the  paler  mar- 
gin entire.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  muriform-multilocular  (the 
transverse  (*)  series  ofspore-cells  4-8),  soon  decelerate,  ^mic. 
On  moist  clay,  growing  in  patches  of  an  inch  at  length  in 
diameter,  and  conspicuous  by  its  light-blue  colour.  Illinois, 

Hall. Comparable  in  several  respects  with  Pannaria  byssina; 

but  differs  in  the  colour  of  the  thallus,  as  in  its  strictly  Colleme- 
ine  texture  of  mostly  solitary  or  2-3-concatenate  gonimia  (8-12 
mic.  diameter),  nestling  in  pulp  among  anastomosing  filaments ; 
and  in  a  distinguishable  cortical  layer. 

8.  L.  tenuissimum  (Dicks.)  Koerb.;  thallus  pulvinate,  very 
minute,  lacero-laciniate ;  from  glaucescent  passing  into  oliva- 
ceous-brown ;  the  unequally  linear,  ascendant,  acutish  divisions 
digitate  -  mul tifid  j  apothecia  scattered,  biatorine,  small,  to  at 
length  almost  middling-sized,  adnate-sessile  j  the  concave,  red- 
dish disk  bordered  by  an  entire  margin.    Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid, 
muriform-multilocular  (the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  4-8), 

soon  decolorate,  ^  mic. Dicks.  PI.  Cr.  1,  p.  12,  t.  2,  /.  8,  e 

descr.j  &  Auct.  Angl.,  fide  herb.  Tayl.    Koerb.  Syst.  p.  419,  fide 
Zw.  exs.  n.  173.    L.  lacerum  minus,  Auct.  quorund.    L.  subtile, 
Nyl.  Scand.  p.  34,  fide  ipsius.     Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  96. 

On  sandy  banks  among  mosses,  and  on  dead  wood,  New 
England  (Wright;  Willey),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872.  New  Jersey, 
Austin.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois,  Hall.  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Islands  of  Behring's   Straits,  Wright. The  fully  developed 

lichen  is  commonly  pale,  but  becomes  brown,  when  it  is  now 
much  reduced,  and  the  erect  lobes  take  on  a  granulose  look, 
without  any  difference  in  internal  structure.  The  name  has 
been  much  confused.  The  Leptogium  subtile  of  Nyl.  Syn.  (in- 
cluding not  only  L.  tenuissimum,  in  part,  but,  according  to  this 
author  (Scand.)  a  small  form  of  L.  lacerum,  as  according  to 
Arnold  (Fragm.)  conditions  also  of  L.  minutissimum  and  L. 
spongiosum)  is  admitted  now,  as  emended  (Scand.)  by  him,  to 
be  the  tenuissimum  of  Smith,  as  it  is  probably  also  of  Dickson, 
and  certainly  of  Taylor.  The  lichen  appears  to  be  well  sepa- 
rated from  both  L.  lacerum  and  L.  minutissimum. 

9.  L. minutissimum  (Floerk.,  Seller.)  Mass.;  thallus  micro- 

(*)  '  Longitudinal'  is  now  incorrectly  used  instead  of  transverse  in 
the  author's  Genera  Licli.  p.  96,  etc. 


158  LEPTOGIUM. 

phylline,  lobate  ;  from  lead- coloured  becoming  rufous ;  the  ex- 
panded, finally  crowded  and  imbricate  lobules  crenate  or  at 
length  cut  ;  apothecia  finally  almost  middling-sized,  biatorine, 
elevated-sessile,  flattish;  the  disk  reddish-brown;  the  entire 
margin  pale.  Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  soon  muriform-multilocu- 
lar  (the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  4-8),  decelerate,  ^  mic. 

Collema,  Schar.  Splcil.  p.  520,  &  Lich.  Helv.  n.  498.    ~Moug. 

&  Nestl.  Crypt.  Vog.  n.  1239.  Babenh.  Lich.  Eur.  n.  125,  589. 
Anz.  Lich.  Langob.  n.  411. 

On  sandy  earth  among  mosses.    Illinois,  Hall. The  name 

appears  to  be  tolerably  certain,  but  scarcely  happy ;  the  lichen 
being  the  largest  of  the  minute  Leptogia,  and  suggesting  even 
finally  L.  Tremelloides,  with  conditions  of  which  it  grows. 

10.  L.  lacerum  (Sw.)  Fr. ;  thallus  of  middling  size,  lacero- 
laciniate,  reticulately  wrinkled;   lead -coloured  and  reddish- 
brown;  the  more  or  less  closely  aggregated  divisions  dilated 
above  and  sinuate,  with  finely  jagged  and  fringed  edges;  apo- 
thecia small,  biatorine,  sub-sessile,  from  concave,  flattish;  the 
disk  red ;  the  paler  margin  entire.    Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  muri- 
form-multilocular  (the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  6-12),  de- 
colorate,  ^  mic. Ach.  L.  U.p.  657;  Syn.  p.  327. 

On  rocks,  among  mosses,  in  the  northern  and  middle  States, 
common,  Muhlenberg  Gated.  1818.  Canada,  Mr.  Drummond. 
Maryland,  Twkerman.  Ohio,  Lea.  Northern  Alabama,  Peters ; 
Eavenel. 

The  North  American  lichen  scarcely  ever  as  well  developed 
as  the  European  finally  is ;  our  plants  having  commonly  the 
character  of  the  more  reduced  European  states,  as,  for  instance, 
Schserer's  v.  lophceum  (Lich.  Helv.  n.  407,  in  part  only,  in  my 
copy)  and  the  still  smaller,  and  brown  v.  pulvinatum  (Moug.  & 
Nestl.  n.  637),  it  being  understood  however,  in  Arnold's  words, 
that  the  Exsiccati  do  not  always  agree  in  what  they  exhibit 
under  these  names. 

11.  L.  sinuatum  (Huds.)  Schser.;  thallus  of  middling  size, 
sinuate  lobate,  reticulately  wrinkled;    dark -glaucous -green, 
lead-coloured,  and  fuscescent;  the  imbricated,  plaited  lobes 
rounded  and  nearly  entire;   apothecia  smallish,  zeorine,  and 
biatorine,  sessile,  from  concave  becoming  flat ;  the  disk  red,  with 
a  paler  margin.    Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  muriform-multilocular 
(the   transverse  series   of  spore -cells  6-11),  decolorate,  ^ 


LEPTOGIUM.  159 

mic. Schcer.  Enum.  p.  250.     G.  scotinum,  Ach.  Meth.  p.  237; 

Syn.  p.  323. 

Only  known  here  in 

ll(b).  Z.  Cafa/ormcww,  Tuckerm. ;  a  rather  larger  lichen,  be- 
coming  blackish-brown ;  the  irregular  lobes  either  dilated  and 
much  elongated,  with  regularly  crenate  edges,  finely  and  sharply 
wrinkled,  and  at  length  granulate  (f.  platynum]  or  much  nar- 
rowed and  aggregated  and  becoming  sub-fimbriate,  or  finally 
pulvinate,  dark-brown,  and  the  densely  crowded,  erect,  sub- 
linear  lobes  with  granulate -dentate  tips  (f.  lophotum) ;  apothecia 
small  to  middling,  but  according  generally,  as  do  the  spores,, 
with  those  of  n.  12. L.  scotinum,  var.  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  96. 

Kocks,  California  (Bolander;  Mann],  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
— Some  of  the  intermediate  states  between  the  two  named 
forms  of  the  Californian  plant  do  not  differ  from  European  ones 
of  L.  sinuatum  (L.  scotinum,  Auct.),  and  the  lichen  seems  to  be 
scarcely  referable,  in  any  condition,  to  L.  lacerum,  which  is  un- 
known as  yet  on  the  West  Coast.  The  whole  aspect  of  the- 
f.  platynum  (the  lobes  of  which  exceed  at  length  an  inch  in 
length)  is  rather  that  of  Collema  granosum  (as  in  Hepp.  n.  648). 
The  pulvinate  f.  lophotum,  offering  densely  crowded,  narrow 
linear,  erect  branches,  the  summits  of  which  constitute  a  longish 
fringe,  is  clearly  analogous  to,  though  perhaps  more  regular  thanr 
L.  lacerum  v.  lophceum  of  some  (Anz.  Langob.  n.  412,  hardly  to 
be  removed  from  L.  lacerum),  which  variety  Acharius  always 
took  for  a  form  of  his  Collema  scotinum. 

12.  L.  palmatum  (Huds.)  Mont.;  thallus  middling  -  sized, 
caBSpitose,  irregularly  laciniate,  sharply  more  or  less  wrinkled 
and  pitted;  from  lead-coloured  rufescent  and  finally  chestnut; 
the  divisions  convolute  and  at  length  much  narrowed  and  tubu- 
lose-fruticulose,  with  2-3-4-corniculate,  obtuse  tips;  apothecia 
small,  biatorine,  sessile,  a  little  concave ;  the  disk  red-brown, 
the  paler  margin  entire.  Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  muriform-mul- 
tilocular  (the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  6-10),  decolorate, 

X*^?  mic. Mudd.  Man.  Brit.  lAch.  p.  48.     Collema  cornicula- 

tum  (Hoffm.},  Sclicer.  Enum.  p.  249.  Leptogium  palmatum  & 
Obryzum  corniculatum  (fungo  parasit.  excluso),  Nyl.  Syn.  pp. 
126,  136. 

On  the  earth  among  mosses,  California  (Menzies  j  Bolander) „ 


160  LEPTOGIUM. 

Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.    Oregon,  Hall.    British  Columbia,  Z/#aW; 

Macoun. A  similar  lichen  but  infertile  was  found  in  the 

Organ  Mountains,  Texas,  Wright,  but  the  species  is  unknown  to 

us  except  on  the  West  Coast. The  plant  varies,  from  wider 

states  (8mm-  wide  in  the  larger,  and  2mm-  in  the  narrower  parts) 
with  something  of  the  aspect  of  L.  lacerum,  a,  as  figured  in 
Schser.  Enum.  t.  10,  f.  2,  to  much  narrowed,  suffruticulose  ones, 
with  the  colour  and  whole  appearance  of  conditions  of  Cetraria 
aculeata. 

13.  L.  Apalachense  (Tuckerm.)  Nyl.;  thallus  of  middling 
size,  stellate,  multifid ;  brownish-olivaceous ;  the  narrow,  radi- 
ant, imbricated  divisions  mostly  convex  and  branch-like,  with 
obtuse  tips,  delicately  rugulose ;  beneath  paler  and  a  little  chan- 
nelled;   apothecia  small,   scattered,   or  in  botryoid  clusters, 
innate -sessile,  from  zeorine  becoming  biatorine  ;  the  rufous  disk 
at  length  flat,  the  paler  margin  entire.     Spores  ellipsoid,  from 

4-locular  becoming  sub-muriform,  decolorate,  j^  mic. Nyl. 

Syn.  l,p.  133.     Collema,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  2,  I.  c.'p.  200. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Alabama  (Peters),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1859. 
Georgia,  Eavenel.  Missouri,  Hall. 

14.  L.  crenatellum,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  effuse,  from  squami- 
form  soon  dilated  and  imbricate-lobate ;  glaucous-cinerascent 
and  lurid;  the  small,  ascendant,  smooth  lobes  with  wavy  and 
crenate  edges;  apothecia  small,  zeorine,  sessile;   the  reddish 
disk  finally  tumid,  and  the  thin,  crenulate,  thalline  margin  dis- 
appearing.   Spores  always  in  fours  in  the  thekes,  ovoid- ellip- 
soid, from  4-locular  becoming  sub-muriform,  decolorate,  ^  mic. 
Suppl.  2,  I.  c.p.  201. 

At  the  base  of  trunks  of  White  Ash  in  swamps,  Vermont 
(Frost),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1859.  Base  of  button-bushes  (Cepha- 
lanthus)  in  pond-holes,  Illinois,  Hall. 

15.  L.  pulchellum  (Ach.)  Nyl.;  thallus  middling-sized,  rosu- 
late,  round-lobed ;  from  glaucous-green  becoming  lead- coloured 
and  lurid;   the  entire  lobes  plicate  -  papulose  and  delicately 
wrinkled  above,  paler  and  deeply  pitted  and  also  wrinkled  be- 
neath;  apothecia  middling-sized,  lecanorine,  sub-pedicellate; 
the  flattish,  brown  disk  at  length  excluding  the  thin  and  smooth 
or  finally  plicate -rugose,  thalline  margin.    Spores  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, sub-muriform  (thte  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  oftener 


LEPTOGIUM.  161 

6),  decelerate,  ~  mic. Collema,  Ack.  Syn.  p.  321.  Lepto- 
gium, Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  123.  Collema  corticola,  Tayl.  in  Hook. 
Journ.  Sot.  1847,  p.  195.  Leptogium  cimiciodorum,  Mass.  Mem, 
p.  86. 

Trunks  and  rocks.  From  Canada  and  New  England  through- 
'  out  the  northern  and  middle  States  (Muhleriberg),  Acharius  Syn. 
1814.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois,  Hall.  Mountains  of  Carolina  & 
Georgia,  Eavenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas,  Wright. Oc- 
curring also  in  New  Granada,  S.  America,  Lindig  herb. ,2,  n.15  j 
as  in  southern  Europe,  Anzi  Lich.  Venet.  n.  14,  etc. 

16.  L.  Tremelloides  (L.  fil.)  Fr.;  thallus  middling  to  ampler 
and  large,  loosely  aggregated,  round-lobed;  lead-coloured;  the 
smooth  and  very  entire  lobes  becoming  crisped  and  complicate, 
and  beset,  more  or  less,  all  over,  at  length  densely,  with  con- 
colorous,  finally  isidioid  granules,  passing  now  into  minute 
lobules ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  lecanorine ;  from  flat  becom- 
ing convex,  and  excluding  the  thin,  thalline  margin.  Spores 
ovoid- ellipsoid,  sub-muriform  (the  transverse  series  of  spore- 
cells  oftener  4),  decolorate,  ^J  mic. Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  97. 

Collema  Tremelloides ,  C.  azureum,  &  C.  diaphanum,  Ach.  L.  U.p. 
654.  Leptogium  Tremelloides  max.  p.,  L.  diaphanum,  L.  reticula- 
tum,  &  L.  foveolatum,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  124. 

Kocks  and  trunks,  in  the  northern  and  middle  States,  com- 
mon, Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Canada,  Macoun.  Ohio,  Lea. 
Carolina  and  Georgia,  Eavenel.  Florida  (v.  reticulatum),  Aus- 
tin. Alabama,  Peters.  Mississippi  (v.  azureum),  Veatch.  Louis- 
iana (a,  and  also  v.  azureum  &  v.  reticulatum),  Hale.  Texas, 
Wright.  New  Mexico,  Fendler. Widely  diffused,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  many  names.  Our  northern  form  is  the  common 
European  lichen  (v.  cyanescens,  Ach.  Collema  cyanescens, 
Schaer.),  which  differs  from  the  last  species  as  well  by  its  origi- 
nally smooth,  as  its  less  regular  thallus :  this  is  not  confined  to- 
cooler  regions,  but  occurs  equally  well-marked  in  Louisiana.  It 
is  however  in  the  tropics  that  the  best  developed  conditions  of 
the  lichen  are  found ;  and  these  appear  also  in  our  southern 
States,  the  f.  azureum  being  distinguishable  by  its  more  regu- 
larly rosulate  habit  of  growth,  and  its  perfectly  smooth  and 
coerulescent  thallus,  which  hi  the  scarcely  otherwise  differing 
f.  reticulatum,  Mont.,  becomes  regularly  and  at  length  very 
deeply  (foveolatum,  Nyl.)  lacunose -reticulate.  There  remains. 
11 


162  LEPTOGIUM. 

only  to  notice  the  f.  laciniatum,  Tuckerm.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub., 
the  narrowed  and  elongated,  branching  divisions  of  which  ska- 
ply  follow  the  stems  of  the  mosses  on  which  the  plant  grows. 
This  is  often  a  well-marked  West  Indian  lichen ;  but  it  has  also 
occurred  in  Canada,  Macoun. 

I6(b).  L.  juniperinum,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  smallish,  micro- 
phylline,  rosulate,  laciniate-lobate ;  lead-coloured,  and  dark- 
green;  the  rounded,  smooth  lobes  ascendant,  and  imbricate- 
complicate,  with  undulate,  crenate  edges;  apothecia  small  to 
middling-sized,  zeorine,  sub-sessile,  flat ;  the  disk  rufous,  thinly 
margined.  Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  4-locular  becoming  sub-muri- 

form,  decolorate,  ^J  mic. Suppl.  2,  I  c.  p.  201.    L.  Tremel- 

loides  v.  mierophyttum,  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  97. 

On  the  earth,  growing  over  twigs,  etc.,  in  ll  cedar-brakes," 
Texas  ( Wright),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1859.  On  the  earth,  Alabama, 
Peters.  On  rocks,  Lookout  Mountain,  Tennessee,  Ravenel.  Illi- 
nois, Herb.  Willey.  On  rocks,  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman. — 
With  something  of  the  habit  of  growth  of  the  European  Collema 
cheileum,  and  well- distinguished  in  this  respect  from  all  our  L. 
Tremelloides. 

16(c).  L.  dactylinum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  microphylline,  ef- 
fuse; from  lead-coloured  becoming  black;  the  originally  squa- 
maceous,  ascendant,  rounded  lobules  finally  erect,  with  crisped, 
entire,  or  crenate  edges,  soon  fringed  and  beset  above  with 
crowded,  isidioid  branchlets,  and  constituting  at  length  a  broken- 
areolate,  granulate  crust ;  apothecia  small,  biatorine,  sub-sessile, 
flat ;  the  disk  red-brown ;  the  paler  margin  soon  disappearing. 
Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  from  4-locular  sub-muriform,  decolorate, 
^  mic. Obs.  Lick.  1,  1.  c.  p.  383.  Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  123. 

Calciferous  schist,  Vermont  (Frost),  Tuckerman  in  Nyl.  I.  c. 
1858.  Calcareous  rocks,  Missouri,  Hall  And  I  cannot  distin- 
guish a  rather  more  developed,  always  lead-coloured  lichen 
which  much  lessens  the  distance  between  L.  dactylinum  and  L. 
Tremelloides,  and  occurs  on  calciferous  shale  in  New  York,  W.  E. 
Gerard ;  on  limestone  at  Trenton  Falls,  New  York,  Tuckerman ; 

as  in  New  Jersey,  Austin;  and  Illinois,  Herb.  Willey. In  all 

these  the  collogonidia  are  however  commonly  solitary,  or  in  very 
.short  chains. 

17.  L.  marginellum  (Sw.)  Mont.;  thallus  sub-orbicular,  mid- 


LEPTOGIUM.  163 

dling-sized,  laciniate,  more  or  less  strongly  and  reticulately 
wrinkled;  lead-coloured;  made  up  of  longish,  much-divided, 
now  wider  and  depressed  and  now  narrowed  and  (from  below) 
branch-like  segments,  with  plicate  undulate  and  crisped,  rather 
entire  edges  ;  apothecia  minute,  marginal,  biatorine,  from  globu- 
lar becoming  flat ;  the  disk  rufous,  the  rather  stout,  paler  mar- 
gin granulate,  and  encircled  at  length  with  a  ring  of  leaflets. 
Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  sub-muriform  (the  transverse  series  of 

spore-cells  4-6),   decolorate,  ^§  mic. Mont.    Cuba,  p.   115. 

Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  98.  Collema  vesicatum,  Tayl.  1.  c.  1837,  p.  196. 
Leptogium  corrugatulum,  Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  132. 

On  bark.  Southern  Alabama  (J.  F.  Beaumont),  Tuckerman 
I.  c.  1872.  Florida,  Eavenel.  Texas,  Hall.  Mexico,  Galeotti,  e 

Nyl.,  as  in  the  West  Indies. Sufficiently  distinguished  always 

from  L.  Tremelloides  by  its  longer,  more  divided,  and  wrinkled 
divisions ;  and  the  plant  occurring  now  (exactly  as  the  next  spe- 
cies) in  a  wider,  depressed  state,  and  now  in  a  narrowed  and 
crisped  one.  Leptogium  corrugatulum,  Nyl.  I.  c.  (Herb.  Lindig 
n.  2659)  is  quite  the  same  with  the  earlier  Collema  vesicatum, 
Tayl.  I.  c.  (herb.),  and  relates  to  the  depressed  and  more  promi- 
nently wrinkled  condition  of  the  lichen  described  by  Swartz, 
Acharius,  etc.  The  fruit  is  the  most  important  feature  of  the 
plant ;  and  this  is  exactly  the  same  in  both  forms. 

18.  L.  chloromelum  (Sw.)  Nyl.;  thallus  middling  to  ample, 
orbiculate,  becoming  rigid,  sharply  wrinkled,  and  at  length 
densely  granulate ;  dark-green,  and  lead-coloured ;  the  lobes  of 
the  circumference  expanded  more  or  less,  those  of  the  centre 
-complicate,  and  crisped;  apothecia  middling-sized,  lecanorine, 
sub-sessile ;  the  flattish,  rufous  disk  bordered  by  a  thin,  plicate- 
rugose,  now  granulate,  thalline  margin.  Spores  ovoid-  and 
acuate-ellipsoid,  sub-muriform  (transverse  series  of  spore-cells 

4-6),  soon  decolorate,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  \,p.  128.    Tuckerm. 

Gen.  p.  98.    L.  Brebissonii,  Mont.,  pro  p. 

a.  conchatum-,  thallus  sub-monophyllous,  becoming  lobate- 
laciniate;   the  depressed,  rounded  lobes  ascendant,  shell-like, 
gyrose-plicate. 

b.  stellans',  thallus  narrowed;  the  radiant  divisions  with 
•erect,  crisped  edges. 

Trunks  and  rocks  throughout  the  United  States,  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872.  Canada,  Drummond.  New  England,  Dr.  J.  Porter, 


164  LEPTOGITJM. 

etc.  New  York,  Peck.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Pennsylvania, 
Michener.  Ohio,  Lesquereux.  Illinois,  Hall.  Maryland  and 
Virginia,  Tucker  man.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel.  Florida,  Aus- 
tin. Alabama,  Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas,  Wright.- 

The  two  forms  differ  much  as  the  two  conditions  of  L.  marginel- 
lum ;  or  as  Wright  Lick.  Cub.  n.  6  from  n.  7  of  the  same  collec- 
tion. The  first  of  the  last-named  is  not  indeed  to  be  well-dis- 
tinguished from  the  present  species,  unless  when  fertile,  a  may 
also  be  compared  with  L.  Tremelloides,  but  is  readily  seen  to 
differ  in  its  (at  least  finally)  rigid,  and  always  strongly  wrinkled 

thallus. b  now  occurs  (Florida,  Austin)  in  a  state  (f.  fusis- 

porum)  otherwise  undistinguishable,  with  spores  at  length  per- 
fectly fusiform,  reaching  48  mic.  in  length,  and  with  8-10  entire 
spore-cells.  But  this  is  only  another  instance  of  the  anomaly 
noted  elsewhere  in  Collema  flaccidum  (Gen.  pp.  88,  91),  and 
these  elongated  spores  not  only  revert  to  acuate-ovoid  ones,  but 
exhibit  now  a  divided  spore-cell,  suggesting  at  once  the  sub- 
muriform  stage. 

18(&).  L.  adpressum,  Nyl.;  thallus,  as  described,  and  apothe- 
cia,  offering  no  differences  from  L.  ckloromelum ;  but  the  fusi- 
form, 10-locular  spores  measuring  *^  mic. Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  131. 

On  bark,  Orizaba,  Mexico  (F.  Mutter),  Nylander  I.  c.  1858. 

At  the  same  station,  Dr.  F.  Mohr. Thallus,  in  Dr.  Mohr's 

specimen,  which  though  small  cannot  well  be  diverse  from  Ny- 
lander's  lichen,  larger  and  lighter  coloured  than  that  of  L.  clilo- 
romelum  f.  fusisporum,  and  the  apothecia  larger.  The  spores 
(measuring  ^  mic.)  scarcely  differ  at  all,  and  also  now  shew  a 
divided  spore-cell,  but  are  longer,  and  their  anomalous  features 
perhaps  better  marked.  There  can  certainly  be  no  question  that 
the  cited  form  of  L.  chloromelum  sufficiently  explains  the  present 

lichen. L.  Brebissonii,  Mont,  emend.,  Syll.  p.  378,  with  an 

ample,  sub-monophyllous  thallus,  otherwise  similar,  as  the  plant 
is  in  the  apothecia,  to  L.  chloromelum,  from  which  neither  Mon- 
tagne  nor  Nylander  at  first  separated  it,  differs  yet,  like  L.  ad- 
pressum, in  its  long -fusiform  or  even  acicular,  8-12-locular 
spores,  measuring  56-64  mic.  in  length  (Hepp.),  and  has  occurred 
in  France,  in  the  Canaries,  in  India,  in  Surinam,  and  in  Tahiti 
(Montagne),  but  is  not  as  yet  known  as  North  American. 

19.  L.  bullatum  (Ach.)  Mont.;  thallus  orbiculate,  middling 
to  ample,  membranaceous,  at  length  rigid,  sharply  wrinkled; 


LEPTOGIUM.  165 

lead-coloured  and  coerulescent ;  lobes  irregularly  rounded  and 
more  entire,  or  sinuate-laciniate  and  sub-crenate,  the  margins 
more  or  less  ascendant  and  plicate-undulate;  apothecia  mid- 
dling to  ample,  elevated,  zeorine ;  the  red  disk  bordered  by  a 
paler  margin,  which  is  inclosed  by  a  finally  leafy  thalline  one. 
Spores  acuate-ovoid,  sub-muriform  (transverse  series  of  spore- 
cells  4-6),  decolorate,  ^^  mic. Collema,  Ach.  Lick.  p.  655. 

Mont,  in  Ann.  Sci.  1841,^.  74. 

a.  vesiculosum ;    apothecia  terminating   bladdery   podetia, 
which  are  now  drawn  together  above  into  plaited  coronals  en- 
circling the  fruit. Collema  bullatum,  Sw.  Lich.  Amer.  t.  16. 

Leptogium,  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  129. 

b.  phyllocarpum ;  apothecia  less  or  at  length  scarcely  ele- 
vated ;  the  thalline  margin  from  simply  plicate  becoming  densely 
leafy  and  crisped,  and  the  whole  fruit  at  length  large. Col- 
lema phyllocarpum,  Pers.    Nyl.  Syn.  I.  p.  130.          » 

Trunks,  a,  Mexico,  Nylander  I.  c.  1858.     b,  Texas,  Wright. 

Florida,  Austin.    Mexico,  Nylander. L.  Javanicum,  Mont. 

(L.  sphinctrinum,  Nyl.),  to  judge  by  my  specimens  from  Herb. 
Junghuhn  ( V.  d.  Bosch),  is  hardly  separable  from  b ;  and  L.  bul- 
latum, Mont.  &  V.  d.  B.,  from  the  same  herbarium,  is  possibly 
too  near  the  same ;  and  sufficiently  illustrates  Montagne's  earlier 
judgment,  which  is  accepted  above.  The  species  is  also  most 
closely  akin  to  L.  chloromelum -,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  why 
one  of  the  two  specimens  called  L.  phyllocarpum  in  (my  copy  of) 
Lindig  Herb.  N.  Gran.  n.  1660,  should  not  pass  equally  well  for 
the  lichen  first-named. 

20.  L.  Burgessii  (Lightf.)  Mont.;  thallus  ample,  loosely  ag- 
gregate, laciniate-lobate ;  from  glaucous-greenish  and  lead-col- 
oured passing  into  purplish-brown ;  the  imbricate  lobes  rounded, 
sinuate,  from  smoothish  becoming  granulate,  and  beset  at  length 
densely  with  finger-shaped  lobules,  cristate-lacerate ;  beneath 
ash-coloured,  and  more  or  less  delicately  downy ;  apothecia  sub- 
sessile  but  appearing  depressed,  middling-sized  to  ample,  flat- 
tish,  zeorine ;  the  dark-brown  disk  bordered  by  a  paler  margin, 
which  is  crowned  with  a  densely  leafy  and  crisped  thalline  one. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  apiculate,  muriform-multilocular,  decolorate, 

^  mic. Collema,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  645.  Leptogium,  Mont. 

Canar.  p.  129. 

Trunks,  White  Mountains,  fertile,   Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 


166  LEPTOGIUM. 

Maine,  fertile,  Oakes.  And  infertile  specimens,  probably  refera- 
ble here,  by  the  characters  of  the  under  side,  have  been  found 
by  me  in  Massachusetts ;  and  in  the  Blue  Ridge  of  Virginia.  The 

lichen  has  also  occurred  in  Madeira,  Mandon! From  the 

Madeira  plant,  which  is  well  referred  here  by  Nylander,  the  L. 
inflexum  of  this  writer  (Syn.  1,  p.  132;  and  found  in  Mexico; 
Venezuela,  Fendler  I  New  Granada,  Lindig  n.  127!  2504!  and 
Bolivia,  Mandon ! )  offers  no  differences  beyond  a  rather  better 
thalline  development  (e.  g.  wider  sinuses  than  appear  to  be  com- 
mon in  the  northern  lichen),  and  none  are  indicated  in  the  pub- 
lished diagnosis.  As  in  the  next  species  the  upper  side  is  now 
also  downy,  both  in  the  northern  and  southern  plants.  This  side 
is  said  now  to  be  'isidioso-furfuraceous,'  and  the  margins  of  the 
lobes  to  be  '  isidioso-dissected '  in  a  New  Granada  form  (L.  in- 
flexum v.  isidiosulum,  Nyl.,  which  we  are  further  told  'ought 
perhaps  to  be  distinguished  in  species,'  though  no  other  differ- 
ence is  noted,  Nyl.  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  4),  and  our  New  England 
plant  varies  in  like  manner,  the  whole  upper  side  being  covered 
now  with  isidioid  lobules. 

21.  L.  myochroum  (Ehrh. ;  Schaer.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  ample, 
coriaceous-membranaceous,  from  rosulate  and  sub-monophyllous 
passing  readily  into  polyphyllous  and  loosely  aggregate  states, 
laciniate-lobate ;  lead-coloured  (rufous-glaucous)  and  blackish- 
green  ;  smooth  at  first,  but  becoming  now  rugose,  and  always 
more  or  less  granulate ;  the  rounded,  undulate  lobes  entire  be- 
neath clothed  with  a  whitish-ash-coloured  nap ;  apothecia  mid- 
dling-sized, lecanorine,  sub-sessile,  flattish;  the  disk  red-brown, 
with  a  plicate-rugose,  thalline  border,  which  becomes  now  gran- 
ulate-leafy, and  now  white-hirsute.  Spores  ellipsoid,  from  4-loc- 

ular  becoming  sub-muriform,  decolorate,  -^-  raic. Collema, 

Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  534 ;  Enum.p.  256.  Leptogium,  Tuckerm.  Gen. 
p.  99.  L.  saturninum,  L.  Hildenbrandii,  &  L.  Menziesii,  Nyl. 
Syn.  1,  p.  127. 

a.  saturninum,  Schaer. ;  commonly  glaucous,  or  now  rufous 

and  somewhat  rugose  above ;  fleecy  beneath. L.  saturninum 

(Sm.  1788),  Mass.    L.  Hildenbrandii,  Oarov.,  &  Authors. 

b.  tomentosum,  Schser. ;  thinner,  blackish-green,  now  narrowed 
and  sinuate-lobate,  and  passing  into  small-lobed,  imbricate-com- 

plicate  states ;  velvety  beneath. Collema  tomentosum,  Hoffm. 

C.  saturninum  (Dicks.  1790),  Ach.,  Nyl. 


HYDROTHYRIA.  167 

Trunks,  and  also  rocks,  not  uncommon,  but  exceedingly  rare 
in  fruit.  In  the  extreme  north  b  is  the  well-marked  form,— Bear 
Lake  (Bichardson),  Hooker  I  c.  1823 ;  Greenland  ( Vahl),  Th.  Fr. 
1.  c. ;  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright ;  extending  also  south- 
ward, to  Canada,  Agassis;  and  New  England;  as  also  to  the 
Kocky  Mountains  (fertile),  Herb.  Hook. ;  and  Oregon,  Hall.  But 
a  is  the  more  common  state,  especially  southward,  occurring 
from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman  ;  in  Illinois  (fertile), 
Hall  ;  in  the  low  country  as  well  as  in  the  mountains  of  South 
Carolina,  Eavenel;  in  Alabama,  Peters;  and  New  Mexico,  Fend- 

ler. The  abundant  fruit  of  a,  as  exhibited  in  the  south  of 

Europe,  averages,  in  my  specimens,  l-2mm-  in  diameter,  reaching 
3mm.  jn  SOII]e  from  the  north  of  Italy  collected  by  myself;  and  is 
regularly  scutellseform,  with  a  plicate-rugose  margin.  These 
features  are  equally  well-marked  and  quite  the  same  in  Japanese 
specimens  ( Wright),  important  also  as  exhibiting  the  less  regu- 
lar and  polyphylline  thallus  of  the  common  United  States  lichen ; 
and,  like  that,  the  thallus  of  these  is  only  occasionally  wrinkled. 
In  one  of  these  more  especially  resembling  the  plant  of  the 
United  States,  there  is  now  a  ring  of  white  fibrils  on  the  under 
side  of  the  exciple,  and  finally  a  downiness  over  the  whole,  thus 
preparing  the  way  for  the  otherwise  altogether  similar  Illinois 
lichen  (Hall)  in  which  the  whole  exciple  is  as  hirsute  as  in  many 
Stictce.  b  is  only  known  here,  in  a  fertile  state,  in  the  specimen 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Herb.  Hook.),  in  the  dozen  apothecia 
of  which,  apparently  always  smaller,  and  much  rarer  in  this 
form  of  the  species,  all  the  mature  ones  (scarcely  exceeding  lmm 
in  diameter)  are  convex,  and  have  excluded  the  thalline  border, 
which  is  represented  by  a  crown  of  finger-shaped  lobules,  now 
also  visible  at  the  edges  of  the  lobes.  There  is  some  indication 
of  this  overgrowth  in  my  European  specimens,  the  fruit  of  which 
is  occasionally  also  hirsute  beneath  (Bavarian  Alps,  Krempelhu- 
ber)  as  in  a. 

XXIX.— HYDROTHYRIA,   Russ. 

Apothecia  biatorine.  Spores  cymbiform,  quadrilocular, 
decolorate.  Thallus  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  with  a  dis- 
tinct, parenchymatous,  cortical  layer;  a  gommous  one  of 
gonimia  in  short  chains;  and  a  medullary  one  of  compact 
filaments ;  veiny  beneath. 


168          LEOANOKEL—  EULECANOREI. 

H.  venosa,  Russell ;  thallus  ample,  loosely  aggregated,  thin 
.and  fragile,  laciniate-lobate ;  lead-coloured ;  beset  beneath  with 
branched,  divaricate,  pale-brown  veins ;  lobes  more  or  less  fan- 
shaped,  irregularly  cut,  with  rounded,  repand-crenate  summits ; 
apothecia  sub-marginal,  middling-sized ;  the  disk  reddish-brown, 
.soon  convex,  and  excluding  the  pale,  lacerate-dentate  margin. 
Spores  cymbiform,  and  fusiform,  4-locular,  decolorate,  ^f  mic. 

Buss,  in  Proc.  Essex  Inst.  1,  p.  188.  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  102. 

H.  fontana  (Russ.  olim),  Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  150  (sub  Lept.). 
Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  135. 

On  stones  under  water  in  mountain  brooks,  Vermont  and  New 
Hampshire,  Eussell  I.  c.  1856.  Connecticut,  Prof.  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Mariposa,  California,  Bolander. 


Fam.  7.— LECANOREI. 

Thallus  crustaceous  j  very  rarely  papillose-ramulose ;  in 
a  much  larger  number  of  instances  lobed  at  the  circumfer- 
ence, or  squamulose  and  sub-imbricate;  but,  in  far  the 
greater  proportion,  uniform ;  adnate  to  the  substrate;  the 
hypothallus  inconspicuous  or  obsolete.  Gen.  p.  103. 

We  revert,  in  the  family  now  before  us,  from  the  extraordi- 
narily differenced  but  still  Parmeliaceous  Collemei  to  the  remote 
Parmeliei.  Of  this,  the  first  Sub-Family  (Eulecanorei)  may  be 
easily  regarded  as  a  contiguous  section,  differing  as  it  scarcely 
does  otherwise  than  in  its  crustaceous  instead  of  foliaceous  thal- 
lus. But  this  distinction  in  the  thallus  has  been  proved  to  have 
value  in  the  system;  and  the  Eulecanorei  pass,  without  a  break, 
into  the  very  marked,  crustaceous  Sub-Family  which  is  dis- 
tinguished by  its  typically  compound  fruit  (Pertusariei)  as  this 
last  stands  in  close  relation  to  forms  even  more  alien  to  the  tribal 
type  (Sub. -Fam.  Urceolariei),  suggesting  now  (and  often  indeed 
referred  to)  Lecideacei ;  and  Verrucariacei ;  and  even,  we  might 
add,  Graphidacei. 

Sub. -Fam.    1.  —  EULECANOREI. 
Apothecia  scutellseform. 


PLACODIUM.  169 

XXX.— PLACODIUM   (DC.),  Naeg.   &  Hepp. 

Apothecia  sub-scutellaeform  j  either  regular  (lecanorine), 
or  shewing  also  a  proper  margin  (zeorine),  or  only  the  lat- 
ter (biatorine),  the  disk,  for  the  most  part,  yellowish-orange. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  polar-bilocular  (rarely  of  the  more  common 
bilocular  type,  or,  more  rarely  yet,  simple),  colourless.  Sper- 
matia  oblong,  or  staff-shaped ;  the  sterigmas  almost  always 
multi-articulate.  Thallus  crustaceous  j  either  lobed  at  the 
circumference ;  or,  very  rarely,  suffruticulose  ;  or  uniform  5 
oftener  more  or  less  yellow. 

*  Tli amnoma.     Thallus  Jruticulose ;  orange. 

1.  P.  coralloides,  Tuckerm.  j  thallus  slender,  solid,  cartila- 
gineous,  decumbent  j    bright -orange -yellow;   branches  terete, 
nodulose,  obtuse,  sub-dichotomously  divided ;  apothecia  of  mid- 
dling size,  lateral  and  terminal,  somewhat  elevated,  zeorine  ;  the 
flattish,  rough,  dark-orange  disk  bordered  at  length  only  by  the 
thin,  entire,  proper  margin,  which  is  finally  excluded.     Spores 
oblong,  the  sporoblasts  approximate,  the  isthmus  deficient,  ^ 
mic. Obs.  Lick.  3,  I  c.  p.  287. 

Maritime  rocks,  near  San  Francisco,  California  (Bolander), 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1864.  The  biatorine  apothecia  bordered  more 
or  less,  or  coronate,  with  the  finally  powdery  nodules  of  the  thal- 
lus ;  l-2mm-  wide. 

2.  P.  cladodes,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  short,  slender,  solid,  erect, 
made  up  of  terete,  fastigiately  branched,  pale  trunks,  which 
blacken  below,  and  are  crowded  together  into  a  caespitose,  papil- 
late, orange-yellow  crust ;  apothecia  small,  sessile ;  the  flat,  pow- 
dery, fulvous  disk  sub-marginate,  bordered  by  a  stout,  crenulate, 
thalline  margin.     Spores  solitary,   obtuse-ellipsoid,  the  spore- 
cells  connected  by  an  isthmus,  ^^  mic. Obs.  Lich.  3,  I.  c. 

p.  265. 

On  the  earth,  in  the  alpine  regions  of  the  Kocky  Mountains 
(Hall),  Tuckerman  L  c.  1864.  Looking  like  an  uniform,  warted 
crust.  Apothecia  about  lmra-  wide.  The  short  thekes  have  not 
been  seen  to  contain  more  than  a  single  spore,  which  is  at  first 
brownish. 

*  *  Euplacodium.    Thallus  typically  lobed  at  the  circum- 


170  PLACODITJM. 

ference,  but  passing  finally  into  scarcely  effigurate  forms ;  yellow 
or  orange  in  1,  2,  3,  as  are  the  apotkecia  only  in  4  and  5;  the 
other  species  being  otherwise  coloured. 

3.  P.  elegans  (Link)  DC.;  thallus  stellate-radious,  appressed, 
naked  on  both  sides ;  orange ;  the  linear,  loose,  branched  divi- 
sions convex  and  torulose,  wavy,  and  more  or  less  lacunose- 
uneven,  discrete  or  sub-iinbricate,  or  finally  contortuplicate ; 
apothecia  smallish  to  middling-sized,  zeorine  or  biatorine;  of 
nearly  the  same  colour  with  the  thallus,  the  thin  margin  mostly 

entire.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  ^-  mic. Parmelia^Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  114.     Tuck.  exs.  n.  109.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  136.    P.  diversicolor, 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  210,  fide  Nyl. 

On  rocks,  North  America,  Acharius  Syn.  1814.  Arctic  Amer- 
ica, from  Newfoundland,  De  la  Pylaie,  and  Great  Bear  Lake, 
etc.,  Richardson,  to  Melville  Island,  E.  Br.,  and  islands  of 
Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden;  Hall. 
Organ  Mountains,  Texas,  Wright.  Eastern  and  Middle  States, 

Halsey. The  present  species,  in  typical  conditions,  might 

easily  be  taken  to  differ  from  the  next,  as  a  foliaceous  lichen 
from  a  crustaceous ;  and  this  is  in  fact  exactly  Schaerer's  latest 
judgment  (Enum.).  But  we  have,  notwithstanding,  strictly 
crustaceous  members  of  the  group  before  us  which  certainly 
appear  to  hang  between  P.  elegans  and  P.  murorum.  A  case  of 
this  sort  is  presented  by  a  western  lichen  (North  Platte,  accom- 
panied by  undoubted  P.  elegans,  Hayden ;  Montana,  also  so  ac- 
companied, M.  A.  Brown;  Wyoming,  Lapham;  Nevada,  Bo- 
lander)  marked  by  a  crustaceous,  dark-orange  thallus,  the  whole 
surface  of  which,  instead  of  being  pitted  is  roughened  by  minute 
granules  now  like  those  of  shagreen  and  now  coarser,  and  which 
becomes  finally,  in  the  Wyoming  plant,  as  closely  applied  to 
the  substrate  as  any  P.  murorum,  but  yet  appears  on  the  whole 
to  descend  rather  from  P.  elegans.  The  lichen  may  be  conve- 
niently distinguished  as  the  var.  trachyphyllum. 

4.  P.  murorum  (Hoffm.)  DC. ;  thallus  crustaceous,  orbicular, 
closely  adnate  to  the  substrate,  contiguous ;  bright-yellow ;  the 
warted  centre  passing  at  the  circumference  into  cut-crenate 
lobules ;  apothecia  smallish,  sessile,  zeorine ;  disk  naked,  orange- 
red,  the  thicker  thalline  margin  sub-crenate.     Spores  much  as 

in  the  last,  but  perhaps,  on  the  whole,  larger. Parmelia,  Fr. 

L.  E.p.  115,  a  (excl.  d-f.)  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  170. 


PLACODITJM.  171 

North  America  (Lecan.  miniata),  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818. 
Arctic  America,  Richardson.  Maritime  rocks,  Massachusetts, 
Tuckerman.  Coast  of  California,  Bolander  (rather  resembling 
Amphiloma  Heppianum,  Miill. ;  Kabenh.  n.  671,  which  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  separate).  Beside  this  yellow  one,  there  is  a  Californian 
form  with  all  the  features  of  the  present  except  that  the  colour 
is  dark-orange,  in  which  respect  it  suggests  P.  elegans ;  this  may 
be  called  v.  miniatum. 

4(&).  P  cirrochroum  (Ach.)  Hepp. ;  thallus  of  P.  murorum 
but  small,  and  perhaps  thinner,  and  bursting  at  the  centre  into 
lemon-coloured  soredia ;  the  tips  of  the  peripheral  lobes  more  or 
less  white-pruinose ;  [apothecia  rare  and  not  seen  here,  minute. 

"  Spores  oblong,  ^  mic."] Ach.  Syn.p.  181.  Koerb.  Parerg. 

p.  49.  Parmelia  murorum,  /.,  Fr.  L.  E.  Lecanora,  Schcer. 
Enum.  p.  64. 

Eocks  containing  lime,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont.  Prof.  W. 
G.  Farlow. 

5.  P.  fulgens  (Sw.)  DC.;  thallus  foliaceous-crustaceous,  or- 
bicular, soft  and  friable,  closely  appressed ;  pale-yellow  or  lemon- 
coloured  ;   made  up  of  narrow,  laciniate-multifid,  and  crenate, 
flexuous,  concrete  lobes,  which  become  radious-plicate  at  the 
circumference ;    apothecia    of   middling  size,  sessile,   zeorine ; 
tawny-red  ;  the  pale,  irregular,  thalline  margin  finally  excluded 
by  the  swelling  disk,  which  is  bordered  by  a  thin,  entire,  proper 

one.     Spores  ellipsoid,  sub-simple,  ^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr. 

L.  E.p.  119,  a.     P.friabilis,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  426. 

b.  bracteatum,  Ach. ;  thallus  passing  into  a  verrucose-lobulate- 

crust;  the  radious  circumference  disappearing. Schcer.  I.  c. 

P.  fulgens  v.  alpinum,  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  81. 

Calcareous  soils.  Greenland  (b),  Valil  e  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  1861. 
On  the  North  Platte  in  Nebraska,  and  Wyoming  (a,  6),  Hayden. 

Montana,  M.  A.  Brown. The  spores  of  the  variety,  though 

often  simple,  occur  also  in  variously  imperfect  (or  even  perfect, 
according  to  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  112)  bilocular  conditions;  and  I  ob- 
serve not  wholly  dissimilar  spores  in  some  of  my  foreign  speci- 
mens of  a.  Both  forms  belong  naturally  together ;  and  to  Pla- 
codium. 

6.  P.  eugyrum,  Tuckerm. ;   thallus  crustaceous,  orbicular,, 
adnate,  applanate;  from  dirty-brownish-green  becoming  dark- 


172  PLACODIUM. 

fulvous  j  rimose-areolate,  passing  at  the  circumference  into  short, 
paler,  white-powdery,  crenate  lobes;  apothecia  small,  zeorine; 
the  flat,  rufous  disk  bordered  by  a  thin,  crenulate,  thalline  mar- 
gin. Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  ^-mic. Suppl.  1,1  c.  p.  425. 

On  limestone,  Texas  ( Wright),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  1858. Best 

comparable  perhaps  externally,  except  in  colour,  with  the  Euro- 
pean Lecanora  circinata.  Apothecia  Omm-,  5  to  Omm-,  8  in  width. 

7.  P.  galactophyllum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaceous-adnate, 
areolate-squamulose ;    white  and  mealy  ( becoming  yellowish- 
brown  when  rubbed),  the  areoles  passing  at  the  circumference 
into  crenate  lobules ;  apothecia  small,  zeorine,  adnate,  flat ;  an 
obtuse,  entire  thalline  margin  bordering  the  dark-orange,  mar- 
ginate  disk.     Spores  ^  mio. Obs.  lAch.  4,  1.  c.  p.  171. 

Lime-rocks,  Chase  county,  Kansas  (Hall),  Tuckerman  Gen. 

1872.    Apothecia  of  the  size  of  those  of  n.  6. When  this  and 

the  last  are  more  fully  known,  they  may  possibly  prove  to  be 
nearer  akin  than  appears. 

8.  P.  peliophyllum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaceous,  adnate, 
verrucose ;  cinereous-glaucous  (and  blackening)  with  a  laciniate, 
linear-multifid  circumference ;  apothecia  of  more  than  middling 
size,  sessile ;  the  disk  chestnut-brown,  the  stout,  entire  thalline 

margin  finally  flexuous.    Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Gen.  Lich. 

p.  108. 

On  granitic  rocks,  Yosemite  Valley,  California  (Bolander), 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872.  The  specimens  of  this  marked  lichen 
were  only  obtained  with  difficulty,  and  are  scanty.  It  should  be 
further  studied  where  it  grows.  Apothecia  exceeding  2mm-  in 
width. 

9.  P.  variabile  (Pers.)  Nyl. ;    thallus  crustaceous,   adnate, 
rimose-areolate ;  lurid-ash-coloured ;  the  areoles  of  the  circum- 
ference scarcely  now  effigurate;  apothecia  of  middling  size  or 
smallish,  adnate,  rather  flat;    the  dark-chestnut  (blackening) 
disk  bordered  conspicuously  by  a  white  (powdery)  entire  at 
length  flexuous  margin,  which  is  now  concolorous  with  the  disk ; 
or  obsolete,  and  the  apothecia  lecideoid.    Spores  ellipsoid,  ^ 
mic. <Nyl.  Scand.  p.  138. 

b.  atro-album,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  yellowish-brown ;  apothe- 
cia small,  distinctly  zeorine ;  a  thin,  demiss,  white  thalline  mar- 


PLACODIUM.  173 

gin  bordering  a  black  and  naked,  marginate  disk.  Spores  obso- 
letely  polar-bilocular  (the  spore-cells  mostly  approximate),  ^|? 

mic. Obs.  Lich.  4,  I  c.  p.  172. 

a,  Jurassic  rocks,  Rocky  Mountains  (Hay den),  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872.  Ancient  potsherds,  Utah,  Dr.  Palmer  (Herb.  Wil- 

ley). b,  cretaceous  sandstone,  and  chalcedony,  North  Platte, 

Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden.    Lime-rocks,  Utah,  Lapham. P. 

variabile  is  associable,  through  P.  chalybceum  (not  as  yet  de- 
tected here),  with  the  effigurate  species  of  the  genus,  but  loses 
at  length  every  trace  of  a  lobed  margin.  This  is  quite  deficient 
in  b,  which  was  referred  by  me  at  first  to  the  near  neighbourhood 
of  Lecanora  erysibe. Another  state  of  P.  variabile  with  de- 
pauperate or  obsolete  thallus  and  wholly  black  (lecideoid)  apo- 
thecia  (on  limestone,  Alabama,  Peters)  is  best  comparable  with 
the  European  form  Agardhianum,  at  least  as  exhibited  in  a  speci- 
men from  herb.  Koerb. ;  upon  which  compare  this  author's  ob- 
servation in  Parerg.  p.  68. 

*  *  *  Callopisma.  Thallus  not  effigurate  (though  now 
squamulose)  uniform ;  the  fruit  more  or  less  orange,  except  in 
n.  20,  21,  22. 

f  Spores  polar-bilocular,  except  in  18;  in  eights. 

10.  P.  bolacinum,  Tuckerm. ;   thallus  squamulose ;   tawny- 
yellow;   the  scattered  scales  coarse,  convex,  glebous-difform, 
finally  crenate ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  sessile,  soon  convex ; 
the  orange,  rusty-powdery  disk  with  a  thin,  concolorous  margin, 

the  thalline  one  mostly  obsolete.    Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. 

Lich.  Calif,  p.  18. 

On  sandstone  and  serpentine  rocks  (and  what  is  perhaps  the 
same  on  mud  walls),  on  the  coast  of  California  (Bolander),  Tuck- 
erman I.  c.  1866.  Apothecia  lmm-  to  more  than  2mra-  wide. 

11.  P.  cinnabarrinum  (Ach.)  Anz.;  thallus  rimose-areolate 
and  sub-effigurate ;  or  the  now  scattered  areoles  passing  from  the 
first  into  often  applanate  and  crenate-lobulate  scales;  them- 
selves crowded  together  at  length  into  a  sub-imbricate  crust ; 
becoming  dark-orange ;  apothecia  minute,  adnate ;  disk  orange, 
the  paler  margin  entire.      Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Leca- 
nora, Ach.  L.  U.  p.  402.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  165. 

A  common  rock-lichen  throughout  the  United  States,  inhab- 
iting alike  granitic  and  calcareous  rocks,  from  New  England  to 


174  PLACODITJM. 

Virginia,  TucJeerman  Gen.  1872.  Kansas,  on  limestone,  Hall. 
South  Carolina  (on  rocks,  and  apparently  now  on  dead  wood), 
Mavenel  Texas,  on  limestone,  Wright.  California,  on  sand- 
stone, Bolander.  Varying  considerably  in  the  development  of 
the  thallus,  as  above  noted ;  and  the  spores  commonly  longer  in 
the  Californian  plant.  The  black  hypothallus,  described  by 
Acharius,  and  Fries,  is  not  always  to  be  made  out. 

12.  P.  microphyllinum,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  squamulose ; 
from  dirty-greenish-yellow  at  length  dirty-orange ;  the  adnate 
scales  crowded  together  into  broken  masses  at  the  centre  but 
crenate-lobulate  more  or  less  at  the  circumference,  bursting  into, 
and  often  concealed  by  heaps  of  yellow  granules;   apothecia 
smallish,  zeorine,  adnate,  flat ;  dark- orange,  the  proper  margin 
sub-entire,  the  thalline  one  crenulate.     Spores  ellipsoid,^—  mic. 

On  dead  wood  common  on  the  coast  of  New  England.    Penn- 
sylvania, Dr.  J.  W.  Eckfeldt.    Illinois,  Hall.     Texas,  Wright. 

California,  Herb.  Willey. Reminding  one  of  the  rupicoline 

P.  aurantiacum,  v.  coronatum,  Krempelh.  (Hepp.  n.  637.  Ra- 
benh.  723),  but  very  different  in  fact  in  its  more  or  less  distinctly 
lobulate  thallus.  The  habitat  is  yet  one  deforming  many  lichens ; 
but  I  know  not  where  to  refer  the  plant. 

13.  P.  citrinum  (Hoffm.)  Leight.;   thallus  effuse,  minutely 
;granulose,  conglomerate  at  length  in  areole-like  masses ;  lemon- 
•coloured ;  on  a  white  coanescent  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small, 
appressed ;  disk  waxy-yellowish  and  orange,  the  soon  depressed 
thalline  margin  sub-granulose,  the  thin,  proper  one  often  obso- 
lete.   Spores  ellipsoid,  ~  mic. Lecanora,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  176, 

a.     Callopisma,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  128. 

Lime-rocks,  Neosho  river,  Kansas,  Hall.    Stones  and  mortar 
in  walls,  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  J.  W.  Eckfeldt. 

14.  P.  aurantiacum  (Lightf.)  Naeg.  &  Hepp.;  thallus  un- 
even and  chinky  becoming  soon  warted  and  wrinkled,  and 
broken  at  length  into  areoles ;  lemon-coloured,  pale  yellow,  yel- 
lowish-gray, gray,  or  finally  now  white;  bordered  and  decus- 
sated by  a  blackening  hypothallus,  which  is  often  obsolete; 
apothecia  almost  middling-sized,  sessile,  zeorine,  flattish ;  the 
orange,  saffron,  or  tawny  disk  bordered  by  a  thin  proper  mar- 
gin, and  a  stouter,  at  length  crenulate  thalline  one,  which  is 
now  obsolete,  and  the  fruit  then  quite  biatorine.    Spores  ellip- 


PLACODIUM.  175 

sold,  ^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  165,  a.    Lecanora,  Nyl. 

Scand' p.  142. 

Trees  and  rocks,  as  also  on  dead  wood,  throughout.  Northern 
and  middle  States,  Muhleriberg  Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America, 
Ricliardson.  Illinois,  Kansas,  and  Missouri,  Hall.  Arkansas, 
Peters.  Maryland  and  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas, 
Wright.  California,  Bolander ;  occurring  now  on  cow-dung,  Dr. 
J.  G.  Cooper. 

15.  P.  rupestre  (Scop.)  Br.   &  Rostr. ;   thallus  tartareous, 
rimose-areolate ;    ash  -  coloured ;    often  much  reduced  and  at 
length  obsolete ;  apothecia  smallish,  convex,  adnate,  biatorine, 
but  the  proper  margin  soon  disappearing;  wax-coloured,  and 
tawny,  becoming  olivaceous-brown,  and  blackening.     Spores 

ellipsoid,  simple,  -jj^mic. Lecanora  calva,  Nyl.  Scand.p.  147. 

Lecidea  rupestris,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  423. 

Calcareous  rocks.  New  York,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Ver- 
mont, Messrs.  Russell  and  Frost.  Georgia,  Ravenel.  Alabama, 

Peters. Spores  commonly  simple,  but  now  rather  suggestive 

of  the  type  of  the  present  group ;  from  which  the  lichen  cannot 
naturally  be  separated. 

16.  P.  cerinum  (Hedw.)  Naeg.  &  Hepp.;  thallus  originally 
contiguous,  becoming  chinky,  and  warted,  and  now  sub-areo- 
late ;  from  pale-  at  length  very  dark-ash-coloured,  or  leaden- 
gray,  or  now  disappearing;  upon  a  bluish-black  hypothallus; 
apothecia  middling  -  sized  to  small,   lecanorine,   sessile,   often 
rather  elevated;   wax -coloured,  reddish  -  fulvous,   olivaceous- 
brown,  or  at  length  livid,  sub-pruinose,  the  thin,  opake  thalline 
margin  often  well  distinguished  in  colour  from  the  disk,  but  at 
length  concolorous,  for  the  most  part  entire.    Spores  ellipsoid, 

^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  168,  b  &  c  excl    Tuck,  exs. 

n.  93.    Lecanora^  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  144. 

b.  sideritis,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  thickened ;  of  contigu- 
ous, scale-like,  becoming  convex  and  warty  areoles  ;  iron-gray ; 
apothecia  appressed,  the  fulvous-ferrugineous,  naked  disk  soon 
turgid  and  excluding  the  thin  thalline  margin.    Spores  as  in  a, 
but  scarcely  as  large.    Lecanora,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1,  1.  c.  p.  426. 

c.  pyracea,  Nyl. ;  thallus  thin ;  whitish  ash-coloured  when  not 
obsolete,  the  hypothallus  scarcely  differing  in  colour ;  apothecia 


176  PLACODIUM. 

small,  becoming  convex ;  the  yellowish-orange  disk  soon  exclud- 
ing the  thalline  margin,  but  bordered  more  or  less  by  a  thin 

proper  one.     Spores  as  in  a,  but  smaller. Nyl.  1.  c.    Fr.  I.  c. 

var.  o,  and  c. 

Throughout  our  territory,  common :  a,  on  trees,  as  also  on 
dead  wood,  and  mosses,  and  probably  on  stones.  Northern  and 
middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal  1818.  Arctic  America  (on 
mosses),  Wright.  Athabasca  Lake,  Macoun.  Canada,  etc., 
Agassiz.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois,  Hall.  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia,  Eavenel.  Alabama  &  Arkansas,  Peters.  Lou- 
isiana, Hale.  Texas,  Wright.  California,  Bolander.  Oregon, 
Sail &,  on  granitic  rocks.  New  England,  Frost,  etc.  Vir- 
ginia, Curtis.  This  variety  is  a  well-marked  lichen  which  has 
been  referred  (in  Frost's  original  specimens)  to  P.  ferrugineum 
(v.  fusco-atrum,  Bayerh. ;  Zw.  exs.  n.  96 ! )  by  an  European 
lichenologist  of  experience :  but  I  decidedly  prefer  the  present 
place  for  our  plant ;  and  Koerber  (Syst.  p.  127)  has  taken  a  sim- 
ilar view  of  Von  Zwackh's.  Whether  ours  is  to  be  kept  separate 
or  not,  must  depend  upon  a  larger  view  of  the  foreign  one  than 

I  am  able  to  take. c  differs  from  a,  much  as  a  Biatora  from  a 

Lecanora,  and  is  now  often  separated  as  a  species,  but  with 
hardly  sufficient  reason.  A  similar  lichen,  which  is  in  fact  sub- 
sumed under  his  var.pyracea,  by  Nylander  1.  c.  (the  Lecidea  ulmi- 
cola  of  Borrer!  in  Hook.  Brit.  Fl.  p.  185,  and  theCaloplaca  luteo- 
alba  of  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  190),  exhibits,  it  is  supposed  always, 
spores  varying  from  the  type  in  having  the  sporoblasts  approxi- 
mate ;  but  has  not  occurred  here. 

17.  P.  Jungermannice  (Vahl) ;  thallus  encrusting  mosses,  very 
thin;  whitish  or  cinerascent;  apothecia  middling  to  smallish, 
crowded,  sessile,  flattish,  now  lecanorine  but  soon  taking  on  a 
biatorine  aspect ;  the  orange,  finally  fulvous,  sub-pruinose  disk 
becoming  tumid,  and  the  at  first  stout,  entire,  or  flexuous  mar- 
gin thinning  out  and  disappearing.     Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. 

Caloplaca,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  179.    Lecanora  fulvolutea,  Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  146. 

On  the  earth,  upon  mosses,  Arctic  America.  Greenland  ( Vahl), 
Th.  Fries  1.  c.  1861.  Great  Bear  Lake,  etc.,  Richardson  e  Leight. 
I  c.  Islands  of  Behrmg's  Straits,  Wright.  British  Columbia, 
Macoun. 

18.  P.  nivale  (Koerb.) ;  thallus  much  as  in  the  last,  but  often 


PLACODITJM.  177 

perhaps  darker ;  apothecia  small,  crowded,  adnate,  now  distinctly 
lecanorine  and  now  of  biatoriue  aspect ;  the  flattish,  finally  tumid 
disk  brownish-orange,  fulvous,  or  rust-coloured,  the  entire  bor- 
der often  darker.  Spores  linear-oblong  or  cymbiform,  simple, 
becoming  at  length  bilocular  with  approximate  sporoblasts,  ^^ 

mic. Callopisma,  Koerl.  Syst.  p.  129.    Lecanora,  Nyl.  Lapp. 

Or.  p.  129. 

On  mosses,   Greenland  (Breutel),  Nylander  1.  c.  1866. 

Known  to  me  in  an  European  specimen  from  the  author.  It  is 
another  offshoot  of  the  cerinum-stock,  separated,  more  widely 
than  the  last,  by  the  long  spores,  which  are  not  polar-bilocular. 
The  lichen  occurs  in  Greenland,  according  to  Nylander  I  c.,  with 
the  whole  aspect  of  the  muscicoline  P.  cerinum  v.  stillicidiorum 
of  authors. 

19.  P.  sinapispermum  (Auct.)  Hepp.;  thallus  running  over 
mosses,  thin,  granulate ;  whitish  ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small, 
appressed,  biatorine,  soon  convex  and  sub-globose ;  fulvous-fer- 
rugineous,  becoming  ferrugineous-brown,  and  blackening ;   the 
obtuse,  entire,  concolorous  margin  soon  disappearing.     Spores 
ovoid-ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. ;  but  in  three  otherwise  similar  speci- 
mens from  Behring's  Straits  the  spores  occur  |^|  mic. Blas- 

tenia,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  184.    B.  leucorcea,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  392. 

Upon  mosses,  in  arctic  and  alpine  regions.  Greenland  ( Vahl), 
Th.  Fries  I  c.  1861.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  Macoun.  Eocky  Mountains,  Hall. An  extreme 

member  of  the  stock  of  P.  cerinum,  looking  toward  the  next 
species. 

20.  P.  ferrugineum  (Huds.)  Hepp.;  thallus  sub-cartilagin- 
eous,  at   first  contiguous,  becoming  chinky,  verruculose,  and 
rugged;    more  or  less  ash- coloured,  or  now  whitish;  upon  a 
black,  more  or  less  obvious,  or  now  even  obsolete  hypothallus ; 
apothecia'  from  almost  middling  to  small,  for  the  most  part 
biatorine,   sessile,   flattish;     disk  opake,    sub  -  pruinose,   rust- 
coloured,  passing  into  red,  and  fulvous,  bordered  by  a  finally 
crisped,  persistent  proper  margin,  which  is  now  inclosed  in  a 

demiss  thalline   one.     Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Parmelia, 

Fr.  L.  E.p.  170.     Caloplaca,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  182. 

b.  Pottinii ;  thallus  thin,  whitish,  or  obsolescent ;  apothecia 
biatorine,  soon  turgid ;   olivaceous  and  blackening,  more  or  less 
greenish-pruinose ;    the  paler  margin  at  length  excluded,   or 
12 


178  PLACODIUM. 

concolorous. Blastema,  Mass.  Blast. ;  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  129. 

Placodium,  Anz.    P.  ferrugineum,  v.  nigricans,  Tuck,  in  litt. 

c.  discolor,  Willey  in  litt. ;  tliallus  thin ;  pale  yellowish  ex- 
cept where  blackened  by  the  hypothallus ;   bursting  into  heaps 
of  yellow  granules ;  apothecia  biatorine. 

d.  Wrightii,  Tuckerm.  in  litt.}    thallus  thickish;    whitish- 
glaucescent    besprinkled  densely  with  white  granules  which 
become  isidioid  j    apothecia  appressed,  lecanorine,  zeorine;  and 
biatorine,  soon  flexuous ;  the  disk  dark-red. 

Trees,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  as  also,  in  high  northern 
regions,  on  mosses,  common  throughout  our  territory,  a. 
Greenland  ( Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861 ;  as  also  in  Alaska,  Dr. 
Kellogg.  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  Illinois,  Hall. 
N.  Carolina,  Curtis.  Georgia,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters. 
Texas,  Wright.  California  (where  among  other  rupicoline 
states  there  is  one,  f.  Bolanderi  with  obsolete  thallus,  but  bright 
vermillion-coloured  apothecia,  comparable  with  the  f.  miniacea, 
Mihi,  Obs.  Lich.  4,  I.  c.  p.  171,  on  bark,  in  South  Africa,  which 
last  differs  in  nothing  but  the  colour  from  the  S.  African  a), 

Bolander.    Oregon,  Hall. b,  on  coniferous  trees,  especially 

Red  Cedar,  and  also  on  Elm,  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman.  Ver- 
mont, Russell.  Maryland,  Tuckerman. c,  on  Tupelo,  and 

Oak,  Mount  Desert,  Maine,  Tuckerman.    New  Bedford,  Willey. 

d,  on  trees,  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  Wright. 

The  forms  c,  and  d,  deserve  separate  notice  as  much  perhaps 
as  b,  which  is  now  recognized  as  European  by  authors.  And 
other  probable  conditions  of  the  species,  beside  the  curious  f. 
Bolanderi,  have  been  sent  to  me  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  but  are 
not  as  yet  clear. 

21.  P.  diphasium,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub-tartareous,  origi- 
nally contiguous,  becoming  rugged  and  verrucose-granulate ; 
greenish  -  glaucescent ;     apothecia    small,   adnate,   lecanorine; 
disk  plano-convex,  from  wax-coloured  becoming  reddish-brown 
and  livid-black,  thinly  green-pruinose,  bordered  now  by  a  thin 
proper  margin,  and  always  inclosed  by  a  depressed,  crenulate 

thalline  one.      Spores    ovoid  -  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Lecanora, 

Suppl.  1,1.  c.  p.  426.     Placodium,  Obs.  Lich.  3,  I.  c.  p.  287. 

On  various  trees,  Texas  ( Wright),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858. 

22.  P.  camptidium,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin  and  sub-cartila- 
gineous,  originally  contiguous,  from  smooth  becoming  chinky 


PLACODIUM. 

and  broken,  and  finally  waited;  brownish-ash-coloured ;  con- 
ditioned more  or  less  in  colour  and  bordered  by  a  black  hypo- 
thallus;  apothecia  of  middling  size  and  smallish,  biatorine, 
sessile ;  the  flattish,  rufous,  white-pruinose  disk  surpassing  at 
length  the  obtuse,  white,  entire  or  finally  fuscescent  and  flexu- 
ous  proper  margin,  which  is  rarely  surrounded  by  an  obscure 

thalline  one.     Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Lecanora,  Obs.  Lich. 

2,  1.  c.  p.  403.    Placodium,  ibid.,  3,  I  c.  p.  287. 

Trees  and  rails  from  southern  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland 
throughout  Virginia,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1862.  Massachusetts,  on 
Beech,  Willey.  Ohio,  Miss  Biddlecome.  Illinois,  Hall.  North 
Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  Eavenel.  Texas, 
Wright.  Oregon,  Hall.  A  well  marked  lichen;  but  states  of 
it  may  be  passed  over  for  Lecanora  subfusca ;  or  now  for  forms 
of  the  variable  Biatora  rubella. 

23.  P.  Floridanum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  contiguous,  un- 
even at  length  broken ;  glaucous-cinerascent,  limited  more  or  less 
and  otherwise  conditioned  by  a  black  hypothallus  ;    apothecia 
minute,  adnate;    disk  flat,  brownish-black,  opake,  obsoletely 
margiuate,  with  an  entire,  at  length  concolorous  thalline  border. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Lecanora,  Obs.  Lich.  2,  1.  c.  p.  402. 

Placodium,  ibid.,  3,  I.  c.  p.  287. 

On  bark,  West  Florida  (Beaumont],  and  Texas  (Wright), 

Tuckerman  I.  c.  1862.    Also  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  Wright. 

Resembling  small  states  of  Einodina  sophodes. 

f  f  Spores  with  approximate  spore-cells  (not  polar -bilocular), 
for  the  most  part  numerous  in  the  thekes.  Thallus  now  stalked, 
now  effigurate,  and  now  uniform. 

24.  P.  Spraguei;   thallus  effuse,  made  up  of  short  trunks 
which  are  crowded  together  into  a  papillate  crust,  expanding 
now  at  the  outer  edge  into  lobulate  squamules;  greenish-yellow; 
apothecia  of  middling  size,  flattish ;  disk  tawny-yellow,  the  ob- 
tuse margin  soon  flexuous,  and  crenate.    Spores  from  fusiform 
at  length  club-shaped  and  acicular,  bilocular  and  irregularly 
broken  up  within,  often  curved,  ^^  mic. 

On  the  earth  upon  rocks,  Colorado,  Brandegee]  comm.  Ch. 

Jas.  Sprague. With  the  aspect  of  the  finer  conditions  of  P. 

vitellinum,  but  clearly,  though  often  only  obscurely,  stalked.  I 
also  regard  the  remarkable  development  of  the  spores  as  indi- 


180  PLACODIUM. 

eating  only  an  advance  in  the  same  direction  of  known  condi- 
tions of  the  vitellimtm-SQOTQ.  Apothecia  seen  lmm-  to  imm-?  5 
wide.  Paraphyses  becoming  thickened  and  like  the  spores.  The 
last  seen  only  in  eights. 

25.  P.  crenulatum  (Wahlenb.);   thallus  orbicular,  crenate- 
granulose,  opake ;  lemon-coloured ;    radiately  effigurate  at  the 
circumference,  the  lobes  crenate  incised;  apothecia  of  almost 
middling  size ;  pale-lemon-coloured,  bordered  by  a  creuate  thai- 
line  margin.     Spores  20-40  and  more  in  the  thekes;  ellipsoid 

and  oblong,  simple  and  obsoletely  bilocular,  ^jj-  mic. Leca- 

nora  crenata,  Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p.  130.     Caloplaca  cremilata,  Tli. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  187. 

Maritime  rocks,  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  1.  c.  1861.— 
The  only  specimen  known  to  me  as  yet  by  this  name  (Labrador, 
Krempelhuber)  might  quite  as  easily  be  called  a  well-developed, 
high-northern  condition  of  the  next  species ;  and  little  more  is 
suggested  by  Nylander's  character  of  the  lichen.  Wahlenberg 
however  (Fl.  Lapp.  p.  416)  describes  his  plant  as  having  thin, 
and  exceedingly  narrow  (and  Th.  Fries  adds  sub-linear)  lobes, 
which  suggests  something  different. 

26.  P.  vitellinum  (Ehrh.),  Naeg.  &  Hepp. ;   thallus  effuse, 
tartareous,  of  small,  rounded,  at  length  squamaceous  and  cre- 
nate-lobulate  granules,  which  are  crowded  mostly  into  areole- 
like  heaps,  but  occur  now  scattered;  bright-greenish-yellow; 
apothecia  clustered  for  the  most  part,  middling  to  small,  sessile, 
flat,  or  at  length  convex;  tawny-yellow,  darkening  also,  and 
olivaceous,   with  a  soon    granulate  -  crenate    thalline    border. 
Spores  numerous  (12-30  and  more)  in  the  thekes;  simple  and 

bilocular,  -^  mic. Fr,  L.  E.  p.  162,  excl  b.     Nyl  Scand. 

p.  141. 

b.  aurellum,  Ach. ;  thallus  dispersed  and  disappearing ;  the 
small  apothecia  entire. 

Dead  wood  and  rocks,  common;  as  also  occurring  on  the 
earth.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818. 
Arctic  America  (Fort  Franklin),  RicJiardson.  Behring's  Straits, 
Wright.  Illinois  and  westward,  Hall.  Rocky  Mountains,  Parry; 
Hall.  Texas,  Wright.  New  Mexico,  Fendler.  California,  Bolan- 

aer. b}  on  rocks,  Canada,  Mr.  Drummond.  Missouri  and 

Kansas,  possibly,  Hall;  but  not  clear. The  spores  of  this 


LECAXORA.  181 

species  vary  from  8  (Nylander;  including  probably  the  Calo- 
placa  subsimilis,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  181,  which  is  not  said  to 
differ  otherwise)  to  12,  24,  and  apparently  now  as  to  many  as 
40.  Our  plant  appears  to  be  better  developed  than  the  Euro- 
pean as  known  to  me,  and  abundant  apothecia  are  now  found 
of  l£-2  mic.  diameter. 

27.  P.  luteo-minium,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaceous,  thin, 
squamaceous-glebous,  granulose,  and  obsolescent ;  dirty-white ; 
apothecia  of  almost  middling  size,  biatorine;  the  flat  disk  from, 
orange  becoming  vermillion-coloured,  and  the  entire,  obtuse 
margin  radiately  striate.  Spores  8-12  and  more  in  the  thekes; 
oblong  and  bean-shaped,  bilocular,  ^J  mic. Lich.  Calif,  p.  18. 

On  the  earth.  San  Diego,  California,  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper.  The 
spores  are  very  various  in  number,  occurring  3, -4, -8  (the  last 
commonly), -10,-12,  and  over,  in  the  thekes;  and  once  observed 
4-locular. 

XXXI.  — LECANOBA,   Ach.,   Tuckerm. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  now  zeorine.  Spores  from  ellip- 
soid passing  into  oblong ;  simple  5  or  rarely  2-4-locular ;  or 
elongated-fusiform  and  4-plurilocular,  colourless.  Sperma- 
tia  oblong,  or  staff-shaped ;  or  needle-shaped  and  bowed ; 
on  sub-simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  crustaceous  ;  either  lobed 
at  the  circumference  5  or,  very  rarely,  suffruticulose ;  or, 
and  for  the  most  part,  uniform. 

*  Cladodium.    Thallus  fruticulose.    Spores  simple. 

1.  L.  Bolanderi,  Tuck.;  thallus  csespitose,  dichotomously 
much-branched ;  greenish-straw-coloured ;  the  branches  of  the 
rounded,  rather  loose  clumps  erect,  terete,  with  papillaeform, 
obtuse  tips ;  apothecia  of  middling  size,  sub-terminal ;  the  disk 
naked,  from  yellowish-flesh-coloured  becoming  tawny,  with  a 
tumid,  rather  entire  thalline  margin.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid, 
^±  mic. Obs.  Lich.  I.  c.  6,  p.  266.  Gen.  Lich.  p.  111. 

Metamorphic  sandstone  rocks  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  Marin 
county,  California  (Bolander),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1864. 

l(b).  L.thamnitis,TvLcls..',  thallus  papillate-fruticulose, made 
up  of  short,  erect,  fastigiately  divided  trunks  which  are  crowded 
densely  together  in  an  effuse  crust  (or  pass  now  into  compact, 


182  LECANORA. 

rounded  peltate  clumps) ;  pale-straw-coloured ;  apothecia  mid- 
dling to  ample,  sub-terminal ;  disk  from  pale-yellowish  passing 
into  tawny-red,  margin  crenate.  Spores  ovoid  -  ellipsoid,  -( 

mic. Lick.  Calif,  p.  20. 

Sandstones  of  the  Pacific  Coast ;  Oakland  hills,  and  S.  Bruno 

(Bolander),  Tuckerman  I  c.  1866. L.  Bolanderi  offers  effuse 

conditions;  as  L.  thamnitis,  first  observed  only  in  such  state, 
passes  finally  into  peltate  ones,  like  the  other;  but  the  two 
lichens,  in  large  sets  of  specimens,  are,  so  far,  distinguishable. 
They  are  placed  however  here,  with  the  next  following  one, 
under  the  same  number,  as  probably  only  forms  of  one  species. 

L.  rubina,  of  the  next  division,  which  exhibits  monophyl- 

lous,  and  peltate,  together  with  complicate,  almost  branched 
states,  illustrates  the  transition  of  Squamaria  into  Cladodium ; 
and  sufficiently  perhaps  explains  the  rather  surprising  diversity 
of  the  latter  group. 

l(c).  L.  pliryganitis,  Tuck.;  thallus  ochroleucous ;  stout, 
rimulose-rugulose,  forming  rounded  patches,  made  up  at  the 
centre  of  short,  erect,  obtuse  branches,  which  are  elongated,  and 
decumbent  at  the  circumference ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample, 
lateral,  sub-sessile ;  disk  pale-brick-coloured,  margin  flexuously 
lobed.  Spores  oblong- ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. Lich.  Calif,  p.  19. 

Coast  standstones  ("  usually  in  depressions,  forming  in  them 
round  patches")  from  Mission  Dolores  to  the  Ocean  (Bolander}, 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1866. 

**  Squamaria.  Thallus  lobed ;  sub-foliaceous.  Spores 
simple. 

2.  L.  lentigera  (Web.)  Ach. ;   thallus  crustaceous-foliaceous, 
thickish,  radious;  greenish- white,  more  or  less  white -pruinose ; 
at  the  circumference  lobed,   sinuately  cut,   and  crenate,  but 
broken  at  the  centre  into  areole-like  divisions;    [apothecia  of 
middling  size,  adnate ;  the  disk  reddish-buff-coloured,  the  thin 
thalline  margin  persistent.    Spores  oblong- ellipsoid,  c.  ^-  mic.] 

Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  103.    Lecanora,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  130. 

Parmelia  crassa,  a,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  431. 

Calcareous  earth,  Bad  Lands  of  Judith,  Nebraska  (infertile), 

Hayden. Referable  here  rather  than  to  the  closely  allied  L. 

crassa ;  which  has  not  occurred  with  us. 

3.  L.  gelida  (L.)  Ach. ;   thallus  crustaceous,  adnate,  chinky, 


LECANORA.  183 


but  more  or  less  radious ;  dirty  white ;  with  a  laciniate-lobate 
circumference ;  smooth,  or  beset  often  with  white  soredia ;  and 
bearing  also  a  large  central,  or  several  smaller  and  scattered, 
brown,  radiately  chinky  warts;  apothecia  smallish,  adnate; 
disk,  pale  brick-coloured  and  blackening,  with  a  very  entire, 
tumid  thalline  margin.  Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Squama- 
ria, Nyl.  Scand.  p.  134. 

Rocks,  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  1861.  White  Moun- 
tains, Willey.  Oregon,  Hall.  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

4.  L.  thamnoplaca,  Tuck. ;    thallus  tartareous ;   tawny ;    of 
turgid,  crenate  scales  which  are  crowded  together  at  the  centre 
and  become   coalescent,  but  pass  at  the   circumference  into 
rather  lax,  narrowed,  convex,  sinuately  cut  lobes;    apothecia 
middling-sized,  innate -superficial ;   disk  reddish-black,  exceed- 
ing the  stout,  entire  margin.     Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  -|^  mic. 
Gen.  p.  113,  note. 

Rocks,  near  Humboldt  city,  Nevada  (Bolander),  Tuckerman 
I.  c.  1873.  Rocky  Mountains  (Yellowstone  exp.,  Coulter),  Herb. 
Willey. Apothecia  lmm-,  5-2mm-,  wide. 

5.  L.  rubina  (Vill.)  Ach. ;    thallus  cartilagineous,  sub-folia- 
ceous,  peltate ;  now  monophyllous ;  but  passing  oftener  into 
several  to  many  round-lobed,  cut-crenate,  finally  branch-like 
divisions ;   greenish-straw-coloured  ;   for  the  most  part  black 
beneath;  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  appressed;   disk  from 
pale  yellowish  becoming  tawny  and  red;    the  thin,  flexuous 

thalline  margin  disappearing.      Spores  ellipsoid,  —^  mic. 

Parmelia  chrysoleuca,  Fr.    L.  E.  p.  113.     P.  rubina,  Schcer. 
Spicil.  p.  435.     Squamaria  chrysoleuca,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  131. 

6.  heteromorpha,Ach.,  thallus  more  or  less  rimose-rugulose, 
pitted  beneath ;    apothecia  concolorous  becoming  pale-brown. 
L.  rubina,  ft  heteromorpha,  Ach.    L.   U.  fide  Nyl.   Squamaria 
peltata,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  132. 

c.  opaca,  Ach.,  Fr.;  disk  decolorate,  pale-olivaceous  and  black. 
Squamaria  melanophthalma,  Nyl.  I.  c. 

Rocks,  a,  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I  c.  1823. 
New  England,  Tuckerman.  Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz. 
Kansas,  Hall.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden.  New  Mexico,  Fend- 

ler.  Texas,  Wright.  California,  H.  Mann.  Oregon,  Hall &, 

Organ  Mountains,  Texas  (with  a),  Wright.  Oregon  (with  a), 


184  LECAtfORA. 

Hall. Cj  Organ  Mountains,  Texas,  with  a  and  &,    Wright. 

Eocky  Mountains,  M.  A.  Brown.  California,  Bolander.  The 
New  England  lichen,  however  clearly  related  to  the  western 
forms  of  a  (through  Anz.  Ital.  n.  158 ;  comp.  Tuck.  Gen.  p. 
113)  is  always  inferior,  and  passes  at  length  into  an  effuse, 
glebous,  scarcely  lobed  condition,  here  observed  on  dead  wood, 
but  in  Kansas  (E.  Hall)  on  rocks,  which  is  not  the  same  with 
the  European  v.  disperso-areolata,  of  Schserer,  and  Anzi. 

6.  L.  Haydeni,  Tuck. ;  thallus  sub-foliaceous,  thickish,  cori- 
aceous-cartilagineous,  lacero-laciniate,  chinky ;  greenish-straw- 
coloured;  beneath  reddish-brown,  naked;   the  divisions  sinu- 

ately  lobed,  crenate,  white  tipped,  convolute  .... Obs. 

Lick.  3,  I  c.  p.  297. 

Upon  the  earth  ("in  most  places  detached  and  blown  about 
by  the  wind,  sometimes  even  drifted ;  found  in  situ  where  the 
ground  is  moist :  there  is  no  wood  or  rocks  for  it  to  be  attached 
to"),  Laramie  plains,  Nebraska  (infertile)  (Hayden),  Tuckerman 

1.  c.  1864. The  specimens  are  all  alike,  and  could  not  have 

been  attached  to  any  substrate.    Apothecia  unknown. 

7.  L.  muralis  (Schreb.)  Schaer.;  thallus  tartareous-cartila- 
gineous,  crustaceous-foliaceous ;  from  glaucous-greenish  becom- 
ing pale-yellowish-brownish ;  lobes  of  the  circumference  sinu- 
ately  divided,  multifld,  passing  at  the   centre  into  crowded, 
crenate  scales,  or  finally  areolate ;  apothecia  small  to  middling, 
appressed;  from  pale -yellowish  becoming  tawny-brown,  with 

an  at  length  crenate  and  flexuous  thalline  margin. Spores 

ellipsoid,  •—•  mic. Squamaria  saxicola,  Nyl.   Scand.  p.  133. 

Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  110,  max.  p.    P.  muralis,  Schcer.  Spirit, 
p.  417,  max.  p. 

a.  saxicola,  Schser. ;  lobes  flattish,  normally  coloured. L. 

saxicola,  Auctt.  pi. 

b.  Garovaglii,  Anz.;  the  elongated,  convex,  flexuous  lobes 

plicate-radious,  normally  coloured. Anz.  Lich.  Langob.  n. 

270.    Placodium,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  54. 

c.  diffracta,  Fr.;  thallus  darkened  more  or  less,  and  even 
fulvous,  and  brick- coloured ;  the  scales  reduced  to  discrete  are- 
oles  and  black-margined ;  lobes  of  the  circumference  abbrevi- 
ated.  Lich.  Eur.  p.  111. 

d.  Semitensis ;  thallus  reduced  to  scattered,  small,  glebous, 
straw-coloured  scales  which  become  finally  crenate-lobate  and 


LECAl^ORA.  185 

black-edged,  but  form  no  effigurate  circumference;  apothecia 
soon  turgid  and  heaped ;  disk  livid-brown,  white-pruinose,  the 

blackening  margin  soon  excluded. L.  Semitensis,  Tuck.  Obs. 

Lich.  4,  I,  c.  p.  172. 

e.  versicolor,  Fr.;  thallus  reduced,  thinner,  concrete,  very 
pale,  white-powdery. Nyl.  Scand.  I.  c. 

Eocks  (and  rarely  dead  wood),  a,  northern  and  middle  States, 
Halsey  View/ 1823 ;  and,  following  the  mountains  southward,  to 
Alabama,  Peters.  Texas,  Wright.  Missouri  &  Kansas,  Hall. 

California,  Bolander. b,  North  Platte,  Hay  den.  Nevada, 

Bolander. c,  California,  very  common  and  varied,  Bolander. 

— d,  Yosemite,  Bolander ;  not  to  be  separated  widely  from  c. 

e,  confined  to  calcareous  rocks ;  Missouri,  Prof.  C.  U.  Shep- 

ard.  Kansas,  Hall. 

8.  L.  pinguis,  Tuck. ;  thallus  incrassated-tartareous,  adnate, 
areolate-verrucose  j  dull-olivaceous-gray,  becoming  sulphur-col- 
oured ;  as  always  within ;  areoles  of  the  centre  scarcely  a  little 
discrete  and  squamiform,  but  becoming  at  the  circumference 
radious-plicate  j  apothecia  ample,  adnate ;  the  turgid,  yellow- 
ish-flesh-coloured disk  sub-pruinose,   the   crenate  margin  at 

length  flexuously  lobed.     Spores  oblong,  ^^  mic. Obs.  Lich. 

3,  1.  c.  p.  268. 

Coast  sandstones,  Oakland,  etc.,  California  (Bolander),  Tuck- 

erman  I.  c.  1864. Scarcely  less  emgurate  than  L.  circinata, 

and  now  recalling  even  L.  concolor  to  mind.    Apothecia  2mm-,  5 
to  5mm-  wide. 

*  *  *  Eulecanora.  Thallus  uniform.  Spores  ellipsoid,  and 
small,  and,  in  the  larger  number  of  species,  simple  (n.  9-24),  but, 
in  a  few,  bi-quadri-locular  (n.  25-27),  or  they  occur  elongated  and 
needle-shaped,  and  4-plurilocular  (n.  28-30),  or  very  large  and 
simple  (n.  31,  32).  Spermatia  in  the  larger  part  long  and  bowed; 
but  short,  and  straight  in  n.  19,  20,  and  28 ;  as  in  n.  31  and  32. 

f  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple. 

9.  L.  pallida  (Schreb.)  Scha3r.;  thallus  thin,  membranace- 
ous-cartilagineous,  smoothish;  cream-coloured  and  darkening; 
apothecia  sessile,  tumid ;  whitish-buflf,  white  pruinose,  the  thin, 

very  entire  margin  disappearing.     Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic. 

Parmelia,  Scliar.  Spicil.  p.  396.    L.  albella,  Auctt. 


186  LECANORA. 

b.  cancriformis,  Tuck. ;  tliallus  thickening  and  finally  verru- 
cose;  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  turgescent;  with  a  livid- 
flesh-coloured  and  reddish,  gray-pruiuose  disk,  and  a  thick, 
flexuous,  and  at  length  crenate  and  lobate  margin ;  now  finally 

proliferous. Verrucaria  cancriformis,  Hoffm.  D.  Fl.  p.  171. 

Lecanora  ccesio-rubella,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  366 ;  Syn.  p.  167. 

c.  angulosa,  Hoffm. ;    apothecia  small,  soon  crowded  and 
angulate-difform ;    the  livid-brownish  disk  glaucous-pruinose. 
L.  albella  v.  angulosa  &  v.  cinerella,  Auctt. 

Trees  and  rails,  throughout  North  America,  Hoffmann  I  c. 
1796.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg.  Maryland, 
Tuckerman.  Virginia  and  Carolinas,  Curtis ;  Ravenel.  Georgia, 
Havenel.  Alabama,  Beaumont.  Florida,  Chapman.  California, 
Bolander.  Oregon,  Hall.  Arctic  America,  Richardson. 

10.  L.  miculata,  Ach. ;  thallus  thin,  granulate,  dirty- white ; 
apothecia  flat  or  with  age  a  little  convex,  brownish-glaucous, 
pruinose,  the  persistent,  tumid  thalline  margin  at  length  flexu- 
ous and  crenate. Syn.  p.  164. 

Trees,   North  America   (Muhlenberg),   Ach.  I.  c.  1814. 

Quite  unknown  to  me.  I  associate  with  it  provisionally  how- 
ever a  not  uncommon  Lecanora  (Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
Myself;  Ohio,  Lea ;  Arkansas,  Peters  j  South  Carolina,  Eavenel ; 
Louisiana,  Hale ;  Texas,  Wright),  the  granulate- verrucose,  glau- 
cescent  thallus  of  which,  as  well  as  the  flattish,  reddish-brown, 
pruinose  apothecia  may  keep  it  apart.  Apothecia  of  this  lmm-  2, 
to  2mm-  wide ;  spores  ^^  mic. 

11.  L.  frustulosa  (Dicks.)  Mass. ;   thallus  tartareous,  gle- 
bous-sub-squamaceous,  the  roundish,  turgid  warts  becoming 
flattened  and  effigurate ;  either  dispersed,  or  crowded  and  sub- 
imbricate;    from  glaucous-  now  yellowish  -  white ;    apothecia 
smallish  to  middling,  sessile ;   disk  reddish-brown  and  blacken- 
ing, soon  convex,  naked ;  the  persistent  margin  entire  or  sub- 

crenate.     Spores  ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p. 

141.    Lecanora,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  139.    L.  argopholis,  &  L.  frus- 
tulosa, Ach.,  Nyl.  Scand.p.  166. 

Kocks.  Greenland  (Valil),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861.  White 
Mountains,  alpine,  Tuckerman.  Vermont,  Frost.  Colorado, 
JBrandegee  in  herb.  Sprague.  California,  Bolander, 

12.  L.  Cenisia,  Ach. ;  thallus  tartareous,  made  up  of  coarse, 


LECANORA.  187 

glebous  granules,  which  are  scattered,  or  pass  finally  into  a  ver- 
rucose  -  areolate  crust;  glaucous  -  whitish  or  cinerascent;  apo- 
thecia  smallish  to  middling,  sessile,  more  or  less  evidently  zeo- 
rine ;  disk  finally  convex,  dirty-yellow,  livid,  and  blackening, 
with  a  thin  ashy  bloom ;  the  thalline  margin  now  persistent  and 
soon  crenate,  or  depressed  and  disappearing,  leaving  only  the 

sub  -  marginate  disk.     Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. Syn.  163. 

Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  180.    Zeora,  Koerb'  Syst.  137. 

Eocks  ;  and  on  the  earth.  On  schist,  Wantastiquet  Moun- 
tain, Vermont  (Frost),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1871.  Metamorphic 
sandstone,  on  the  coast  of  California ;  and  on  the  earth  in  the 

Tosemite,  Bolander. So  close  to  L.  subfusca,  v.  atrynea, 

Ach.,  that  some  do  not  separate  the  two;  but  the  present  is  a 
marked  lichen,  and  is  admirably  represented  in  the  cited  speci- 
mens. 

13.  L.  sordicla  (Pers.)  Th.  Fr.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  contigu- 
ous, rimose-areolate,  now  somewhat  effigurate ;  glaucous-  and 
brownish-white ;  apothecia  smallish  to  middling,  innate  becom- 
ing superficial,  and  from  flattish  soon  convex  or  even  globular, 
.more  or  less  zeorine  ;  the  disk  from  pale  becoming  livid,  and 
black,  pruinose;  the  depressed,  entire  thalline  margin  disap- 
pearing at  length,  and  the  apothecia  quite  lecideoid.     Spores 

ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  178,  max.  p.  excl.  p. 

Lecanora,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  246.    L.  glaucoma,  Ach.,  Nyl.  Scand. 
p.  159. 

Kocks.  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  New 
York,  Halsey.  New  England,  Tuckerman.  Colorado,  Brandegee 

in  herb.  Sprague.     California,  Bolander. The  lichen  is  now  at 

length  readily  mistaken  for  a  Lecidea. 

14.  L.  subfusca  (L.)  Ach.  ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  contigu- 
ous, soon  chinky,  and  becoming  granulate-verrucose ;    glau- 
cescent,  dirty-white,  or  cinerascent;  apothecia  plano-convex; 
disk  reddish-brown,  and  blackening,  naked;    the  persistent, 
erect  thalline    margin    entire,   or    now  flexuous,   or  crenate. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  ~  mic. Syn.  p.   157,  pr.  p.     Parmelia, 

ScJicer.  Spicil.  p.  389,  pr.  p. ;   Enum.  73,  max.  p.     Lecanora, 
Nyl.  Scand.  p.  159, pr.  p.     SUzerib.  in  Bot.^Zeit.  1868,  n.  52,  pr.p. 

a.  allophana,  Ach. ;  thallus  soon  granulate-verrucose ;  apo- 
thecia at  length  middling-sized ;  dark-brown ;  the  at  first  entire 
margin  becoming  flexuous  and  crenate.  Spores  of  the  full  size 


188  LECANORA. 

attained  by  the  species. Lich.  Univ.  p.  395.    L.  allophana, 

L.  rugosa,  L.  mesophana,  &  L.  Parisicnsis,  Nyl. 

b.  hypnorum,  Schser. ;   thallus  running  over  mosses,  vari- 
ously irregular;  whitish;    apothecia  at  length  middling- sized. 

Spores  as  in  a. L.  subfusca,  v.  epibryon,  Sommerf.,  &  Auct* 

L.  epibrya,  Nyl. 

c.  argentata,  Ach. ;   thallus  thinner  and  smoother  ;  whitish ; 
apothecia  smaller ;  with  mostly  entire  margin.     Spores  smaller. 
Lich.  Univ.  p.  393.    Nyl,  I,  c.     Stizenb.  I.  c. 

d.  coilocarpa,  Ach. ;   thallus  thinnish  but  becoming  wrinkled 
and    broken;    whitish;     apothecia  small,   sub -entire,  black. 

Spores  as  in  c. Lich.  Univ.  p.  393.     Nyl.  1.  c.     Stizenb.  I.  c. 

L.  coilocarpa,  Nyl. 

e.  distans,  Ach. ;   thallus  thin,  pale ;    apothecia  small,  flat- 
tish,  pale,  with  a  crenulate  margin ;    often  minute.     Spores  still 

smaller  than  in  the  preceding. L.  distans,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  397. 

L.  distans,  v.  chlarona,  Ach,  1.  c.    L.  subfusca  v.  chlarona,  dein 
L.  chlarona,  Nyl. 

Trees,  dead  wood,  rocks,  stones,  etc.,  throughout  North 
America,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818 ;  b  being  however  confined  to 
alpine  districts  ;  as  Mackenzie  river;  Great  Slave  Lake  ;  etc., 

Richardson;    and   islands  of    Behring's   Straits,    Wright. 

Although  it  doubtless  requires  some  experience  to  recognize 
this  very  common  lichen  in  its  various  forms,  nothing  appears 
to  have  been  gained  by  the  recent  attempts  to  break  up  the 
natural  group  into  so-called  species.  Some  twenty  of  these 
have  been  named,  but  their  characterization  is  far  from  suffi- 
cient.  In  L.  subfusca,  as  here  understood,  the  naked  disk  is 

without  proper  margin :  but  this  feature  shews  itself  at  length 
in  a  minute  southern  form  referable  to  e  (f.  diploloma)  South 
Carolina,  Eavenel. 

15.  L.  Hagenij  Ach.;  thallus  thin  but  passing  into  verrucu- 
lose  conditions,  or,  more  often,  disappearing ;  dirty-greenish,  or 
ash-coloured,  or  whitish  ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small,  adnate, 
thin,  flattish ;  from  pale  to  reddish-brown,  becoming  livid,  and 
blackening,  naked  or  gray-pruinose ;  the  thin  margin  very  com- 
monly and  now  persistently  crenate ;  or  at  length  entire ;  often 
concolorous  with  the  disk ;  or  now  excluded.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
7~  mic. Lich.  Univ.  p.  367,  excl.  v.  p ;  Syn.  p.  167,  excl.  p. 


LECA^ORA.  189 

Koerb.  Syst.  p.  143.  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  250.  L.  umbrina,  Mass. 
Nyl. 

b.  Sambuci  (Pers.)  ;  thekes  12-16-sporous. Lecanora  Sam- 
bud,  Nyl.  Th.  Fr. 

a,  Rocks,  dead  wood  and  trees.  Greenland  ( VaM),  Th.  Fries 
I  c.  1861.  Canada,  Drummond.  Northern  and  middle  States, 
Michener;  Tucker  man^  etc.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois,  Hall.  Vir- 
ginia, Curtis.  Kansas  and  Missouri,  Hall.  Alabama  and  Ar- 
kansas, Peters.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayclen.  California,  Bolander. 

Oregon,  Hall. b,  trees,  Weymouth  and  New  Bedford,  Willey. 

1  am  unable  at  present  to  discriminate  here  a  L.  albescens, 

Th.  Fr.,  var.  /5  of  which,  as  exhibited  in  Hepp.  n.  65  has  been 
referred  by  Nylander  to  the  present  species,  as  later  to  the  one 
first-mentioned,  under  the  name  of  L.  galactina,  Nyl. ;  though 
it  may  occur  with  us.  The  two  plants  are  very  similar. 

16.  L.  granifera,  Ach. ;   thallus  papillate-granulate,  becom- 
ing at  length  warty-rugged  ;  glaucescent  and  cinerascent  ;  more 
or  less  lemon-coloured  within ;   upon  a  blackening  hypothallus ; 
apothecia  smallish,  sessile,  flattish ;   the  disk  (pale,  livid)  red- 
dish-brown and  blackening,  now  sub-marginate,  the  stout,  very 
entire  thalline  margin  at  length  crenulate.     Spores  ellipsoid, 

^H  mic. Syn.  p.  163.    L.  granifera  &  L.  mesoxantha,  Nyl.  N. 

Gran.  p.  33;  Syn.  N.  Caled.  p.  28.    L.  sorediifera,  Fee  Ess.  p. 
114,  t.  28, /.  3. 

Trees  in  the  warmer  regions  of  the  earth.     Florida,   at 
Gainsville,  Eavenel ;  at  Cotoosa  river,  Austin. 

17.  L.  atra  (Huds.)  Ach. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  soon  gran- 
ulate, and  rugged- warty  ;    or  the  warts  passing  into  areoles ; 
glaucescent,  or  whitish -ash -coloured;    apothecia  smallish  to 
middling,  innate  becoming  sessile,  flattish ;  the  very  black  pol- 
ished disk  at  length  tumid  j  black  within ;  the  persistent  thal- 
line margin  for  the  most  part  very  entire;    now  blackening. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. AcJi.  Syn.  p.  146,  a.    Nyl.  Scand. 

p.  170.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  142,  a. 

Rocks  and  trunks.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  Carolina  and  Flor- 
ida, Eavenel.  Alabama,  etc.,  Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas, 
Wright.  California,  Wright. Spermatia  scarcely  bowed. 

18.  L.  atriseda,  Nyl. ;  thallus  of  scattered  or  contiguous,  more 


190  LECAXORA. 

or  less  convex,  coppery-brown  areoles  with  a  black  edge  becom- 
ing at  length  elevated;  apothecia  smallish  to  middling,  ap- 
pressed ;  disk  chestnut-brown,  soon  convex,  and  finally  exclud- 
ing the  thin,  entire  thalline  margin.  Spores  ellipsoid,  obtuse 

at  the  ends,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  170.    L.  atrocincta,  Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  268. 

Alpine  rocks,  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. 1  have  but 

little  of  our  lichen,  but  consider  it  not  to  differ  from  one  of  the 
specimens  of  Fr.  Licli.  Suec.  n.  369,  answering  perfectly  to 
the  description  of  L.  atriseda ;  from  which  last  L.  atrocincta, 
Th.  Fr.  is  mainly  distinguished  by  the  full  evolution  of  the 
black  edge  of  the  areoles ;  this  black  edge  being  at  first  less 
obvious,  though  plainly  determined  by  the  hypothallus  common 

to  both. The  present  is  certainly  a  member  of  the  badia- 

stock;  it  is  interesting  therefore  that,  according  to  Dr.  Th. 
Fries,  the  spermatia,  in  his  cited  plant  return,  in  all  respects, 
to  the  ordinary  type  of  those  of  the  subfusca-group. 

19.  L.  badia  (Pers.)  Ach. ;    thallus  cartilagineous,  rimose- 
areolate,  now  sub-squamulose,  or  now  warty;  from  ash-coloured 
becoming  lighter  or  darker  olivaceous  brown,  often  polished; 
apothecia  smallish  to  middling-sized,  sessile,  flat  or  finally  con- 
vex; dark-chestnut  and  black,  shining;  with  a  thick,  persis- 
tent margin  which  is  entire,  or  at  length  flexuous-crenate,  and 
becomes  concolorous  with  the  crust,  or  blackens.     Spores  fusi- 
form-ellipsoid, ^  mic. Syn.  p.  154.    Koerb.  Syst.  138.    Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  170. 

Eocks,  sub-alpine.  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker 
I.  c.  1823.  White  Mountains,  TucJcerman.  Tadousac,  Canada, 

Drummond. The  passage  of  true  Lecanora  badia  ( Anz.  Lich. 

Ital.  n.  167)  into  Lecideoid  conditions  (Psora  cenea,  Anz.  n.  Ill, 
&  Psora  Garovaglii,  Anz.  n.  112)  appears  scarcely  questionable. 

—The  spermatia  of  this  species  are  short  and  straight. 

20.  L.  phceobola,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  papillate-granulose,  the 
minute  granules  polished,  olivaceous-brown;  apothecia  small- 
ish, appressed;  disk  reddish-brown,  shining,  soon  turgid,  and 
the  thin,  entire  thalline  margin  disappearing.     Spores  fusiform- 
ellipsoid,  -j^  mic. Gen.  Lich.  p.  115. 

On  bark  of  Libocedrus  and  Abies,   California  (Bolander), 

Tuckerman  1.  c.  1872. The  lichen  has  the  aspect  of  a  Bia- 

tora ;  but  much  to  associate  it  with  L.  badia ;  with  which  it 
agrees  in  the  spermatia.  The  specimens  are  scanty. 


LECA^ORA.  191 

21.  L.    Willeyi,    Tuckenn.    in   litt.-,     thallus  verruculose, 
heaped  and  rugged;    dark-greenish-ash-coloured,  and,  in  the 
exciples,  olivaceous;  apothecia  small,  appressed,  flattish  soon 
flexuous ;  the  dark-red  disk  somewhat  polished ;  bordered  by  a 
thin,  entire,  or  at  length  crenulate  margin,  which  is  finally  ex- 
cluded by  the  now  irregularly  turgid  disk.      Spores  ellipsoid, 

4?»*. 

Chestnut  rail  fences,   Amherst,   Mr.    Willey;    and  others. 

New  Jersey,  Austin. The  common,  final  condition  of  the 

apothecia  is  cuplike,  the  turgid  circumference  of  the  disk  en- 
closing its  depressed  centre.  A  similar  deformation  is  observ- 
able in  another  rail-lichen  with  pale  crust,  and  brownish-red 
fruit  which  is  rather  perhaps  comparable  withi.  varlaf.  aitema 
of  some.  But  there  is  also  some  similarity  in  L.  Willeyi  to  con- 
ditions of  L.  bad  <«. 

22.  L.  Pacifica,  Tuckenn.  herb. ;    thallus  thin,  contiguous, 
smoothish,  becoming  chinky  and  verruculose ;  dirty- white  ;  apo- 
thecia at  length  middling-sized,  appressed,  flattish ;  disk  from 
pale-yellowish  soon  tawny,  and  finally  black,  with  a  thin  green- 
ish or  whitish  bloom  ;  the  persistent  margin  soon  flexuous  and 
crenulate.     Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  ^^  mic. 

Trees  on  the  Pacific  Coast.    California,  Bolander.    Oregon, 

Hall. Close  to  L.  subfusca  v.  sylvestris,  Nyl.  (Mandon  Licli. 

Mader.  n.  1,  which  is  made  by  Stizenberg  I.  supra  c.,  to  include 
an  Italian  lichen — L.  subfusca  v.  glabrata  f.  azurea,  Anz.,  with 
pruinose  fruit)  but  neither  the  colours  nor  the  spores  seem  quite 
to  agree.  The  plant  is  common  and  very  observable  among 
the  bark-lichens  of  our  Western  Coast. 

23.  L.  atrosulpJmrea  (Wahl.)  Ach.  ;    thallus  tartareous,  of 
glebous,  heaped  granules,  finally  running  together  and  becom- 
ing areole-like;    pale  -  sulphur-coloured  ;    apothecia  smallish, 
appressed  ;    the  soon  convex,  black,  naked  disk  excluding  the 
thin,  entire  thalline  margin.      [Spores  ellipsoid,  -|y  mic.] — 
Nyl.  Scand.  p.  166.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  257.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L. 
E.  p.  160. 

Rocks,  Arctic  America.     Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.e. 
186 1. 

24.  L.  varia  (Ehrh.)  Nyl.;    thallus  areolate  -  verruculose ; 
pale-greenish  or  yellowish,  or  whitish;   apothecia  smallish  to 
middling-sized ;  the  disk  from  pale-yellowish  passing  into  buff, 


192  LECANORA. 

flesh-coloured,  and  rufescent,  thin;  as  is  the  erect,  entire,  or 
crenulate,  finally  excluded  margin.  Spores  oblong- ellipsoid, 
^-  mic. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  163. 

a.  thallus  thin,  cartilagineous ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small, 
crowded,  sessile,  flattish;  'the  persistent  thalline  margin  sub- 
entire,  or  crenulate,  or  deliquescent  and  powdery. Parmelia 

varia,  a,  pr.  p.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  156.     Tuck.  exs.  n.  92.     Th.  Fr. 
.Scand.  p.  259. 

b.  polytropa,  Nyl.  ;  thallus  thickened,  becoming  sub-tartare- 
ous,  rimose-areolate,  or  now  granulate  and  heaped,  or  sub- 
squamulose,  or  obsolete;  apothecia  at  length  middling-sized, 
sessile,  flat ;    concolorous,   or  yellowish-flesh-coloured,   finally 
flexuous ;    with  a  very  entire  margin,  which  is  at  length  ex- 
cluded.  Nyl.  1.  c.    Farm,  varia  v.  polytropa,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  158, 

jpro  p 

c.  intricata,  Nyl. ;   areoles  distinct,  flat,  and  sub-effigurate ; 
.apothecia  of  the  size  of  those  of  a,  adnate;  soon  black  and 
lecideoid. Nyl.  I.  c. 

d.  symmicta,  Ach. ;  thallus  thin ;  the  apothecia  of  the  size  of 
those  of  a,  soon  convex  and  biatoroid;  disk  pale-yellowish  to 
pale-brick-coloured,  and  rufous,  and  blackening,  quite  exclud- 
ing the  'thin,  entire  margin. Fr.  L.  E.  I.  c.    Nyl.  I.  c. 

e.  scepincola,  Fr. ;  thallus  thickened,  glebous-granulate ;  apo- 
thecia of  the  size  of  the  last,  semi-immersed,  convex,  immargi- 

nate,  reddish,  olivaceous,  and  black,  slightly  pruinose. Fr. 

L.  E.  1.  c.    Nyl.  I,  c. 

a,  common  on  trees,  dead  wood,  and  stones,  northern  and 
middle  States,  Mulilenberg  Catal.  1818.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois,  Hall. 
Maryland,  Tuckerman.  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Texas,  Wright.  Cal- 
ifornia, Bolander.  Oregon,  Hall. 6,  c,  alpine  and  sub-alpine 

rocks,  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.    White 

Mountains,  Tuckerman. d,  as  a,  common  throughout. e, 

dead  wood,  common. 

24(&).  L.  Cupressi,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  granulate, 
becoming  densely  verrucose;  greenish-glaucescent ;  apothecia 
smallish  to  middling-sized,  sessile,  flattish;  the  finally  turgid 
disk  naked,  from  bright-lemon-coloured  at  length  brownish- 
orange  ;  the  incurved  margin  crenulate.  Spores  oblong,  ^ 
mic. 


LECANOKA.  193 

On  Cupressus  Thyoides,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  New  Jer- 
sey, Austin.  Massachusetts,  Willey.  On  Taxodium,  South 

Carolina,  Dr.  Mellicliamp.    Florida,  Austin. This,  and  the 

next,  are  our  two  finest  exhibitions  of  the  stock  of  L.  varia. 

24(c).  L.  orosthea  (Sin.);  thallus  thin,  powdery,  pale- 
greenish-sulphur-coloured;  apothecia  smallish  to  middling- 
sized,  sessile ;  pale-buff,  white-pruinose,  the  disk  equalling  the 
entire,  at  length  flexuous  thalline  margin,  or  tumid  and  exclud- 
ing it.  Spores  ellipsoid,  ^|  mic. L.  expallens,  Ach.  L.  U.  p. 

374;  Syn.p.  171.  Borr.!  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  181.  L.  varia, 
v.  coniscea,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  163. 

Beech  and  other  trunks  in  New  England,  Tuckerman.  New 
Jersey,  Austin. This  lichen  is  ill-represented  by  such  Euro- 
pean specimens  as  I  have  seen.  In  Japanese  (f.  Japonica,  MM 
Obs.  Lich.  4, 1.  c.  p.  173)  the  apothecia  reach  3mm-  in  diameter, 
and  the  spores  ~®  mmm.,  but  the  plant  is  entirely  the  same 
with  the  North  American ;  as  that  is  with  that  of  Europe. 

25.  L.  Oregana,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  coarse,  crowded  and 
heaped,  now  confluent,  wart-like  areoles,  which  become  some- 
what stalked  at  the  centre;    greenish-yellow;  apothecia  mid- 
dling to  ample  (lmm-  5,  -3mm-  wide) ;  the  rufous,  naked  disk  bor- 
dered by    an    incurved,  flexuous-crenulate   margin.      Spores 
broad- ellipsoid,  and  rounded,  simple,  colourless,  -£J-  mic.    Sper- 
matia  bowed. 

Rocks,  coast  of  Oregon,  Herb.  Sprague.  The  colour  and 
habit  of  the  thallus  relate  the  lichen  to  L.  varia,  but  the  apo- 
thecia rather  recall  those  of  L.  subfusca. 

1 1  Spores  ellipsoid,  2-4-locular. 

26.  L.  Brunonis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  minute,  glebous,  be- 
coming confluent  and  squamaceous,  and  imbricated  granules ; 
tawny-brown,  also  pallescent;  apothecia  smallish;  disk  rusty- 
brown  and  blackening,  sub-marginate,  at  length  turgid  and 
.excluding  the  finally  crenulate,  now  concolorous  thalline  margin. 

Spores  ellipsoid-oblong,  bilocular,  ^  mic. Gen.  Lich.  p.  116. 

Sandstone  and  serpentine  rocks,  Mountains  of  San  Bruno, 
and  on  the  Oakland  hills,  California  (Bolander),  Tuckerman  I.  c. 
1872.  Apothecia  Omm-,  8  to  lmm-,  5  wide. 

27.  L.  athroocarpa  (Dub.)  Nyl.;  thallus  very  thin,  verrucu- 
13 


194  LECANORA. 

lose,  or  oftener  disappearing ;  brownish-ash-coloured  or  white ; 
apothecia  small  to  very  small,  sessile ;  the  disk  soon  convex, 
from  pale  becoming  dark-brown  and  blackening,  excluding  the 
thin,  entire  thalline  margin.  Spores  8-16  in  the  thekes,  oblong, 

often  a  little  curved,  2-4-locular,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  168. 

Lecania  fuscella,  etc.,  Mass.    Koero. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  British  North 
America,  Richardson  in  herb.  Tayl.  Canada,  and  British  Colum- 
bia, Macoun.  Massachusetts,  on  Poplar,  etc.,  Willey.  Illinois, 

Hall.    North  Platte,  Hay  den.    California,  Bolander. Spores 

various ;  often  very  largely  simple ;  and  again  appearing  as  if 
only  bilocular,  though  really  reaching  finally  the  4-locular  stage. 
L.  dimera,  Nyl.,  Th.  Fr.  (Norll.  Fenn.  n.  141,  agreeing  en- 
tirely with  plants,  also  on  Poplar,  from  British  Columbia,  Ma- 
coun, and  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey)  is  separable  by  no  other 
note  than  that  the  spores  do  not  exceed  the  bilocular  condition. 

Spermatia  here  first  observed  by  Mr.  Willey,  needle-shaped, 

and  arcuate,  about  I6mmm-  long. 

28.  L.  castanea  (Hepp.)  Th.  Fr. ;  thallus  granulose,  cinera- 
scent,  or  obsolete;   apothecia  of  middling  size,  thin  and  flat; 
disk  from  reddish-brown  becoming  dark-liver-coloured,  more  or 
less  sparingly  pruinose ;  the  thin,  sub-entire  margin  soon  con- 
colorous,  and  disappearing.     Spores  oblong-ellipsoid  becoming 
fusiform-oblong,  very  commonly  simple  but  at  length  2-4-locular, 

^  mic. Biatora,  Hepp.  exs.  n.  270.    Lecanora,  Th.  Fr.  Scand. 

p.  272.    L.  rliypariza,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  169;  Lapp.   Or.  p.  134. 
Pannaria  curvescens,  Mudd  Man.  p.  125. 

Growing  over  mosses,  in  alpine  districts.  Greenland  (Vahl), 
Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861 .  Rocky  Mountains,  with  Pannaria  Hypno- 

rum,  Hall.    Twin  Lakes,  Colorado,  Wolf. Spores  now  obso- 

letely  1-3-septate  according  to  Nylander  (Lapp.  Or.),  on  which 
compare  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  271.  I  find  the  spores  commonly  and 
quite  regularly  2-3-4-locular  in  Hepp's  specimen;  as  in  Anz. 
Langol).  n.  277 ;  and  perfectly  bilocular,  with  septum,  in  our  Col- 
orado one. 

t  t  t  Spores  needle-shaped,  k-plurilocular. 

29.  L.  punicea,  Ach.;   thallus  thin,  chinky,  then  wrinkled 
and  granulate ;   glaucescent ;   apothecia  small,  closely  sessile ; 
the  flattish  disk  scarlet,  about  equalling  the  thin,  sub-entire,  or 
finally  flexuous  and  crenulate  margin.    Spores  needle-shaped, 


LECANORA.  195 

8-16-locular,  ^  mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  174.    Nyl.  Syn.  N.  Caled. 

p.  30. 

Trees,  and  also  on  rocks.  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Tuck- 
erm.  Gen.  1872.  Florida,  Beaumont.  Alabama,  Peters.  Louis- 
iana, Hale.  Texas;  and  New  Mexico  (rocks),  Wright. 

30.  L.  ventosa  (L.)  Ach.;   thallus  incrassated,  tartareous, 
areolate-verrucose,  the  areoles  at  length  rimulose  -  rugulose ; 
greenish  -sulphur-  coloured  j  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  ap- 
pressed,  more  or  less  zeorine,  at  length  irregular ;  disk  blood- 
red,  naked,  sub-marginate,  soon  convex  and  excluding  the  entire 
(or  more  rarely  rugose-crenate)  thalline  margin.    Spores  acicu- 

lar,  4-8-locular,  ^  inic. Syn.  159.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p. 

153.     Schar.  Spicil.  p.  405.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  21. 

Alpine  rocks.  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c. 
1823.  Greenland,  Vahl  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright. 
White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York,  Peck. 

31 .  L.  elatina,  Ach. ;  thallus  thin  and  powdery,  becoming 
densely  granulate ;  pale-yellowish-white ;  apothecia  smallish  to 
middling,  sessile,  more  or  less  distinctly  zeorine ;  disk  from  pale 
at  length  dark-reddish-brown,  somewhat  pruinose,  soon  convex 
and  knobby ;  the  obscure,  irregular  thalline  margin  soon  disap- 
pearing.   Spores  fusiform-acicular,  curved,  4-6-locular,  ^j-  mic. 

— Nyl.  Scand.  p.  174.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  152. 

b.  ochrophcea ;  thallus  incrassated  and  sub-tartareous,  smooth- 
ish  but  soon  wrinkled  and  verrucose;  glaucescent;  apothecia 
elevated- sessile,  flattish;    the  thalline  margin  sub-persistent. 

— Biatora,  Tucker  m.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  61.    Parmelia,  Ejusd.  Lich. 
exs.  91,  111. 

c.  minor;  thallus  very  thin,  cartilagineous,  smoothish,  rimu- 
lose ;  greenish-ash-coloured ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small,  flat- 

tish,  bimarginate ;  the  disk  white-pruinose. Hcematomma  Cis- 

monicum,  Beltram.  cit.  Hepp.  in  Fl.  Eur.  n.  104  ? 

Bark  and  dead  wood  of  coniferous  trees.  New  England, 
Tuckerman  Syn.  1848.  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York,  Peck. 
Canada,  Drummond.  Black  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Cur- 
tis.  &  is  perhaps  the  most  perfect  state  of  the  species,  and 

may  well  occur  in  Europe,  as  compare  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  299,  on 
a  Norwegian  specimen ;  but  the  ordinary  European  form  occurs 


196  LECANORA. 

also  here,  and  is  marked  by  its  densely  powdery,  yellowish  thal- 
lus, in  which  the  fruit  comes  to  appear  immixed  j  such  speci- 
mens contrasting  with  the  smooth,  glaucescent  thallus  and  ele- 
vated, finally  also  larger  fruit  of  the  other. c  is  a  small  but 

marked  form,  not  appearing  to  differ  from  the  cited  Italian  one. 

t  t  t  t  Spores  very  large,  simple. 

32.  L.  pallescens  (L.)  Schaer.  j  thallus  from  sub-cartilagineous 
and  chinky  or  plicate,  at  length  sub-tartareous  and  tuberculose- 
rugose ;  dirty-white ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  tumid ;  the 
more  or  less  white-pruinose,  and  roughened  disk  from  pale-  or 
now  yellowish- white  becoming  flesh-coloured ;  the  erect  margin 
very  entire,  or  now  rugose-verrucose.    Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. 

Schcer.  Enum.  p.  78.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  132.     Tuck. 

Exs.  n.  90. 

&.  rosella,  Tuck. ;  the  margin  of  the  apothecia  throwing  out 
several  to  many  processes  meeting  at  the  centre,  and  dividing 
the  disk  radiately  into  smaller  ones. Gen.  Lich.  p.  125. 

Upon  rocks  (rarely  with  us),  dead  wood,  trees,  and  mosses 
probably  throughout  North  America.  Northern  and  middle 
States,  MuJileriberg  Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America,  Richardson. 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  North  Carolina,  Curtis. 
South  Carolina,  Eavenel.  Florida,  Chapman.  Texas,  Wright. 

California  (rocks,  well-marked),  Bolander;  and  also  trees. 

&,  northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg,  etc. 1  incline  to 

refer  also  here  rather  than  to  the  next  species  a  common  bark- 
lichen  of  the  Pacific  Coast  (California,  Bolander;  Oregon,  Hall; 
British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Alaska,  Kellogg)  which,  with  the 
thinner,  chinky  crust  of  the  present,  offers  entirely  naked,  and 
at  length  reddish-brown  apothecia. 

33.  L.  tartarea  (L.)  Ach. ;  thallus  thick,  tartareous,  granu- 
late-conglomerate passing  into  nodulose,  and  isidioid  conditions ; 
grayish- white ;   apothecia  middling  to  ample,  at  length  large; 
the  rugulose  disk  from  yellowish-brown  becoming  brick-coloured, 
naked ;  the  thick  thalline  margin  very  entire  or  wavy.    Spores 
ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  133. 

Upon  rocks,  and  on  the  earth,  mosses,  etc.  Northern  and 
middle  States,  Halsey,  1823.  Arctic  America,  at  Cumberland 
Gulf,  Howgate  exp.  Ohio,  Miss  Biddlecome.  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina  Mountains,  Curtis.  Mountains  of  South  Caro- 


LECANORA.  197 

lina,  EaveneL Specimens  on  bark,  referable  here,  are  sent 

from  Oregon  (Lyall;  Hall),  in  which  the  large  apothecia  become 

perfectly  zeorine. A  f.  rosella,  entirely  analogous  to  L.  pal- 

lescens,  b,  has,  been  found  at  Cumberland  Gulf  (Howgate  exp.), 
and  might  seem  possibly  the  key  to  the  also  arctic  L.  tartarea  v. 
pertusarioides,  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  100  ;  but  this  author  now 
makes  of  his  lichen  a  Pertusaria  rhodoleuca,  Lich.  Scand.  p. 

306. Rock  specimens  of  this  and  the  immediately  preceding 

species  are  well-distinguishable ;  and  L.  pallescens  is  a  familiar 
tree-  and  dead  wood-lichen  j  but  the  present  is  not  so  satisfac- 
torily determinable  on  bark. So  far  as  observed  by  me  the 

spores  of  the  present  are  rather  smaller  than  in  L.  pallescens ; 
and  this  appears  also  to  be  noted  by  European  lichenographers. 

*  *  *  *  AS  pi  cilia.  Thallus  now  lobed  (n.  33 )  or  uniform. 
Apothecia  innate,  more  or  less  concave.  Spores  ellipsoid,  simple. 
Spermatia  now  needle  -  shaped,  and  now  short -staff -shaped, 
straight. 

34.  L.  melanaspis  (Wahl.)  Ach. ;    thallus  thick  becoming 
turgid,  crustaceous-foliaceous ;  ash-coloured  and  whitish ;  pass- 
ing at  the  centre  into  wart-like  areoles,  but  extended  at  the  cir- 
cumference into  linear,  multifid,  stellate-imbricate  lobes ;  apo- 
thecia smallish  to  middling,  closely  sessile;    the  more  or  less 
tumid,  blackish-brown  disk  sub-marginate,  and  now  pruinose ; 
the  thalline  margin  very  entire.    Spores  ellipsoid  and  rounded, 

_j$  mic. Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  122.     Lecanora  alphoplaca, 

Nyl.  Scand.  p.  152. 

Rocks.  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861.  Bourbon 
County,  Kansas  (on  limestone),  Hall.  Yosemite  Valley,  Califor- 
nia, Bolander. The  specimens  all  belong  to  the  f.  alphoplaca } 

from  which  a  Lapland  form,  not  as  yet  known  here  (L.  alpho- 
placa, v.  melanaspis,  Nyl.  1.  c.  L.  melanaspis,  v.  stellata,  Th. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  229)  differs  in  its  smaller  size,  and  thinner  and 
darker-coloured  thallus. 

35.  L.  oculata  (Dicks.)  Ach. ;  thallus  cartilagineous-tartare- 
ous,  papillate-ramuliferous ;    ashy- whitish ;    apothecia  smallish 
to  middling,  sessile,  flattish;    disk  black,  sub-marginate;    the 
turgid,  entire  thalline  margin  often  blackish,  at  length  excluded. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  148.    Parmelia,  Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  135.    Lecanora,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  156. 


198  LECANOKA. 

Incrusting  mosses,  etc., in  alpine  districts.    Greenland  ( VaM), 
Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861.    Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright. 

35(b).  L.  glaucomela,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  con- 
tiguous, smooth  finally  wrinkled ;  greenish-glaucescent ;  apothecia 
smallish  to  middling,  sessile,  flat ;  the  rugose-crenulate  thalline 
margin  scarcely  surpassing  the  black,  sub-marginate  disk. 
Spores  (in  a  single  series  in  strap-shaped  thekes)  ellipsoid,  ^ 
mic. Gen.  Lick.  p.  118,  note. 

On  Abies,  and  Pinus,  California  (Bolander),  Tuckerman  I.  c. 

1872.      Oregon,  Hall. Spores  now  similarly  disposed  in  L. 

oculata\    of  which  the  present  is  scarcely  more  than  a  sub- 


36.  L.  verrucosa  (Ach.)  Laur. ;  thallus  tartareous,  verru- 
cose ;  glaucous-white ;  apothecia  small,  from  immersed  becom- 
ing superficial  and  sub-sessile,   concave,   and  urceolate;   the 
black  disk  bordered  by  a  thin  proper  margin  hidden  more  or 
less  by  the  rounded,  inflexed  thalline  one.     Spores  roundish- 
ellipsoid,  |^  mic. Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  273.     Urceolaria,  Ach. 

Syn.  p.  240. 

b.  mutaWis,Th.  Fr. ;  thallus  thinner,  wrinkled  and  warted ; 
from  ash-coloured  becoming  pale-yellowish,  and  livid. 

#,  upon  mosses  and  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Greenland 
(Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861.  Rocky  Mountains,  Brandegee  in 
herb.  Sprague.  Yosemite  Valley,  California  (on  an  old  stump, 

but  not  differing),  Bolander. b,  on  dead  wood,  New  York, 

Miss  Wilson.    Massachusetts,  Mr.  Willey. 

37.  L.  cinerea  (L.)  Sommerf. ;  thallus  sub-tartareous,  areo- 
late-rimose;  glaucous-ash-coloured,  whitish,  and  now  blacken- 
ing ;  the  hypothallus  also  blackening ;  apothecia  small  to  almost 
middling,  innate  (or  emergent)  flattish;  the  mostly  persistent, 
entire  thalline  margin  commonly  blackening.    Spores  rounded, 
ovoid,  and  ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  153. 

1.  Icevata,  Fr. ;  thallus  thin,  smooth,  less  chinky;  glaucous- 
lurid;  the  hypothallus  continuing  pale;  apothecia  immersed, 
concave,  often  irregular.  Spores  as  in  a. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  145. 

c.  gibbosa,  Nyl.;   thallus  tartareous,  thickish,  rugged  and 
soon  warted  or  glebous;  dark-ash-coloured;  apothecia  becom- 
ing superficial.    Spores  rather  larger. Nyl.  Scand.  I.  c. 


LECA^ORA.  199 

Rocks,  a,  Arctic  America  (Ricliardson),  Hooker  I  c.  1823. 
Canada,  Drummond.  New  York  (as  throughout  New  England, 
and  northern  and  middle  States),  Halsey.  Alabama,  Peters. 
California,  Bolander. &,  rocks  in  moist  places,  White  Moun- 
tains, Tuckewian.  Alabama,  Peters. c,  Canada,  Drummond. 

New  England,  where  also  on  rails,  Tuckerman.  California,  very 
fine,  Mann ;  Bolander. 

37(&).  L.  calcarea  (L.)  Sommerf. ;  thallus  tartareous,  areo- 
late-verrucose ;  glaucescent,  or  white,  now  mealy ;  apothecia  as 
in  the  last  preceding,  but  a  thin  proper  margin  becoming  at 
length  distinguishable ;  and  the  disk  commonly  gray-pruinose. 
Spores  as  in  the  preceding,  b. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  154. 

o.  contorta,  Fr. ;  areoles  discrete,  irregular,  depressed  at  the 

circumference;  pale-greenish-lead-coloured, L.  calcarea,  f. 

Hoffmanni,  Nyl.  I.  c. 

Calcareous  rocks.  New  York  (as  throughout  the  northern 
and  middle  States),  Halsey,  1823.  Kansas,  Hall.  Utah,  Lap- 
ham.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden. 6,  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th. 

Fries  I  c.  1861.  Kansas,  Hall,  Texas,  Wright.  Alabama, 
Peters. 

37 (c).  L.  cinereo-rufescens,  Nyl. ;  thallus  tartareous,  smooth, 
rimose-areolate,  the  areoles  commonly  discrete;  upon  a  black 
hypothallus  ;  apothecia  of  the  size  of  those  of  L.  cinerea,  but 
the  flattish  naked  disk  rusty-red.  Spores  ovoid,  smaller  than  in 
any  other  member  of  the  group,  -^  mic. Nyl.  1.  c.  p.  154. 

Rocks,  alpine  summit  of  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon,  Hall. The 

lichen  of  Hepp.  n.  625 ;  but  doubtless  the  L.  alpina  of  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  283,  as  well  by  the  locality,  as  the  reaction  with  potash. 

37(d).  L.  lacustrls  (With.)  Nyl.;  thallus  thin,  smooth,  rimu- 
lose;  pale-brick-coloured;  apothecia  small,  immersed,  and  more 
commonly  urceolate;  reddish  or  brownish.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
™*  mic. Nyl.  I.  c.  p.  155. 

Rocks  often  inundated.  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c. 
1861.  New  England,  Tuckerman.  Alabama,  Peters. 

38.  L.  odor  a  (Ach.);  thallus  tartareous  but  thin,  rimulose- 
areolate ;  pale-ash-coloured ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small,  im- 
mersed, concave;  disk  yellowish-flesh-coloured;  the  thin,  de- 
pressed, smooth  margin  paler.  Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  ^J  mic. 
Gryalecta,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  80.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  197. 


200  LECANORA. 

Granitic  rocks.  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872. 

39.  L.  epulotica  (Ach.)  Leight.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  rimulose, 
pale ;  apothecia  immersed,  concave,  colourless,  or  pale-roseate ; 
the  thick,  irregular  margin  angled  or  contracted.    Spores  as 
in&. 

b.  subepulotica,  Nyl. ;  thallus  thickened,  coarsely  verrucose- 
areolate;  apothecia  small,  soon  superficial  and  plano-convex; 
pale  flesh-coloured  and  reddish.  Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  ^  mic. 
Nyl.  in  litt.  olim. 

a,  on  limestone ;  not  observed  here. &,  on  granitic  rocks. 

Vermont,  Russell.  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman.  Canada,  Drum- 

mond. This  and  the  last-preceding  species  are  closely  akin. 

What  is  here  referred  to  L.  odora  does  not  differ  from  Schaer. 
Lick.  Helv.  n.  36,  but  has  only  been  found  once.  L.  subepulotica 
was  determined  by  Nylander  in  the  Vermont  specimen ;  but  the 
others  now  closely  approach  Zw.  exs.  n.  114,  referred  by  Koerber 
to  a  state  of  L.  odora ;  our  American  specimens  differing  how- 
ever from  the  last  species  in  smaller  spores. 

40.  L.  Bockii  (Fr.)  Th.  Fr.;   thallus  tartareous,  areolate- 
verrucose ;  from  pale  becoming  tawny-  and  blackish-brown ;  on 
a  black  hypothallus ;  the  discrete  areoles  now  flat  and  angulate, 
and  now  gibbous  and  wart-like,  commonly  scattered ;  apothecia 
small,  sessile;  disk  (now  continuing  punctiform)  black,  now 
papillate  or  at  length  plicate  ;  the  thick,  entire  thalline  margin 

persistent.    Spores  ovoid- ellipsoid,  ^  mic. Th.  Fr.  Scand. 

p.  269.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  150.    L.  sophodopsis,  Nyl.  in 
Flora,  1876,1).  233;  1878,  jp.  204. 

Granitic  rocks,  New  England,  Tuckerman,  Frost,  etc. A 

not  uncommon  but  difficult  lichen,  which  is  easily  overlooked  or 
misunderstood. 

*  *  *  *  *  Acarospora.  Thallus  locate  or  squamulose  pass- 
ing into  areolate ;  or  deficient.  Apothecia  innate  for  the  most 
part  and  concave.  Spores  very  minute  and  numerous. 

41.  L.  molybdina  (Wahl.)  Ach. ;  thallus  tartareous,  adnate, 
stellate-radious,  the  lobes  linear,  breaking  up  more  or  less  into 
verrucose  areoles ;  from  light-  becoming  dark-umber-brown,  and 
black ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small,  innate,  becoming  a  little 
prominent ;  disk  urceolate,  brownish-black ;  with  a  proper  mar- 


LECANORA.  201 

gin  more  or  less  distinct  from  the  tumid  thalline  one.    Spores 

oblong,  very  numerous    and   minute. Nyl.   Scand.  p.   173. 

Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  126. 

a.  vulgaris,  Schser.  ;  thallus  thick  ;  the  proper  margin  of  the 

apothecium    mostly  undistinguishable. Lichen    molybdinus, 

WaJil.  Lapp.  p.  418,  t.  29,  f.  1.    Lecanora,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  430. 

6.  ereutica,  Wahl. ;  rather  less  thick  and  coarse ;  the  proper 
margin  distinct. Wahl.  I  c.  Fr.  I.  c. 

c.  microcyclos,  Wahl. ;  smaller,  the  thallus  thinner  and  flat- 
ter; the  apothecia  impressed. Wahl.  1.  c.  Fr.  I.  c. 

a,  Maritime  rocks.  Greenland,  Fries  I.  c.  1831.  Elsewhere 

in  Arctic  America,  Kane. &,  Tadousac,  Canada,  Drummond. 

c,  Mt.  Desert,  Maine,  Tuckerman. 

42.  L.  chlorophana  (Wahl.)  Ach. ;  thallus  tartareous,  adnate, 
areolate-verrucose,  smooth,  lobed  and  radious  at  the  circumfer- 
ence; bright-lemon-coloured;    apothecia  small  to  almost  mid- 
dling, becoming  superficial  >nd  sessile ;  the  pale,  naked  disk  at 
length  brownish-  or  gamboge-yellow,  and  turgid,  excluding  the 
entire,  now  flexuous  thalline  margin.     Spores  at  length  oblong ; 

very  numerous  and  minute. -L.  U.  p.  436.      Lichen,  Wahl. 

Lapp.  p.  416,  t.  28,  /.  2.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  J&.  p.  117. 

Alpine  rocks,  as  also  on  those  of  lower  elevation,  westward. 
Greenland  ( Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861.  Organ  Mountains,  Texas, 
Wright.  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado,  Lapham.  '  Islands  of 
Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  Watson.  Alpine  County,  and  Monte 
Diablo,  California,  Lapham ;  Bolander.  Dalles  of  the  Columbia, 
Hall. — —None  of  our  plants  appear  to  be  referable  to  the  var. 
oxytona  of  the  south  of  Europe,  which  is  indeed  (at  least  in 
Schaer.  Helv.  n.  335)  ill  enough  distinguishable ;  though  generally 
admitted  by  authors. 

43.  L.  xanthophana,  Nyl.;  thallus  squamulose;  scales  pel- 
tate, round-lobulate,  soon  reduced  to  angulate  areoles,  either 
flat  or  turgescent,  scattered  or  crowded;   lemon-yellow;    apo- 
thecia small  to  almost  middling,  innate ;  disk  impressed  or  flat, 
dark-red  (and  blackening)  with  an  entire,  more  or  less  evident, 

thalline  margin.      Spores  very  numerous  and  minute. Nyl. 

Lich.  And.  Boliv.  in  Ann.  Sci.  4,  15,  p.  379.    L.  bella,  Nyl.  Chil. 
in  Ann  A,  3,  p.  156.    L.  chrysops,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  I,  I.  c.  p.  425. 


202  LECA^ORA. 

b.  dealbata,  Tuck. ;  thallus  white ;  disk  of  the  apothecium 
black. 

Eocks.  Organ  Mountains,  Texas,  and  Mt.  Carmel,  Mexico 
(Wright),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden. 
Uintah  Mountains,  Utah,  Watson.  Nevada,  Lapham.  Coast  of 
California,  Bolander.  Coast  of  Oregon,  Hall.  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  Hall  Arkansas,  Peters.  Aiken,  South  Carolina,  Eave- 
nel.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Riviere  du  Loup,  Canada,  C.  G. 

Pringle. As  also  in  Chili  and  Bolivia,  alt.  13,000  ft.  Nyl. 

&,  calcareous  rocks.  Organ  Mountains,  Texas,  Wright.  Rocky 
Mountains,  Hayden.  California,  Bolander. Spores,  as  de- 
fined by  Nylander,  of  about  the  size  of  those  of  the  last  species ; 
but  I  find  them  also  larger,  and  varying,  in  6,  from  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, about  3mmm-  long,  and  from  60-80  in  number  in  the  thekes, 
to  oblong,  -|^  mic.,  and  now  only  about  30  in  the  thekes., 

44.  L.  Schleicheri  (Ach.)  Nyl.;    thallus  tartareous,  softish, 
areolate-sub-lobate ;  the  areoles  soon  crowded,  convex,  and  rii- 
gulose;  sulphur-yellow;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  in- 
nate ;     disk  flat,   dark-reddish-brown,   and  black,   marginate ; 
with  a  thin  sub-crenulate  thalline  margin.     Spores  rounded; 

very  minute,  and  numerous. Urceolaria,  Ach.  L.   U.  p.  332. 

Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  356.    Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  130. 

On  the  earth,  Rocky  Mountains,  alpine  (Hay den,  Parry,  etc.), 
Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Coast  of  California,  at  San  Diego,  Dr. 
Cooper  -j  at  Mission  Dolores,  Bolander. 

45.  L.  cervina  (Pers.)  Nyl.;  thallus  tartareous-cartilagine- 
ous,  areolate-squamulose ;   scales  sub-peltate,  crenate-lpbate, 
crowded  more  or  less  and  finally  imbricate ;  from  yellowish-  be- 
coming dark-livid-chestnut;   apothecia  smallish  to  middling- 
sized,  impressed  becoming  superficial ;   the  flat  disk  reddish- 
brown,  naked ;  the  entire  thalline  margin  at  length  obsolete. 

Spores  very  minute  and  numerous. Nyl.  Scand.p.  174.    Aca- 

rospora  castanea,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  58.    a.  squamulosa,  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  213. 

b.  thamnina,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  developing  below  into 

crowded,  branched  trunks  which  support  the  scales. Gen. 

Lick.  p.  120. 

Rocks  in  the  Western  mountains,  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Mountains  of  Montana,  and  Nevada,  Lapham.  Yosemite  Val- 


LECA^OKA.  203 

ley,  California,  Bolander.  A  much  less  developed  lichen  refera- 
ble here  has  occurred  in  Vermont,  Frost.  The  western  plant  is 
now  undistinguishable  from  Schser.  Lick.  Helv.  n.  341  (on  lime- 
stone)— to  whicn  the  Vermont  lichen  (on  granitic  rocks)  comes 
nearest, — but  passes  into  ascendant  and  imbricate  conditions  of 
far  greater  luxuriance,  explained  however,  if  I  mistake  not,  by 
An/.  Langobard.  n.  328  ;  which  suggests  also  the  remarkable 
overgrowth  of  b.  The  last  development  may  be  said  indeed  to 
take  its  start  from  the  very  commonly  observable  and  long  since 
described  stalked  or  peltate  structure  of  the  scales  in  a ;  and  to 
stand  therefore  to  a,  in  a  relation  not  unlike  that  of  L.  rubina 

v.  complicata,  Anz.,  to  the  peltate  type  of  that  species. 

Spores  not  satisfactorily  exhibited  in  any  of  my  specimens :  they 
should  be  considerably  larger  than  those  of  the  next  following 
lichen ;  as  compare  the  European  descriptions  cited.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  however  that  our  <L.  cervina  is  a  member  of  the 
same  species  with  the  European. 

45(&).  L.  glaucocarpa  (Wahl.)  Ach. ;  thallus  of  rounded,  scat- 
tered, or  more  -rarely  crowded  and  imbricate  scales  ;  pale- 
greenish-brown  ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample,  solitary,  flat; 
reddish-brown,  gray-pruinose  ;  the  entire  thalline  margin  per- 
sistent. Spores  very  minute  and  numerous. Ach.  L.  U.  p. 

410.    Nyl.  Scand.p.  175.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  211. 

b.  verrucosa,  Anz. ;  scales  reduced  to  small,  scattered,  round- 
ish, convex,  green  areoles ;  bloom  of  the  fruit  fugacious. 

Licli.  Langob.  n.  329. 

Calcareous  rocks.  Vermont  (Frost),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 

Utah,  Watson.  Arctic  America,  Richardson  fide  Leighton. 

b,  Kansas,  Hall.  Texas,  Wright. 

45(c).  L.  fuscata  (Schrad.)  Th.  Fr.;  thallus  cartilagineous, 
squamulose;  the  scales  flattish  or  concave,  crowded  or  scat- 
tered, lobulate ;  from  pale-  at  length  dark- chestnut ;  apothecia 
small,  immersed  becoming  superficial ;  the  rufous-brown,  naked 
disk  rugged  and  papillose.  Spores  very  minute  and  numerous. 
— Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  215.  L.  fuscata  &  L.  peliscypha,  Nyl. 
Scand.  p.  175.  L.  peliscypha,  Tuckerm.  Calif.,  Gen.  Lich.  121. 

b.  rufescens,  Th.  Fr. ;  scales  flat,  and  more  or  less  discrete ; 
the  imperfect  apothecia  immersed,  punctiform. Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 


204  LECANORA. 

Parm.  cervina,  v.  discreta,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  127.  Acarospora  sma- 
ragdula,  Auctt. 

c.  Sinopica,  Schser.;  the  last,  tinged  red  by  oxide  of  iron. 
Nyl.  I.  c. 

d.  oligocarpa,  Nyl. ;  spores  much  larger,  and  reverting  finally 

to  the  normal  number,  in  the  thekes. Acarospora  glebosa, 

Koerb.  Syst.  p.  156.    L.  cervina,  v.  glebosa,  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  121. 

Granitic  rocks,    a,  b,  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker 

1.  c.  1823. b,  throughout  the  northern  and  middle  States, 

common ;  and  west  to  Kansas,  Hall ;  and  California,  Bolander. 
c,  alpine  rocks,  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. d,  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander. 

45(<i).  L.privigna  (Ach.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  deficient  ;  apothecia 
small  to  minute,  sessile,  appressed;  scattered  or  crowded  densely 
into  clumps;  orbicular  becoming  variously  difform  (angulate, 
lirellate),  the  dark-red  disk  finally  black ;  bordered  by  an  ele- 
vated, persistent,  black  margin ;  and  finally  rugged  and  con- 
torted. Spores  ellipsoid,  very  numerous  and  minute. Le- 

cidea,  Ach.  Meth.  p.  49.  Sarcogyne,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  266,  a. 
Lecanora  simplex  (Dav.)  Nyl.  Biatorella,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  407. 

b.  pruinosa,  Auctt. ;  apothecia  small  to  middling,  scattered, 
appressed,  or  now  sunken  in  the  matrix ;  the  rather  convex  disk 

gray-pruinose. Sarcogyne,  Koerb.  I.  c.    Lecanora,  Nyl.  Scand. 

p.  176. 

c.  Clavus,  Koerb. ;  apothecia  middling  to  ample ;  short-stipi- 
tate,  rounded,  becoming  wavy  and  difform ;  disk  reddish  and 
blackening,  naked;    the  thick,  wrinkled,  and  chinky  margin 
finally  disappearing;  the  hypothecium  at  length  blackening. 
Koerb.  Syst.  p.  266.    Biatorella,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  409.    Le- 
canora cervina,  v.  eucarpa,  Nyl.    Stereopeltis  Carestice,  De  Not. 
(Anz.  Langob.  n.  381.) 

d.  revertens,  Tuck, ;  apothecia  not  unlike  those  of  the  last, 
but  smaller  and  more  regular;  with  thinner  margin.     Spores 
few,  and  at  length  in  8s,  in  the  thekes ;  ellipsoid,  and  oblong- 
ellipsoid,  -^  mic. Gen.  Lich.  p.  122. 

Rocks,  a,  granitic,  from  Canada,  Drummond,  and  the  north- 
ern States,  to  Tennessee,  Ravenel,  Alabama,  Peters,  and  Cali- 
fornia, Bolander. b,  limestone,  Canada,  Drummond.  New 


205 

England,  Tuckerman.    Kansas,  Hall.    Texas,  Wright. c,  New 

England,  Tuckerman.    Georgia,  Ravenel.    California,  Bolander. 

d]  Colorado^  Herb.  Sprague.    California,  Bolander.—. — The 

earlier  name,  simplex,  Dav.,  recently  revived,  is  wholly  without 
signification,  which  can  hardly  be  said  of  the  other. 


XXXII.— RINODINA,  Mass.,  Stizenb.,  Tuckerm. 

Apothecia  scutellseform,  more  often  zeorine ;  now  lecid- 
eine.  Hypothecium  mostly  colourless.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
bilocular;  rarely  4-plurilocular  5  brown.  Spermatia  oblong 
or  staff  shaped  5  on  sub-simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  crusta- 
ceousj  lobed  at  the  circumference  in  a  few  species;  but 
more  commonly  uniform. 

*  Dimelcena.    Thallus  lobed.    Spores  bilocular. 

1.  JR.  radiata^  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaceous-adnate,  tarta- 
reous-cartilagineous,  rimose-areolate  becoming  radiously  lobed 
at  the  circumference ;  glaucescent ;  the  hypothallus  black ;  apo- 
thecia  small,  innate,  now  emergent ;  disk  plano-convex,  finally 
tumid,  black,  white-pruinose ;   the  thalline  margin  entire ;  now 
blackening;    or  disappearing.      Hypothecium  brownish-black. 

Spores  short-ellipsoid,  obtuse,  ^  mic. Obs.  Lich.  4,  1.  c.  p. 

173.    Buellia,  Lich.  Calif,  p.  25. " 

b.  fimbriata,  Tuck. ;  thallus  depauperate,  uniform,  but 
fringed  by  the  hypothallus. Obs.  Lich.  I.  c. 

Rocks  on  the  coast  of  California  (Bolander),  Tuckerman  I.  c. 
1866. Apothecia  Omm-,  5-Qmm^  8  wide. 

2.  R.  thysanota,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  adnate,  verrucose-areo- 
late,  with  a  radiously  lobed  circumference ;  brownish- olivaceous ; 
apothecia  small,  lecanorine,  sessile ;   disk  blackish-brown ;  the 
tumid  margin  entire.      Spores  short-ellipsoid,  obtuse,  ^  mic. 

— Obs.  Lich.  4,  I  c.  p.  174. 

Rocks  at  about  7000  ft.  alt.,  Alpine  County,  California,  Lap- 
ham.  Coast  of  Oregon,  W.  C.  Cusick  in  herb.,  Sprague. A 

marked  species ;  but  the  specimens  are  scanty. 

3.  R.  nimbosa  (Fr.)  Th.  Fr. ;   thallus  membranaceous-cartil- 
agineous,  squamulose ;   scales  crowded  more  or  less  and  coales- 


206  KDsTODIN'A. 

cent,  or  now  reduced  and  glebous  at  the  centre,  but  expanding, 
imbricate,  lobate  and  crenate  at  the  circumference ;  pale-yellow- 
ish becoming  tawny,  often  gray-pruinose  ;  apothecia  smallish  to 
almost  middling,  innate;  disk  flattish,  brownish-black,  sub- 
marginate ;  thalline  margin  tumid,  entire.  Spores  -^  mic. — 
Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.p.  129.  Lecanora,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  148. 

Naked  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Greenland  (Vahl),  Th. 
Fries  I.  c.  1861.  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  Brandegee  in 
herb.  Sprague. 

4.  M.  oreina  (Ach.)  Mass. ;  thallus  adnate,  tartareous-cartil- 
agineous;    verrucose- areolate ;    from  greenish  -  straw  -  coloured 
becoming  yellowish;    areoles  now  crenate,   passing  into  a  ra- 
diously  lobed  circumference,  which  is  more  or  less  black-edged ; 
apothecia  smallish,  lecanorine,  innate,  at  length  superficial  and 
sub-sessile ;  the  disk  becoming  turgid,  and  black ;  the  thalline 
margin  obtuse  and  very  entire,  or  now  disappearing,  and  the 
apothecia  lecideoid.     Spores  short-ellipsoid,  obtuse,  -|y  mic. — 
Lecanora,  Schcer.  Enum.  p.  67.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  147.    Parmelia, 
Fr.L.  E.p.  113. 

Rocks.  New  England  and  Canada,  Tuckerman  Enum.  1845. 
Tennessee,  Eavenel.  Kansas,  Hall.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden. 
California,  Bolander. Peripheral  lobes  now  obsolete. 

5.  E.  chrysomelcena  (Ach.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub-membra- 
naceous,  areolate-squamulose ;    scales  commonly  discrete,  flat, 
rounded,  more  or  less  lobed  ;   pale-  to  bright-yellow  ;  apothecia 
almost  middling-sized,  lecanorine,  appressed,  flat ;    disk  dark- 
red,  and  blackening ;  the  persistent,  stout,  entire  thalline  mar- 
gin at  length  wrinkled  and  flexuous.     Spores  J^  mic. Syn. 

p.  148.     Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  37. 

Rocks.     Pennsylvania,  Mulilenberg  Catal.  1818.     North  Car- 
olina, Schweinitz.     Georgia,  Eavenel.     Massachusetts,  Willey. 
—Apothecia  lmm-  to  I""1-,  5  wide. 

*  *  Eurinodina.  Thallus  uniform.  Hypothecium  colour- 
less; except  in  n.  13,  and  14.  Spores  Ulocular  ;  except  in  n.  15. 

6.  E.  Ascociscana,  Tuckerm.;    thallus  of  membranaceous, 
adnate,   rounded,   concentrically  wrinkled,   scale-like  areoles, 
which  run  together  more  or  less,  forming  a  chinky  crust ;  from 
greenish-  becoming  pale-cinnamon-brown ;  apothecia  smallish 
to  middling -sized,   sessile;   disk  plano-convex,  scabrous  and 


RINODDTA.  207 

wrinkled,  from  pale-  at  length  reddish -brown,  and  blackening  ; 
the  thick,  entire,  or  atJength  crenate  thalline  margin  persistent. 

Spores  J^j  niic. Gen.  p.  124.    Pann&ria,  Tuck.  Suppl.  1,  I.  c. 

p.  424. 

Trunks  and  rocks.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858. 
Vermont,  Frost.  Massachusetts,  Willey.  Illinois,  Hall.  Can- 
ada, Drummond.  Arctic  America,  Richardson  in  herb.  Taylor. 
Apothecia  Omra-,  8  to  lmm>,  5  wide. 

7.  E.  turfacea  (Wahl.)  Nyl.;  thallus  incrusting,  verrucose- 
granulate;  from  white  at  length  brownish- ash- coloured;   apo- 
thecia  from  smallish  to  middling-sized,  appressed  or  sessile,  flat- 
tish;    dislf  brownish -black,   dull;    thalline  margin   elevated, 

entire  or  rugulose,  persistent.    Spores  ^^  mic. Th.  Fr.  Scand. 

p.  195,  a. 

b.  roscida,  Th.  Fr. ;  apothecia  white-pruinose. Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 

c.  mniarcea,  Nyl. ;  apothecia  soon  convex,  excluding  the  mar- 
gin ;  the  disk  from  dark- cinnamon- coloured  blackening. Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  151. 

On  the  earth,  and  running  over  mosses,  in  alpine  districts. 
Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1861.  Islands  of  Behring's 
Straits  (a,  &,  c),  Wright.  White  Mountains  (a),  Tuckerman. 
North  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (a),  and  British  Columbia  (c), 
Macoun.  Kocky  Mountains,  Wolf.  California  (c,=Lecanora 
mniareiza,  Nyl.  in  Flora,  1870,  p.  33;  &  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn.  n. 

158),  Bolander,  teste  Nyl. A  certain  difference  between  a  and 

c  proves  scarcely  well  determinable ;  nor  are  the  two  Scandi- 
navian authorities  cited  above  to  be  clearly  reconciled.     Spores 

equally  large  in  these  forms. b  is  the  var.  microcarpa  of  Anzi 

(Lich.  Langob.  n.  106),  but  the  name  becomes  inappropriate  in 
our  plant,  which  offers  the  largest  fruit  of  any  of  our  specimens. 

8.  E.  sophodes  (Ach.)  Nyl.,  emend.;  thallus  tartareous  but 
thin,  granulate-areolate ;  from  ash-coloured  passing  into  olive- 
brown  ;  on  a  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small,  zeorine,  ap- 
pressed ;  disk  flattish,  brown  to  brownish-black  ;  thalline  mar- 
gin sub-entire.     Spores  ^|  mic. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  148,  a.     Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  199,  a. 

b.  atrocinerea,  Nyl. ;  thallus  squamulose-areolate ;  glauces- 
cent ;  the  thinnish  areoles  scattered  more  or  less  on  the  con- 
spicuous, black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small,  adnate ;  the  thin, 


208  KItfODINA. 

entire  thalline  margin  often  excluded,  and  the  black  apothecia 

lecideoid.     Spores  as  in  a. Exs.  Anzi  Lich.  Langob.  n.  321. 

Zw.  exs.  n.  61.    Ejusd.  exs.  n.  68,  /?.  Nyl.  Lich.  Par.  n.  43. 

c. .  tephraspiSj  Tuck.  herb. ;  thallus  thickened ;  of  crenulate 
but  soon  turgid,  verrucose  -  irregular  and  crowded  areoles; 
brownish-ash-coloured ;  apothecia  at  length  middling-sized,  be- 
coming turgid ;  but  the  thalline  margin  persistent.  Spores  as 
in  a. Lecanora,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1,  1.  c.  p.  425. 

d.  confragosa,  Nyl.;  thallus  coarser;  verrucose,  often  con- 
glomerate, and  now  sub-lobulate ;  white ;  apothecia  at  length 
middling-sized.    Spores  a  little  larger  than  in  the  preceding 
forms. Nyl.  I.  c.  max.  p.    Exs.  Fr.  Lich.  Suec.  283. 

e.  exigua,  Fr. ;  thallus  reduced ;  now  scurfy,  or  disappearing ; 
whitish ;  hypothallus  obsolete ;  apothecia  small  to  very  small, 
finally  convex;  the  entire  margin  at  length  crenulate,  or  ex- 
cluded.   Spores  as  in  a,  or  a  little  smaller. Nyl.  I.  c. 

Spores  now  occurring  from  8  to  12-16-20-30  in  the  thekes. R. 

polyspora,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  206.    Lecanora,  Nyl. 

Trees,  stones,  and  dead  wood,  throughout  North  America, 
Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  a,  common  on  bark,  and  noticeable 

by  its  dark  thallus. &,  only  on  rocks,  where  its  colour,  flattish 

areoles,  and  lecideoid  fruit,  sufficiently  indicate  it. c,  also  a 

rock-lichen,  I  have  tried  to  bring  under  b,  taking  our  plant  for 
a  better  developed  condition  (with  fruit  now  2mm-  in  width)  of 
such  European  lichens  as  Zw.  exs.  n.  68,  J,  andHepp.  Lich.  Eur. 
n.  646 ;  both  which  are  referred  by  their  authors  to  E.  atrocin- 
erea ;  as  the  first-named  is  also  by  Koerber :  but  cannot,  for  the 

present,  but  keep  it  separate. d  offers  apothecia  larger  than 

in  any  other  form  of  the  species  except  the  last-named ;  and 
its  coarse,  white  thallus  aids  also  in  making  E.  sophodes,  in  this 
condition,  conspicuous  on  the  rocks  and  the  earth  of  our  Pacific 
Coast;  where  a  bark-form  (Lecanora  Roboris,  Duf.,  e  Nyl.  in 
Mandon  Lich.  Mader.  n.  38)  is  also  found,  inhabiting  the  Oaks  of 
California.  The  last  appears  as  yet  to  be  rare  with  us  else- 
where.  e,  on  bushes,  trees,  and  dead  wood,  everywhere :  the 

smallest  form ;  though  passing  into  the  tree-form  of  d. 

9.  R.  Hallii,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  contiguous, 
chinky;  from  pale-brownish  becoming  light-umber-coloured; 
on  a  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  smallish,  biatorine,  adnate, 
plano-convex ;  disk  passing  from  reddish-  into  blackish-brown, 


RINODINA.  209 

finally  turgid  and  excluding  the  paler,  entire,  obtuse  margin. 
Spores  ^  raic. 

On  various  trees  of  the  Pacific  Coast.     California,  Bolancler. 

Oregon,  Hall. In  a  part  of  the  specimens  the  apothecia  shew 

a  white  bloom ;  but  there  is  no  trace  of  this  in  the  majority. 

Apothecia  Omm-,  8  to  lmm-,  2  wide. 

10.  E.   Bischoffii   (Hepp.)   Koerb. ;    thallus   thin,  mealy   or 
granulose,  or  obsolescent;  whitish,  ash-coloured,  or  brownish; 
apothecia  small,  zeorine,  sessile,  flat,  or  finally  convex  j  the  disk 
blackening ;  the  entire  thalline  margin  also  blackening,  and  the 
fruit  at  length  lecideoid.      Spores  broad-obtuse-ellipsoid ;    the 
wide  interval  between  the  spore-cells  suggesting  a  dark  band  ; 
^  mic> Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  75.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  204. 

Lime-rocks,  Texas  (Wright),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.     Kan- 
sas, Hall.    Rocky  Mountains,  Hayden  in  Jib.  Willey. 

11.  E.  flavo-nigella,  Tuckerrn.  in  litt.\    thallus  tartareous, 
contiguous,  granulate-rugose ;    from  greenish-  becoming  bright- 
lemon-yellow  ;  apothecia  smallish,  appressed,  zeorine,  flattish ; 
the  scabrous  disk  brownish-black,  at  length  convex  j  the  thalline 
margin  sub-entire.    Spores  -^  mic. 

Rotten  wood.     Gainesville,  Florida,  Eavenel.    Cotoosa  River, 

Fla.,  Austin.    Mobile,  Alabama,  Dr.  Mohr. Apothecia  Omm- , 

8  to  lmm-,  2  wide. 

12.  E.   aterrima  (Krerapelh.)   Anz. ;    thallus  effuse,   thin, 
granulose  or  scurfy;   dark-greenish-black,  consisting  of  brown 
gonidia ;  apothecia  minute,  lecanorine,  innate-sessile,  very  black. 

Spores  soleseform,  ^  mic. Anz.  Symb.  Lich.  Ear.  p.  11,  & 

Licli.  Langob.  n.  4G1.     Microthelia  Metzleri,  Koerb. 

Granitic  rocks,  Yosemite  Valley,  California,  abundant,  Bo- 
lander.     San  Diego,  Cal.,  Miss  Plummer  in  hb.  Farlow. 

Spores  Varely  4-locular.  But  this  can  hardly  be  taken  for  suffi- 
cient to  make  two  species  of  the  lichens  cited.  Compare  Lahm 
Anmerk.  in  Rabenh.  Lich.  Eur.  Fasc.  29 ;  and  also  Hedwigia, 
1867,  p.  154-5. 

13.  E.  Thomce,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  tartareous,  chinky; 
smooth;    straw-coloured;   on  a  black  hypothallus;   apothecia 
small,  lecanorine,  adnate,  flattish ;  disk  black ;  the  entire,  ob- 

14 


210 

tuse,  persistent  thalline  margin  soon  blackening,  and  the  fruit 
lecideoid.    Hypothecium  black.     Spores  ^  mic. 

Sandstone  rocks,  Moulton,  Alabama,  Hon.  T.  M.  Peters.— 
Apothecia  Omm-,  5  to  Omm-,  8  wide. 

14.  E.  milliaria,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  chinky,  granulate, 
and  rugulose;  greenish-fuscescent ;   apothecia  minute,  adnate; 
disk  flattish,  blackish-brown  and  black,  opake  ;  the  thin,  entire 
margin   blackening  or    excluded.      Hypothecium    blackening. 
Spores  *^5  mic. Obs.  Licit.  4,  1.  c.  p.  175. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  about  Boston,  Tuckerman.  New  Bedford, 
Willey.  Western  New  York,  Miss  Wilson. Spores,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Willey,  now  in  12s-,  as  in  the  now  similar  R.  sopho- 
des,  e,  in  Biatora  exigua  and  in  Lecidea  myriocarpa. 

15.  E.  Conradi,  Koerb. ;  thallus  incrusting,  thin,  chinky  and 
granulate ;     greenish-glaucescent    and  cinerasceut ;    apothecia 
zeorine,  small,  sessile,  flattish ;  the  plano-convex  disk  blackish- 
brown,  distinctly  marginate;  the  thalline  margin  sub-entire,  or 
rugose-crenulate.     Spores  from  bilocular  passing  into  quadri- 

locular,  and  the  two  middle  cells  then  divided,  jjjj|  mic. Koerb. 

Syst.  p.  123.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  198.    Lecanora  pyreniospora, 
Nyl.  Scand.  p.  151.    Einodina  sabulosa,  Tuck.  Calif,  p.  21. 

On  gravelly  earth  near  the  ocean,  San  Francisco,  California 
(Bolander),  Tuckerman  1.  c.  1866. The  European  lichen  (un- 
known to  me  at  the  time  of  the  publication  of  the  American 
one,  and  now  only  in  the  too  scanty  Rabenh.  Lich.  Eur.  n.  880) 
is  described  as  lecauorine,  and  the  spores  as  "  constantly  quad- 
rilocular  "  (Koerb.  I.  c.),  but  I  can  scarcely  doubt  the  identity  of 
the  two  plants.  Apothecia  of  ours  Omra-,  5  to  Omm-,  8  wide. 

*  *  *  Maronea.     Spores  -very  numerous  in  the  thekes. 

16.  E.  constans  (Nyl.) Tuckerm.;  thallus  verruculose;  green- 
ish-ash-coloured, and  brownish;  on  a  black  hypothallus;  apo- 
thecia small  to  almost  middling-sized,  zeorine,  sessile ;  the  flat, 
brownish-black  and  black  disk  bordered  by  a  tumid,  sub-entire 
thalline  margin ;  the  fruit  at  length  flexuously  irregular.     Spores 
very  minute  and  numerous  in  the  thekes,  and,  in  general,  colour- 
less.  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  124.    Lecanora,  Nyl.  classif.  2 ;  Ejusd. 

Prodr.  Gall.  p.  89.    Maronea  Berica,  Mass,  in  Flora,  1856,  n. 
19,  &  Lich.  Ital.  n.  346.    Lecanora,  Tuck.  Obs.  Lich.  2,  I.  c.  p. 
403.    Maronea  Kemmleri.  Koerb.  Par  erg.  p.  90. 


PERTUSARIA.  211 

On  living  and  dead  jvood,  not  uncommon  in  New  England, 
and  southward  to  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1862. 
New  Jersey,  Austin.  Pennsylvania,  Michener.  Ohio,  Lea. 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  Ravenel  Alabama, 

Peters. Our  common  plant  is  the  M.  Kemmleri,  Koerb.  (Hepp. 

n.  771  -,  Eabenh.  n.  633),  but  this  is  most  easily  to  be  regarded 
as  only  the  more  perfect  state  of  Massalongo's.  Smaller  forms 
of  our  lichen  occur,  resembling  the  cited  one  of  the  Italian 
author ;  and,  in  such  states,  the  disk  is  scarcely  marginate.  It 
was  remarked,  in  the  place  first-cited  above,  that,  in  addition  to 
the  general  resemblance  of  It.  constans  to  familiar  conditions  of 
R.  sophodes  as  here  taken,  the  former  agreed  also  with  Rinodina 
in  its  truly  bilocular  spores  becoming  at  length  constricted  at 
the  middle ;  "  one  of  the  best  indications  of  the  coloured  spore 
in  its  bilocular  stage,  when  colour  is  wanting."  And  Mr.  Willey 
has  now  completed  this  observation,  and  removed  all  doubt  of 
the  position  of  our  plant  by  the  discovery  of  such  spores  as 
those  just  mentioned  coloured  exactly  as  those  of  the  otherwise 
not  very  dissimilar  R.  sophodes,  v.  exigua-,  itself  now  poly- 
sporous. 


Sub-Fam.  2. — PERTU  SARIEI. 

Apothecia  typically  closed,-    composite ;    and  difforni; 
but  reverting  largely  to  lecanorine  forms. 


XXXIII.— PERTUSARIA,   DC. 

Apothecia  globular-diffbrm,  closed ;  including  ( 1-00) 
nucleiforin  hymenia  opening  by  pores  (ostioles)  j  or  expla- 
nate  and  lecanoroid.  Spores  (only  excepting  n.  6)  large  to 
very  large,  ellipsoid,  simple  j  or  rarely  bilocular  (n.  9) ;  typ- 
ically colourless.  Spermatia  staff-shaped,  straight  j  upon 
simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  crustaceous;  uniform  in  our 
species. 

*  Apothecia  more  or  less  lecanorine. 

%  Spores  simple. 

1.  P.  bryontha  (Ach.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  incrusting,  verrucose- 
conglomerate ;  whitish ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  and  over, 


212  PERTUSARIA. 

sessile,  a  little  elevated,  thick ;  the  lecanorine  disk  flattish, 
rugulose,  soon  dilated  so  as  to  depress  and  exclude  the  turgid 
thalline  margin;  from  brownish-liver-coloured  becoming  livid, 

and  blackening.     Spores  solitary,  1^'^°  rnic. Lecanora,  Ach. 

L.  U.  p.  392 ;  Syn.  p.  156.     Pertusaria,  NyL  Scand.  p.  178. 

On  the  earth,  growing  over  mosses,  etc.,  in  alpine  districts. 
Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I  c.  1861.  Islands  of  Behring's 
Straits,  Wright.  Shores  of  River  St.  Mary,  Lake  Superior, 
Richardson  (Leighton  L  c.). 

2.  P.  velata  (Turn.)  Nyl.  j    thallus  cartilagineous,  smooth, 
Becoming  plicate-rugose  and  chinky ;   glaucescent,  and  white ; 
with  a  zonate  and  more  or  less  brighter-coloured  circumference ; 
apothecia  small  to  almost  middling-sized,  adnate,  lecauoroid; 
disk  flattish,  pale-yellowish-  to  reddish-flesh-coloured ;  densely 
white -powdery;    the   thick,  entire  thalliue  margin  becoming 
finally  indistinguishable  in  the  now  difform,  and  often  2-3-thala- 
mous  fruit.     Spores  solitary  for  the  most  part ;  exceeding  ^^ 

mic.- Turn,  in  Act.  Linn.  Lond.  9,  p.  143,  t.  12,  /.  1.    Pertu- 

saria,Mudd.  Man.  Brit.  Lich.  p.  274. 

Trees,  and  also  on  rocks,  throughout  the  Atlantic  regions 
from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Canada, 
Macoun.  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  Alabama,  Peters.  Ohio, 
Lea.  Illinois,  Hall  Texas,  Hall. 

3.  P.  panyrga  (Ach.)   Th.   Fr. ;     thallus    incrusting,   thin, 
wrinkled;    white;    apothecia  small  to  almost  middling-sized, 
lecanoroid  but  often  2-3-thalamous;  the  depressed  disk  black, 
white-powdery ;   the  thalline  margin  irregular.      Spores  "  soli- 
tary ;  ^^  mic." Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  308.     P.  velata  *  multi- 

puncta  v.  leucotera,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  1 80. 

On  the  earth,  running  over  mosses,  etc.,  in  alpine  districts. 
Greenland  (Vahl),  Th.  Fries  I  c.  1861. 

4.  P.  multipuncta  (Turn.)  NyL;  thallus  sub-cartilagi neons, 
oftener  thin  and  chinky  but  becoming  rugose-verrucose ;  glau- 
cescent and  pale-ash-coloured ;  zonate  more  or  less  at  the  cir- 
cumference, as  in  n.  2,  but  less  distinctly;  apothecia  small  to 
almost  middling-sized,  lecanoroid,  adnate,  at  length  elevated; 
mono-  or  now  2-4-thalamous ;   with  flat,  blackening  disk ;  but 
becoming  depressed  and  very  irregular ;    and,  excluding  the 
soon  gaping  thalline  margin,  passing  into  diffortn,   powdery 


PERTUSARIA.  213 


heaps.      Spores  solitary  ;    or  often  in  twos  ;  mic.  -  Nyl. 

Scand.p.  179.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  309.    P.  faginea,  Tuck.  Syn. 
N.  E.  p.  84,  max.  p. 

Trees,  and  more  rarely  rocks,  throughout  the  United  States, 
Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Common  equally  throughout  the  North 
and  South,  reaching  Texas,  Wright  ;  and  also  California,  Bo- 
lander  ;  and  Oregon,  Hall. 

5.  P.  dactylina  (^ch.)Nyl.;  thallus  incrusting,  thin;  white; 
producing  finger-shaped,   erect,   thickish,   somewhat   divided, 
(now  undeveloped  and  inconspicuous)  cylindrical  branchlets,  in 
the  tips  of    which  the  small,  sub-lecanoroid  apothecium   with 
pale-flesh-coloured  disk,  concealed  more  or  less  by   a  thalline 
veil  is  contained.     "  Spores  solitary  ;  ^|^  mic."  -  Nyl.  Lapp. 
Or.  p.  240.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  310. 

On  the  earth,  running  over  mosses,  etc.,  in  alpine  districts. 
Islands  of  Behring's  Straits  (Wright),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
White  Mountains. 

6.  P.  ambigens  (Nyl.)  Tuck.;  thallus  cartilagineous,  smooth 
becoming  rugose-verrucose  ;   glaucescent  ;    apothecia  small  to 
almost   middling-sized,  lecanorine,  sessile  or  a  little  elevated'. 
1-2-thalamous  ;    disk  flat,  from  flesh-coloured  becoming  dark- 
greenish  and  livid,  with  a  thin  bloom;  thalline  margin  irregu- 
larly torn-crenate,  and  at  length  repeatedly  duplicated.     Spores 
in  eights  ;  ~  mic.  --  Tuck.  Obs.  Lich.  4.  1.  c.  p.  176.    Lecanora, 
Nyl.  in  Prodr.  Fl.  N.  Gran.  p.  40,  note. 

Trunks,  Oregon,  Dr.  Lyall.  Hall.  Elsewhere  known  only 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  Zeyher  in  herb.  Sender. 

7.  P.  lecanina,  Tuckerm.  ;   thallus  thin,  contiguous,  smooth, 
becoming  granulate;    pale-yellowish;    bordered  by  the  black 
hypothallus;  apothecia  small,  lecanoroid,  sessile,  at  first  white- 
pruinose;  disk  pale-flesh-coloured,  sub-margiuate  ;  thalline  mar- 
gin entire.      Spores  in  twos;    ^'^2  mic.  -  Gen.  Lich.  p.  126, 
note. 

On  various  trees  in  California,  Bolander;  seen  only  in  small 
patches  accompanying  P.  leioplaca,  and  P.  pustulata. 

8.  P.flavicunda,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  cartilagineous,  smooth, 
verrucose-areolate  ;   pale  sulphur-coloured;  the  areoles  becom- 
ing radiously  concrete  toward  the  circumference;    apothecia 


214  PERTUSARIA. 

small  to  almost  middling-sized,  adnate ;    monothalamous  ;   the 
dilated,  discoid  ostiole  yellowish-powdery,  little  exceeded  by  the 

margining  portion.    Spores  in  twos  and  threes ;  "  ^  mic. Obs. 

Lich.  4,  L  c.  p.  177. 

Rocks,  San  Diego,  California,  Dr.  Cooper. Fruit  rarely  2- 

thalamous. 

t  Spores  bilocular. 

9.  P.  rhodocarpa,   Koerb. ;    thallus  membranaceous ;    from 
greenish-glaucescent  becoming  white ;   and  densely  granulate ; 
apothecia  small,  sub-sessile,  sub-globose  ;  from  mono-  at  length 
2-3-thalamous ;    bursting  from  the  first  into*  soredia,  and  the 
thalline  exciple  soon  obsolete ;  disk  flesh-coloured,  concealed  by 
a  white  powdery  veil,  but  afterwards,  as  this  disappears,  red- 
dish-dotted.    Spores  solitary ;  ^"^  mic. Koerb.  Syst.  p.  384. 

Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  128.      Varicellaria,  Th.  Fr.  Scand,  p.  322. 
V.  microsticta,  Nyl,  Scand. p.  183.  *.!,/.  8. 

On  bark.    Arctic  America,  Nylander  Scand.  1861.    British 

Columbia,  Macoun. The  apothecia  differ  in  no  respect  from 

others  of  forms  of   P.  multipuncta,  also  at  length  "  reddish- 
dotted,"  except  in  the  spores  being  bilocular. 

*  *  Apothecia  compound,  difform. 

10.  P.  communis,  DC. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  from  smooth 
and  even  becoming  chinky  and  rugose-verrucose ;  glaucescent ; 
now  zonate  at  the  circumference ;  apothecia  small  to  middling- 
sized,   adnate,   depressed  -  sub-globose    and  variously  difform; 
closed  except  at  the  sunken,  and  for  the  most  part  blackening, 
and  numerous  ostioles.     Spores  solitary ;  or  in  twos ;  very  rarely 

in  threes  and  fours;    ^'^7  mic. Porina pertusa  (L.)  Ach.  Syn. 

p.  109.     Pertusaria,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  84.    P.  communis,  Nyl. 
Scand.  p.  178.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  317. 

Trunks  and  rocks.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818.  Canada,  Macoun.  Ohio,  Lea.  Illinois  and  Mis- 
souri, Hall.  Virginia,  Tucker  man.  North  Carolina,  Curtis. 
South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas,  Wright. 
California,  Bolander. 

11.  P.  leioplaca  (Ach.)  Scha3r. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  rather 
thin,  becoming  chiuky   and   rugged;    glaucescent,   and  pale- 
yellowish  ;    apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  adnate,  globular 


PERTUSARIA.  215 

and  difform  ;  either  discrete,  or  crowded  and  running  together  j 
closed ;  depressed  often  at  the  centre  and  thus  falsely-lecano- 
roid  j  the  solitary  or  few,  rarely  depressed  ostioles  either  black- 
ening, colourless,  or  indistinct.  Spores  in  fours ;  sixes ;  and 
eights ;  varying  no  little  in  size,  as  from  ^  mic.  to  ^-^  mic. 
—Schcer.  Spicil  p.  66.  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  181 ;  Prodr.  N.  Gran, 
p.  36. 

Trees  and  rocks.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818.  Canada,  Richardson.  Ohio,  Miss  Biddlecome. 
Illinois,  Hall  Maryland  and  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  North  Car- 
olina, Curtis.  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Beaumont. 
Florida,  Austin.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas,  Wright.  Oregon, 
Hall.  Very  various :  now  not  easily  distinguishable  from  the 
last ;  and  the  depressed  and  marginate  forms  resembling  now 
P.  Wulfenii,  except  in  colour. 

12.  P.   pustulata    (Ach.)  Nyl. ;     thallus    membranaceous, 
chinky,  now  verruculose ;   brownish-cream-coloured,  now  green- 
ish, pale-yellowish,  or  white ;    apothecia  small  to  very  small, 
hemispherical  and  difform ;  from  only  slightly  prominent  becom- 
ing globular  and  sub-sessile ;  flattened  at  length  above,  when 
the  now  confluent,  scarcely  depressed  black  ostioles  become 

disk-like.    Spores  in  twos ;    ^'^f  mic. Porina,  Ach.  L.  U.  p. 

309 ;  Syn.  p.  110.    Pertusaria,  Nyl,  Prodr.  Gall.  p.  195. 

Trees,  common  from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872.  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  Mavenel. 
Florida,  Austin.  Alabama,  Beaumont.  Texas,  Wright.  Ore- 
gon, Hall. P.  concreta,  Nyl.  Enum.  Gen.  p.  117;  &  Add.  in 

Flora,  1876,  p.  233  (P.  Westringii,  Nyl.  Obs.  Pyren.  p.  35),  is 
said  to  occur,  on  granitic  rocks,  in  "northern  and  arctic  Amer- 
ica," as  well  as  in  Ireland,  and  the  south  of  France ;  but  the 
lichen  is  unknown  to  me,  and  the  published  notices  of  it  are  not 
quite  clear.  In  the  place  first-cited  above  the  plant  is  placed  in 
the  5-8-sporous  section,  but  in  the  later  diagnoses  it  is  said  to 
belong  to  the  other,  or  1-2-sporous  section ;  as  it  is  said  in  one 
place  to  have  an  areolate  thallus  (Obs.  Pyren.)  and,  in  another, 
a  continuous,  chinky  one  (Add.  in  Flora),  and  the  fruit  to  be 
convex  and  wart-like)  Obs.  Pyren.)  or  immersed  and  endocar- 
poid  ( Add.  in  Flora).  Spores  in  twos ;  ^^  mic.  ( Add.  1.  c.) 

13.  P.  glomerata  (Ach.)  Schaer. ;  thallus  incrusting,  cartila- 
gineous ;  glaucescent,  and  white  ;  apothecia  small  to  middling- 


216  PERTUSAKIA. 

sized,  globular,  sub-sessile,  with  mostly  solitary,  protuberant 
ostioles ;  but  soon  agglomerate  and  confluent  into  large,  difform, 
crowded,  pleiothalamous  clusters.  Spores  very  commonly  in 
twos  ;  but  occurring  also  in  fours  ;  sixes ;  and  eights ;  ^'^°  mic. 

Ach.  Syn.  p.  111.     Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  66.     Tuck.  Exs.  n.  22 

(Sub.  Farm.  verr.}.  Nyl,  Scand.  p.  182.  Th.  Fr.  Scand,  p.  314. 
On  the  earth,  running  over  mosses,  etc.,  in  alpine  districts. 
White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848  (spores  almost 
always  in  twos ;  and  rarely  solitary).  Adirondack  Mountains, 
N.  Y.,  Macrae  (spores  as  in  the  last).  Islands  of  Behring's 
Straits,  Wright  (spores  in  fours;  and  eights). The  species- 
name  suits  our  lichen  perhaps  quite  as  well  as  it  does  the  Euro- 
pean one;  and  ours  (Tuckerm.  exs.  n.  22)  is  certainly  like  the 
other  in  the  earlier  conditions  of  the  fruit,  but  passes  at  once 
into  a  confluent,  difform  state — with  the  look  of  largest  apothe- 
cia  of  P.  communis,  but  the  ostioles  of  the  present— of  which 
my  few  foreign  specimens  scarcely  afford  a  trace.  The  spores 
might  appear  also  to  suggest  difference  in  the  plant  of  our 
mountains  from  the  European,  the  thekes  of  which  have  always 
been  taken  for  4-sporous ;  but  the  distinction  is  a  slight  one,  and 
Dr.  Th.  Fries  has  recently  shewn  (I  c.)  that  the  Swedish  lichen 
varies  from  3  to  8-sporous. 

14.  P.  globularis,  Ach.  ;  thallus  incrusting,  thin,  granulate; 
whitish-ash-coloured ;  granules  globular,  becoming  finger-shaped, 
and  finally  somewhat  branched ;  apothecia  small  to  almost  mid- 
dling-sized, sub-sessile,  depressed-globose ;    the  commonly  few* 
ostioles  collected  in  the  sunken  centre.     Spores  in  twos ;  threes ; 

and  fours ;  -^^  mic. Ach.  Syn.  p.  212.     Tuckerm.  Syn.  N. 

E.  p.  85. 

Rocks  among  mosses.    Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlen- 

berg  Catal  1818.     Alabama,  Peters.    Arkansas,  The  same. 

Granules  varying  in  size ;  and  in  some  of  the  specimens,  both 
northern  and  southern,  they  do  not  become  isidioid ;  but  I  see 
no  other  differences'. 

15.  P.   Wulfenii,  DC.;    thallus  cartilagineous  and  smooth, 
but  becoming  thicker  and  rugose-verrucose ;  sulphur-coloured, 
and  pale ;    apothecia  small  to  more  than  middling-sized,  sub- 
sessile,  depressed-hemispherical ;    the  numerous  black  ostioles 
largely  running  together  into  a  depressed,  lecauoroid  disk,  bor- 
dered by  a  tumid,  somewhat  gibbous-flexuous  thalliue  margin. 


CONOTREMA.— GYALECTA.  217 

Spores  in  eights ;  -g^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  244.     Th,  Fr.  Scand. 

p.  312.  Thelotrema  hymenium,  Turn.  &  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  185, 
max.  p.  Pertusaria,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  85.  Porinafallax, 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  110,  a. 

Trunks.     Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal. 
1818 ;  Halsey,  etc.     California,  Bolander. 


Sub-Fam.  3. — URCEOLARIEI. 

Apothecia  typically  urceolate,  descending  even  to  appar- 
ently Verrucariaceous  forms  ;  but  in  fact  Lecanorine,  which 
affinity  is  often  sufficiently  expressed. 

XXXIV.  — C6NOTREMA,   Tuckerm. 

Apothecia  urceolate,  truncate-conoid;  at  length  some- 
what explanate,  and  patella3form ;  consisting  of  a  black 
proper  exciple  clothed  with  an  evanescent  veil  of  the  thal- 
lus. Spores  cylindraceous,  plurilocular,  colourless.  Sper- 
matia  oblong,  straight ;  on  simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  crus- 
taceous;  uniform. 

C.  urceolatum  (Ach.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous-mem- 
branaceous,  smooth,  becoming  chiuky  and  rugged;  whitish; 
apothecia  small,  sub-sessile;  more  or  less  white- pruinose  within. 

Spores  long-cyliudraceous;  30-40-locular ;  ^^  mic. Lecidea, 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  G71.  Gyrostomum,  Fr.,  Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  100. 
Conotrema,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  Eng.  p.  86;  Gen.  Lich.  p.  129. 

On  trees.  Northern  and  middle  States  (Swartz),  Acharius 
I.  c.  1810,  Muhlenberg,  etc.  Illinois,  Hall.  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia, Tuckerman.  Mountains  of  South  Carolina,  Eavenel. 

Apothecia  Omm-,  5  to  lmm-  in  diameter. 

XXXV.  —  GYALECTA   (Ach.)   Anzi. 

Apothecia  urceolate-sub-biatorine,  with  a  somewhat  cren- 
ulate  margin  ;  consisting  of  a  coloured  (rarely  black)  proper 
exciple,  connivent,  or  now  explanate,  margined  or  veiled  by 
a  lecanorine,  or  variously  imperfect  thalline  one.  Spores  (in 


218  GTALECTA. 

narrowed  and  for  the  most  part  cylindraceous,  not  seldom 
more  than  8-sporous  thekes,  with  thread-shaped  paraph yses) 
ellipsoid  ;  passing  into  fusiform  ;  and  acicular ;  2-4-pluri- 
locular;  and  more  rarely  inuriform-plurilocular ;  not  col- 
oured. Thallus  crustaceous  j  uniform. 

*  Secoliga  emend.     Apothecia  coloured. 
f  Spores  2-4-phirilocular. 

1.  G.  lutea  (Dicks.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin  membranaceous ; 
greenish-ash-coloured;   apothecia  small  to  almost,  and,  in   the 
tropics,  more  than  middling-sized,  sessile ;  soon  explanate  and 
flat,  or  plano-convex ;   the  pale-yellowish-  or  reddish-flesh-col- 
oured disk  scarcely  at  length  surpassed  by  the  paler,  obsoletely 
radiate-striate  margin.      Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid;    bilocular; 

~  mic. Tuck.  Gen.  p.  136.     Lecidea,  Borr.  in  Hook.  Brit. 

Fl.  2,  p.  185.     Nyl.  Scand.  p.  192;  &  in  Prodr.  N.  G.  p.  53. 

On  bark,  New  England,  Tucker-man  I.  c.  1872.    New  York, 
Peck.     Illinois,  Hall.     Florida,  Austin.     Alabama,  Beaumont. 

Varies  no  little  in  the  size  and  coloration  of  the  apothecia, 

as  sufficiently  shewn  in  the  Cuba  lichen  (Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n. 
176,  177)  and  the  New  Granada  one  (Lindig  n.  2581,  2596,  2627). 

G.  Friesii,  Koerb.  (G.  denudala,  Th.  Fr.)  is  not  unlike,  and 

has  been  referred  here,  but  differs  in  its  larger,  4-locular  spores. 

The  green  cells  differ  finally  more  or  less,  in  the  present  stock, 

from  the  ordinary  gonidia,  in  being  connected  together  in  short 
strings ;  an  observation  first  made  by  Bornet,  and  now  taken 
advantage  of  by  Dr.  Miiller  to  separate  his  genus  Biatorinopsis 
(Mull.  Lich.  Beitr.  n.  12,  in  Flora,  1881,  n.  15)  which  he  consid- 
ers referable,  together  with  Ccenogonium  (Flora,  1881,  p.  236) 
to  the  in  every  other  respect  widely  discrepant  Graphidacei. 
But  the  disposition  of  the  gonidia  in  question  appears  not  to  be 
confined  to  this  group  of  Gyalectce  j  nor  is  it  perhaps  time,  in 
the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  the  goniinous  system,  to 
appreciate  the  value  of  the  character. 

2.  G.  Pineti  (Schrad.)  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  thin,  membrana- 
<jeous  ;  from  green  passing  into  lead-coloured,  and  pale-ash-col- 
oured ;  apothecia  minute,  sessile,  urceolate ;  yellowish-flesh-col- 
oured ;  the  rounded  margin  almost  concolorous,  scarcely  striate. 
Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid ;    bilocular ;  ^  mic. Tuckerm.  I  c. 


GYALECTA:  219 

Lecidea,  Sorr.  in  Hook.  Brit.  Fl  2,  p.  183.  Nyl.  Scand,  p.  191 ; 
Licli.  N.  Caled.  p.  40. 

On  bark,  etc.,  at  the  base  of  trees,  Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg 
Catal  1818.  New  England,  Frost;  Willey.  New  York,  Eav- 
enel.  New  Jersey,  Austin. 

3.  G.  Valenzueliana  (Mont.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  chinky, 
soon  becoming  densely  granulate;   glaucescent:  apothecia  mi- 
nute,  sessile,  globular;    consisting  of  a  flesh-coloured  proper 
exciple,  clothed  below  by  the  thallus ;    connivent  and  radiately 
cleft  above;    and  opening  by  a  pore-like  at  length  somewhat 
enlarged  aperture,  with  a  finally  rounded,  and  blackening  mar- 
gin.    Spores  12-30  in  the  thekes ;  ellipsoid;  bilocular;  ^  mic. 

Parmelia  ( Urceolaria)  Mont.  Cuba,  p.  205.     Gyalecta,  Tuck. 

Calif,  p.  30.      G.  asteria,  Tuck.   Obs.  Lich.  2,  I  c.  p.  414,  &  in 
Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  173. Apothecia  Omm-,  3  to  Omm ,  5  wide. 

*  absconsa,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  uncertain ;  spores  smaller,  4- 
locular  ;  ^-. Gyalecta  absconsa,  Obs.  Lich.  2,  /.  c.  p.  414. 

On  bark,  a,  Cuba,  Wright.  Cotoosa  river,  Florida,  Austin. 
— *  on  Red  Maple,  low  country  of  South  Carolina,  Ravenel. 
The  specimens  of  this  last  are  very  meagre,  and  it  is  hard  to  say 
whether  the  thallus  belong  not  entirely  to  the  accompanying 
Arthonia  spectabilis.  Spores  finally  numerous  in  the  thekes,  as 
in  a,  but  smaller,  and  always  4-locular.  The  lichen  is  insuffi- 
ciently known. G.  radiatilis,  Tuckerm.  Calif,  p.  30,  is  a  still 

more  minute  apothecium  exceedingly  like  that  of  G.  Valensue- 
liana  (being  globular,  from  flesh-coloured  becoming  black,  con- 
nivent and  radiately  cleft  above ;  but  with  simple  spores  in 
eights,  and  giving  no  reaction  with  iodine),  which  infests  (in'New 
England  always)  a  white  thallus  with  little  doubt  to  be  referred 
to  Pertusaria  multipuncta ;  as  the  parasitic  fruit  to  Fungi.  It 
is  easy,  with  the  scanty  material  in  hand,  to  suppose  that  G. 
absconsa  may,  in  like  manner  be  only  parasitic  on  the  thallus  of 
Arthonia  spectabilis  j  but  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  close  relation 
of  the  former  to  G.  Valenzueliana,  which  is  in  every  point  of 
view  a  lichen. 

4.  G.  geoica  (Wahl.)  Ach. ;    thallus  obscure,  somewhat  pow- 
dery ;  pale-greenish-ash-coloured  ;    apothecia  minute,  immersed 
becoming  superficial,  urceolate;   the  elevated,  radiously  uneven, 
pale  margin  enclosing  a  yellowish-brown  disk.     Spores  oblong- 


220  GYALECTA. 

ellipsoid ;  4-locular  ;  ^  mic. Syn.  p.  9.     Th.  Fr.  Lick.  Arct. 

p.  139.     Nyl  Scand.  p.  190. 

*  trivialis,  Willey  herb. ;  apothecia  very  small,  and  always 
immersed. 

On  sandy  earth  and  about  walls  (*).  New  Bedford,  Willey. 

Illinois,  Wolf. The  larger  European  lichen  has  not  occurred; 

but  ours,  measuring  about  4mmni-  in  diameter  is  hardly  distinct 
from  it. 

5.  G.  carneo-luteola,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  very  thin,  leprous; 
whitish  ;  apothecia  minute,  adnate,  explanate ;   the  flat,  yellow- 
ish-flesh-coloured disk  but  little  surpassed  by  the  rounded,  entire, 
paler  proper  margin.     Spores  in  sixes  and  eights ;  fusiform-ellip- 
soid; bilocular  passing  into  4-locular ;  ~  mic. Obs.  Lick.  3r 

I  c.p.271. 

On  bark  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  Wright;  and  to  be  looked  for 
in  Florida.  Kesembles  the  European  G.  carneo-lutea,  but  has 
higher-coloured  fruit  of  only  one-third  the  size  (about  Omm-  25- 
0mm.  4)  an(j  an  entire  margin.  The  specimen  is  however  small. 

6.  G.  nana,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  very  thin,  chinky;  glauces- 
cent  and  white  ;   apothecia  very  minute,  innate-emergent,  con- 
cave;   the  elevated  margin  of  the  originally  somewhat  crenate 
proper  exciple  rounded,  pale ;   the  disk  brownish-flesh-coloured. 
Spores  8-12  in  the  thekes;   fusiform;  4-6-locular;  ~  mic.— 
Obs.  Lich,  2,  I  c.  p.  415. 

On  bark,  Island  of  Cuba,  Wright}  and  to  be  expected  where 

the  last  preceding  species  occurs. Apothecia  Omm-,  2  to  Omm-, 

3  wide. 

7.  G.  fagicola  (Hepp.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  very  thin,  chinky  ; 
pale  greenish  or  brownish ;    or  obsolete ;  apothecia  minute,  at 
length  sub-sessile,  concave;   from  pale-  becoming  rusty-  and 
dark-red,  and  blackening;    the  scarcely  uneven  margin  mostly 
concolorous.     Spores  8-12-20  in  the  thekes  ;  acuminate-fusiform ; 

4-10-locular ;    ^  mic. Biatora,  Hepp.,  fide  Am.  in  Flora. 

Secoliga,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  112.     Gyalecta  corticola,  (Lonnr.) 
Tuckerm.  Gen.  Lecidea  congruella,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  191,  fide  Ohl- 
ert.     Gyalecta  ceratina,  Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich.  2,  1.  c.  p.  41 5. 

On  bark.  Ash-  and  Elm-bark,  Arnherst,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1862. 
Red  Cedar,  New  Bedford,  Willey. 

f  f  Spores  muriform. 


GYALECTA.  221 

8.  G.  Flotovii,  Koerb. ;    thallus  thin,  powdery ;   whitish ;  or 
obsolete;    apothecia  minute,  adnate,  urceolate ;    the  disk  flesh- 
coloured;  the  coarctate,  pale,  sub-crenulate  margin  soon  rounded. 
Spores  in  eights;    rounded  and  ovoid;  from  4-locular  (the  cells 
disposed  crosswise)  becoming  muriform-plurilocular ;  ?jj~jjj  mic. 

Koerb.  Syst.  p.  171.     Lecidea  Querceti,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  191, 

fide  Ohlert. 

On  bark,  Amherst,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Not  a  Secoliga, 
as  defined  by  Koerber  (Parerg.  p.  109)  but  notwithstanding 
nearest  to  G.  abstrusa  (Secoliga  Koerb.  I.  c.)  the  spores  of  which 
pass  at  once  (Zw.  exs.  n.  90.  Hepp.  exs.  n.  27)  into  more  or  less 
muriform  conditions,  sometimes  closely  comparable  with  the 
spores  of  the  present. 

9.  G.   cupularis   (Hedw.)   Schaer. ;    thallus   tftin,  at  length 
chinky;  greenish-ash-coloured;    apothecia  superficial,  urceolate 
becoming  more  open;    disk  pale-brick-red;    the  white  margin 
radiately  striate  or  cleft,  but  at  length  rounded.      Spores  in 

eights;  ellipsoid;  ^^mic. ScJwer.  Spicil.p.79.    Nyl.  Scand. 

p.  189. 

Lime-rocks.     Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.     New 

York,  Halsey.    Vermont,  Eussell.    Alabama,  Peters. So  far 

as  seen,  our  lichen  has  always  small,  pale,  urceolate  fruit,  which 
is  scarcely  cleft  above,  and  is  best  comparable  with  Fr.  Lich- 
Suec.  n.  401,  in  my  copy:  that  of  the  European  plant  becomes 
however  much  larger,  more  open,  and  with  higher-coloured  disk, 
and  the  radiately-cleft  margin  is  now  very  marked. 

*  *  Sagiolechia.    Apothecia  black. 

10.  G.  rhexoblephara  (Nyl.)  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  very  thin; 
whitish,  or  obsolete ;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  closely 
sessile,  explanate,  the  flat  disk  dark-rufous  and  blackening  ;  the 
thick,  elevated,  persistent,  black  margin  radiately  cleft.    Spores 

in  eights;    fusiform -ellipsoid ;   4-locular;  ^J  mic. Gyalecta, 

Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  132.     Lecidea,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  240.    Rhexo- 
phiale  coronata,  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  204. 

On  the  earth,  growing  over  mosses,  etc.,  Greenland  ( Vahl), 

Th.  Fries  I  c.  1861.     Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,   Wright. 

The  place  of  this  curious  lichen  may  perhaps  be  taken  for  satis- 
factorily determined  (as  is  suggested  in  the  present  writer's 
observations  above-cited)  by  that  of  G.  protuberans  (Ach.)  Anz. : 


222  URCEOLARIA. 

as  that  is  brought  in  accord  with  other  Gyalectce  by  G.  lecideopsis, 
Mass.,  and  G.  leucaspis,  Krempelh.,  compared  with  G.  carneo- 
lutea,  and  G.  cupularis. 


XXXVI.— URCEOLARIA. 

Apothecia  urceolate-scutellseform  •  consisting  of  -a  con- 
nivent,  black  proper  exciple  at  length  for  the  most  part 
explanate,  the  margin  of  which  is  finally  discrete  from  the 
lecanorine  (rarely  obsolete)  thalline  one.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid;  inuriform-plurilocular  5  brown.  Spermatia  oblong, 
or  staff-shaped;  on  sub-simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  crus- 
taceous;  uniform. 

1.  U.  scruposa  (L.)  Nyl.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  areolate-verru- 
cose  becoming  rugose-plicate;    glaucous,  ash-coloured,  or  now 
white ;  apothecia  from  immersed  becoming  superficial,  and  from 
small  to  more  than  middling-sized,  scutellaeform  finally  expla- 
nate ;    black ;  the  disk  gray-pruinose  ;   the  more  or  less  denticu- 
late proper  margin  hidden  by  the  tumid  thalline  one ;   or  the 
latter  disappearing  and  the  former  prominent  and  incrassated. 
Spores  ^  mic. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  176.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  302. 

On  rocks,  and  on  the  earth  (when  calcareous,  the  thallus 
becoming  white  and  mealy — v.  gypsacea,  Nyl.)  growing  also 
over  mosses,  etc.  (and  now  on  Cladonice,  without  thallus — v. 
parasitica,  Sommerf.),  throughout  our  territory;  Muhleriberg 
Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  Kansas,  Hall.  Ne- 
braska, Hay  den.  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall.  South  Carolina, 
Eavenel.  New Mexico,  Fendler.  California,  Bolander.  Oregon, 
Hall. 

2.  U.   actinostoma,   Pers. ;     thallus    tartareous,   originally 
sinoothish,  then  chinky  and  breaking  finally  into  areole-like 
portions ;  grayish-ash-coloured  and  whitish ;   apothecia  minute, 
immersed;    a  black,  always  connivent  proper  exciple,  with  a 
radiately  striate,  gray-pruinose  margin  bordering  a  pore-like  at 
length  a  little  extended  aperture ;  disk  black ;  thalline  margin 

deficient.     Spores  broad- ellipsoid;  ^  mic. Verrucaria,  Ach. 

L.  U.  p.  288.    Parmelia  ( Urceolaria)  striala,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  192. 

Rocks.  Connecticut  ( Wright),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Kan- 
sas, Hall.  South  Carolina,  Mavenel. 


THELOTREMA.  223 

XXXVII.  — THELOTREMA   (Ach.)    Eschw. 

Apotheeia  urceolate,  very  various,  but  illustrating  by 
their  modifications  tbe  scutellseforrn  type;  consisting  of  a 
variously  coloured  proper  exciple,  with  somewhat  torn  mar- 
gin, which  is  concrete  with  a  (now  obsolete)  thalline  one, 
and  includes  a  disciforin  or  nucleiform  nymenium,  itself 
clothed  more  or  less  with  an  interior  exciple,  or  veil.  Spores 
from  ellipsoid  often  oblong  ;  bi-plurilocular ;  or  murifonn- 
multilocular;  brown  or  decolorate.  Spermatia  scarcely 
known.  Thallus  crustaceous,  uniform. A  certain  luxu- 
riance of  difference  is  observable  in  the  characters  of  this 
as  of  other  intertropical  groups,  which,  while  little  was 
known  of  them,  were  taken  to  indicate  more  than  a  few 
genera  and  species.  But,  with  advance  of  knowledge,  it 
has  become  clear  that  the  strongest  structural  contrasts  of 
Thelotrema,  as  here  taken,  find  their  sufficient  reconcilia- 
tion within  the  group ;  and  that  it  is  from  this  larger  point 
of  view  that  (as  elsewhere  so  here)  we  best  observe  and 
follow  Nature.  As  respects  our  own  handfull  of  species  it 
should  yet  be  said  that  much  is  doubtless  to  be  added  to  it 
from  the  extreme  southern  States ;  and  that,  at  any  rate,  all 
attempt  at  an  arrangement  in  sections  must,  for  the  present, 
be  only  provisional.  Some  illustration  of  the  above  remarks 
may  be  found  in  the  writers  Genera  Lichenum,  pp.  135-139. 

*  Spores  bi-pluri-locular  with  entire  spore-cells,  colourless  for 
the  most  part  but  not  always ;  and  finally  brotvn  in  5. 

1.  T.  microporum,  Mont. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  chinky ; 
glaucescent ;  apothecia  minute,  immersed,  urceolate,  open;  a 
white  interior  exciple  concrete  for  the  most  part  with,  and  not 
exceeding  the  thallus,  bordering  a  pale  -  flesh  -  coloured  disk; 
thalline  exciple  obsolete.  Spores  ellipsoid ;  4-locular ;  ^  mic. 

—Mont,  in  Ann.  Sci.  3,  12,  130;    Syll.  36. 
Bark  of  Magnolia  grandijlora,  Gainesville,  Florida,  Mavenel. 

— Differs  from  the  T.  microporum  published  by  me  in  Lick. 
Cub.  n.  124,  which  is  exactly  Montagne's  plant  (Herb.  Jung- 
huhn)  much  as  the  T.  album  of  Lick.  Cub.  n.  127 :  but  the  spe- 
cific distinctness  of  the  two  Cuba  lichens  is  not  clear ;  any  more 


224  THELOTREMA. 

than  that  of  the  T.  album  of  Nyl.  Syn.  N.  Caled.  p.  36,  from  the 
T.  microporum  of  the  same  place.  Myriotrema,  Fee  Exs.  p. 
103,  with  its  two  supposed  species,  covers  probably  precisely 
the  same  ground  as  Montague's  species,  and  is  an  older  ar- 
rangement ;  but  Montague  first  really  understood  and  described 
the  plant. 

2.  T.  lathrceum,  Tuckerm.  in  lilt. ;  thallus  thin-membrana- 
ceous;   glaucescent;   apothecia  very  minute,  immersed,  open; 
the  softish,  white  interior  exciple  discrete  from  the  thallus,  bor- 
dering with  an  elevated,  rounded  margin,  a  blackening  disk ; 
the  exterior  exciple  deficient.     Spores  oblong ;  6-9-locular ;  ^J 
mic. 

On  various  trees,  Cotoosa  river,  Florida,  Austin. Apo- 
thecia barely  Omm-,  1  in  diameter:  those  of  the  next  follow- 
ing species,  reach  Omm-,  8. 

3.  T.  subtile,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  membranaceous,  smoothish, 
becoming  chinky,  or  at  length  powdery  ;  glaucescent,  cineras- 
cent  now  quite  dark,  or  white ;  apothecia  immersed  becoming 
superficial,  small  to  minute,  depressed-hemispherical' and  dif- 
form,  open ;  interior  exciple  discrete,  lax,  its  white,  thin  margin 
which  encloses  the  flat,  blackening,  white-pruinose  disk  much 
surpassed  by  the  exterior  exciple.     Spores  fusiform- oblong ;  8- 

16-locular;  ^  mic. Suppl  1,  I  c.  p.  426.     T.  bicinctulum, 

Nyl.  Licli.  N.  Caled.  in  Ann.  Sci.  4,  15,  p.  46. 

On  various  trees,  New  England  (Frost),  Tuckerrnan  I.  c.  1858. 
Virginia,  Tucker  man.  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  Ravenel. 
Alabama,  Beaumont.  Texas,  Eavenel ;  Hall. 

4.  T.  granulosum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  smooth, 
verrucose-granulate ;  glaucescent ;  apothecia  small,  depressed- 
hemispherical,  adnate,  granulate,  with  an  ample  aperture ;  the 
margin  of  the  exterior  exciple  elevated  and  at  length  acute ; 
the  depressed  disk  black,  concealed  by  a  white,  crustaceous, 
finally  perforated  veil.     Spores  oblon g- ellipsoid ;   6-10-locular; 
^  mic. Suppl.  1,  1.  c.p.  426. 

On  Bald  Cypress,  Louisiana  (Hale),  Tuckerinan  I.  c.  1858. 

Florida,  Austin. The  proper  exciple,  constituting  the  interior 

part  of  the  exterior  one,  brown  or  blackening  j  often  at  length 
more  or  less  visible  at  the  margin.  Apothecia  of  about  the 
size  of  those  of  T.  subtile. 


THELOTREMA.  225 

5.  T.  Domingense  (Fee;    Nyl.)  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  cartila- 
gineous,  smoothish,  becoming  wrinkled  and  granulate;    glau- 
cescent,  passing  now  into  brownish-cream-coloured;    or  now 
white  ;  apothecia  small  to  almost  middling-sized,  adnate,  glob- 
ular, at  length  depressed ;  more  or  less  thickened ;    urceolate ; 
aperture  poriform,  obtusely  margined  by  the  exterior  exciple, 
through  which  the  toothed  border  of  the  black  proper  exciple 
finally  protrudes;     disk  colourless,    without  interior  exciple. 
Spores  solitary,  or  in  twos;  fusiform;  20-40-locular ;  ^^-mic., 

fuscescent  or  colourless. Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  137.     Ascidium 

(Fee]  Nyl.  Enum.  Gen. ;  &  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  50. 

b.  rhodostroma,  Nyl. ;  the  white  interior  of  the  exciple  be- 
coming rose-coloured. Nyl.  1.  c.  Ascidium,  Mont.  Guy.  n. 

46,  t.  16,  f.  4. 

On  various  trees,  Mississippi  (Dr.  Veitch),  Tuckerman  I.  c. 
1872.  South  Carolina,  fiavenel  Florida,  Austin. b,  Louis- 
iana, Hale.  Georgia,  Eavenel. Ascidium,  as  understood  by 

Montague,  the  chief  illustrator  of  this  type,  offers  nothing  to 
distinguish  it  generically  from  his  Thelotrema  depressum  but 
the  at  length  doubtless  marked  thickening  of  the  thalline  por- 
tion of  the  exterior  exciple;  and  it  is  perhaps  easier  to  refer 
the  type  to  the  present  genus,  than,  with  Nylander,  to  under- 
take to  make  the  cited  Thelotrema  into  an  Ascidium. 

*  *  Spores  muriform-plurilocular,  brown. 

6.  T.  interpositum  (Nyl.)  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  thin,  un- 
even ;  glaucescent  and  pale-cream-coloured ;  apothecia  of  the 
size  of  the  last,  superficial,  globular ;  scarcely  thickened ;  urce- 
olate ;  the  poriform  aperture  bordered  obtusely  (much  as  in  the 
last  preceding)  by  the  exterior  exciple ;  the  black  disk  covered 
thickly  by  a  white  veil,  contrasting  in  section  with  the  thick, 
black  proper  exciple.     Spores  solitary  or  in  twos ;  fusiform ;  the 
transverse  series  of  spore-cells  about  forty,  of  about  six  mem- 
bers each,  in  the  middle ;  ^"^  mic. Ascidium,  Nyl.  in  Prodr. 

N.  Gran.  p.  50,  note. 

On  bark,  Texas,  Hall.  An  Ascidium,  like  the  last  species ; 
from  which  it  more  especially  differs  in  the  spores.  Thelotrema 
postpositum,  Nyl.  (in  litt.  1864 ;  before  referred  by  him  to  his 
T.  monosporum,  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  46),  a  Louisiana  lichen 
(Hale),  has  a  little  smaller  fruit,  in  the  scanty  specimen  received, 
but  is  otherwise  undistinguishable. 
15 


226  THELOTREMA. 

7.  T.  lepadinum,  Acli. ;  thallus  commonly  thin-membrana- 
ceous  and  smoothish,  but  becoming  thicker,  wrinkled  and  dull ; 
whitish,  and  cream-coloured;    apothecia  superficial,  small  to 
almost  middling,  truncate -conoidal ;  or  also  depressed  and  at 
length  urceolate-scutellaeform  j  interior  •exciple  lax,  persistent ; 
as  is  normally  the  exterior  one ;  disk  blackening  above,  white- 
pruinose.     Spores  solitary ;  or  in  twos,  threes,  and  fours ;  fusi- 
form:   the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  about  thirteen  to 

oc    K/t\ 

twenty,  of  two  to  five  members,  the  smaller-sized  spores  -V ; 

P>4     -.n/i  O-O 

the  larger  and  fewer  -jg~  mic. L.  U.  p.  312.    Fr.  L.  E.p. 

428.    Koerb.  Syst.  p.  330. 

Trees,  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  New 
England,  rare,  Tuckerman;  Willey.  Low  country  of  South 
Carolina,  Eavenel.  Louisiana,  Hale.  California,  Bolander. 

Oregon,  Scouler;  Hall. Exterior  exciple  often  pale -brownish, 

indicating  the  presence  of  a  thin,  brown  proper  exciple,  con- 
stituting the  inner  side  of  the  other,  but  now  apparently  obso- 
lete ;  as  is  also  rarely  the  whole  exterior  exciple  (Louisiana, 
Hale}.  Interior  exciple,  in  a  depressed  form  of  the  fruit,  now 
doubled  (f.  diploloma,  South  Carolina,  Eavenel). 

8.  T.  leprocarpum  (Nyl.)  Tuckerm. ;   thallus  very  thin,  un- 
even; glaucescent;  apothecia  middling-sized,  innate,  dilated; 
rounded  and  difiform ;  the  exterior  margin  irregularly  reflexed 
and  cleft ;  and,  as  well  as  the  flat,  colourless  disk,  white-pow- 
dery ;  interior  exciple  deficient.     Spores  solitary,  or  in  twos,  or 
fours ;  oblong ;  the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  ten  to  four- 
teen, of  four  to  five  members  in  the  middle,  ^  mic. Gen. 

Lich  p.  139.     Gr aphis,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  85. 

On  Bald  Cypress,  Louisiana  (Hale),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 

The  high  authority  of  Nylander  in  Graphidacei  gives  a 

peculiar  weight  to  his  reference  of  this  lichen,  but  appears  still 
insufficient  to  obscure  its  affinity  to  the  Thelotrema  leucastrum 
of  the  present  writer's  Obs.  Lich.  3,  I  c.  p.  269,  or  of  the  latter 
to  the  T.  platycarpum  and  T.  platycarpoides  of  the  same 
memoir. 

9.  T.  Auberianum,  Mont. ;  thallus  membranaceous-cartila- 
gineous,  chinky,  rugulose,  or  granulate ;  greenish-glaucescent, 
and  brownish-cream-coloured ;  apothecia  innate  becoming  su- 
perficial, small  to  middling-sized,  rounded  and  variously  dif- 
form  and  confluent ;  the  elevated  exterior  exciple  from  rounded 


THELOTREMA.  227 

above  at  length  sharp  and  uneven,  shewing  more  or  less  at  the 
edge  the  brown  proper  exciple,  and  finally  refiexed ;  the  black- 
ening disk  concealed  by  a  crustaceous,  perforated  white  veil. 
Spores  ellipsoid  and  oblong ;  the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells 

four  to  six,  the  cells  more  or  less  divided ;  ^J  mic. Mont. 

Cuba,  p.  163,  t.  8,f.  2. 

Trees,   Florida    (Austin),   Tuckerman    Gen.   1872. The 

species,  as  understood  by  the  writer,  is  in  part  exhibited  in 
Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  145,  146,  147.  According  to  this  view  it 
must  include  T.  Auberianoides,  Nyl.  N.  Gran.  p.  43,  &  Lindig 
Herb.  n.  2711,  differing  only  in  the  spores  being  decolorate;  T. 
epitrypum,  Nyl.  I  c.  p.  49,  Wright  Cub.  n.  147,  considered  also 
to  differ  in  the  spores,  which  a  larger  view  of  these  organs 
scarcely  confirms;  and  T.  metaphoricum,  Nyl.  1.  c.,  &  Lindig 
herb.  n.  2814,  which  is  certainly  undistinguishable  from  admitted 
conditions  of  Montague's  species. 

10.  T.  Santense,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub-tartareous,  incras- 
sated,  rugulose,  beset,  more  or  less,  with  finger-shaped  excres- 
cences ;  glaucescent,  ash-coloured,  or  dark-gray ;  apothecia 
small  to  middling-sized,  innate,  urceolate-scutellseform ;  the 
dilated,  flat  disk  black,  thinly  white-pruinose ;  the  elevated 
exterior  exciple  incurved,  torn-crenate ;  the  interior  one  defi- 
cient. Spores  ellipsoid,  the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells 

three  to  five,  the  cells  irregularly  divided;  ^  mic. Obs. 

Lich.  2,  1.  c.  p.  406. 

Elm-trunks,  low  country  of  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Tuck- 
erman I.  c.  1862.  In  Southern  Alabama,  Beaumont. 

]  1.  T.  glaucescens,  Nyl. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  incrassated, 
punctulate;  glaucescent,  and  pale  ash-coloured;  apothecia 
very  small  to  minute,  innate,  variously  difform ;  and  scarcely 
bordered  except  by  the  lax,  white  interior  exciple  ;  but  becom- 
ing dilated  and  sub-scutella3form,  and  the  flat,  black,  thinly 
white-pruinose  disk  margined  at  length  by  an  elevated  and 
sub-crenate  thalline  border,  with  which  the  thickened  interior 
exciple  is  concrete.  Spores  ellipsoid ;  the  transverse  series  of 

spore-  cells  commonly  four,  irregularly  divided,  ^  ^  mic. 

Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  47,  note. 

Trunks  and  rocks  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  and  Florida  (Mavenel),  Nyl.  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  1864. 
Alabama,  Beaumont.  Louisiana,  Hale.  As  also  in  Cuba, 


22S  GYROSTOMUM. 

Wright The  lichen  is  very  near  to  T.  compunctum  (Sm.) 

Nyl.  (Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  152 ;  Lindig  Herb.  N.  Gran.  n.  2855), 
but  differs  in  the  ultimate  development  of  its  fruit,  and  dis- 
tinctly smaller  spores.  The  white  exciple  which  is  so  conspic- 
uous in  the  dilated  condition  of  the  apothecium  is  clearly  iden- 
tical, as  respects  at  least  its  interior  portion,  with  the  interior 
exciple  which  makes  the  only  visible  envelope  in  T.  com- 
punctum, however  undistinguishable  finally  from  the  thallus. 
I  see  no  reason  to  question  this  view  (Genera  Lichenum,  p.  136) 
which  applies  to  not  a  few  other  species  in  which  the  interior 
exciple  has  been  wrongly  taken  for  the  proper  exciple. 

12.  T.  Wightii  (Tayl.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  coriaceous-cartilagin- 
eous,  smooth  but  minutely  rugulose ;  greenish-glaucescent  and 
•cinerascent ;  shewing,  in  section,  scarlet  particles  here  and 
there  within ;  apothecia  very  minute,  included  in  the  thallus ; 
and  offering  only  a  pore-like  aperture  bordered  by  the  entire, 
pale  interior  exciple  which  is  concrete  with  the  thallus.  Spores 
rounded  and  ellipsoid  j  dark-brown ;  the  transverse  series  of 
spore-cells  about  four,  soon  irregularly  disposed ;  ^  mic.— 
Endocarpon,  Tayl.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Sot.  1847,  p.  155.  Thelo- 
trema,  Nyl.  N.  Gran.  p.  50,  &  in  Herb.  Lindig  n.  2662.  T.  Eav- 
enelii,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1,  I.  c.p.  426. 

Trunks,  low  country  of  South  Carolina  to  Texas  (Ravenel), 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858.  Louisiana,  Hale. 

I2(b).  T.  Eavenelii  (Tuckerm.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  thinner  for  the 
most  part,  and  without  the  scarlet  particles  of  the  preceding ; 
apothecia  perhaps  a  little  larger  and  more  open;  and  the  excip- 
ular  margin  blackening.  Spores  pale-brown  j  oblong-ellipsoid ; 
narrower  j  the  transverse  series  of  spore-cells  commonly  six  to 

eight  j  ^^  mic. Nyl.  N.  Gran.  p.  50,  note.  Tuckerm.  Gen. 

p.  139. 

Trunks,  South  Carolina  (Bavenel),  Nylander  I.  c.  1864. 
Alabama,  Beaumont. Close  enough  to  T.  Wightii,  but  offer- 
ing the  differences  noted. 


XXXVIII.— GYROSTOMUM,  Fr. 

Apothecia  from  urceolate  becoming  explanate;  either 
orbicular  or  oblong ;  consisting  of  a  black  proper  exciple 
with  entire  margin,  clothed  more  or  less  with  a  finally  dis- 


GYROSTOMTJM.  229 

appearing  thalline  veil.  Spores  ellipsoid;  muriform-pluri- 
locular;  brown.  Spermatia  not  seen.  Thalluscrustaceous; 
uniform. 

G.  scyptmliferum  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  smooth- 
ish  ;  greenish-ash-coloured  becoming  olivaceous-brown,  deepen- 
ing into  lead-colour ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  sessile  or  often 
a  little  elevated  ;  rounded  passing  into  lirellaeforna ;  the  rather 
elevated  proper  margin  radiously  striate  or  entire,  bordering  a 
brown,  powdery  disk;  itself  thinly  more  or  less  margmate. 
Spores  in  fours,  sixes,  and  eights ;  oblong- ellipsoid ;  the  trans- 
verse series  of  spore-cells  six  to  ten,  of  two  to  three  members, 

?g*  rnic. Fr.  S.  0.  V.  p.  268.    Nyl.  in  Proclr.  N.  Gran.  p.  50 ; 

Syn.  n.  Caled.  p.  39.  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  140.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn. 
p.  27. 

Trees   and  shrubs.      South  Carolina,    Florida  and  Texas 

(Ravenel),  Tuckerman   Gen.   ]872.      Louisiana,   Hale. The 

radious  grooving  of  the  proper  exciple  reminds  one  of  a  charac- 
teristic feature  of  Gyalecta;  but  the  triple  envelopes  of  the 
fruit  point  rather  to  the  type  of  Thelotrema,  which  also  varies 
in  directions  pointing  towards  Graphis. 


Trib.  II.— LECIDEACEL 

Apothecia  free,  rounded,  patellseform,  open,  becoming 
more  or  less  convex,  or  cephaloid  ;  the  disk  bordered  by  a 
proper  exciple  ;  the  thalline  exciple  of  the  first  Tribe  nor- 
mally deficient  here. 


Fam.  1.— CLADONIEI. 

Thallus  two-fold;  a  horizontal  one,  squamulose  or  granu- 
lose  (now  obsolete)  ;  and  a  vertical,  caulescent  one,  becom- 
ing shrub-like  (podetium). 

XXXIX.  — STEREOCAULON,   Schreb. 

Apothecia  patellseform ;  solid.  Spores  fusiform,  or  acic- 
ular;  4-plurilocular ;  colourless.  Spermatia  from  oblong 
becoming  oftener  staff- shaped;  or  acicular;  on  simple 
sterigmas.  Podetia  shrub-like,  erect,  solid ;  clothed  more 
or  less  with  certain  granules  (phyllocladia)  •  which  become 
squamiforrn,  or  pass  into  coralloid  branchlets;  being  also 
now  extended,  at  the  base  of  the  podetia,  into  a  horizontal 

crust. For  the  anatomy  of  the  thallus  see  Schwendener 

Untersuch.  1.  c.  2,  p.  173,  t.  7,  /.  10,  11.  That  remarkable 
and  common  excrescence  of  the  thallus  which  Nylander  has 
considered,  under  the  name  of  cephalodium,  in  his  Syn.  p. 
231,  etc.,  has  been  further  examined  by  Dr.  Th.  Fries  (Flora, 
1868)  and  lastly  by  Schwendener  (Die  Algentypen  d.  Flech- 

tengonid.  p.  16,  27,  33) ;  but  remains  still  unexplained. 

For  the  distribution  of  Stereocaulon  see  G-en.  Lick,  p.  144. 

*  Eustereocaulon.    Phyllocladia  always  present. 

1.  S.  ramulosum  (Sw.)  Ach. ;  podetia  tufted,  erectish,  spar- 
ingly for  the  most  part  and  irregularly  long-branched ;  contin- 
uously at  first  corticate-granulate  at  least  at  the  summits,  and 
now  also  tomentose  j  phyllocladia  ashy-gray,  and  whitish,  pass- 


S'FEREOCATJLON.  231 

ing  into  at  length  crowded,  short  branchlets,  which  are  now 
deficient  below,  and  the  finally  thickened  podetia  quite  naked 
(these  conspicuously  "beset  everywhere  with  stalked,  pale,  pitted 
cephalodia) ;  apothecia  terminal  ;  smallish  to  middling-sized ; 
soon  globular.  Spores  from  fusiform  soon  acicular,  4-8-pmri- 
locular  ;  and  varying  also  greatly  in  size,  from  about  30  much 

exceeding  100  mic.  in  length,  and  from  3  to  6  mic.  in  width. 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  580  ;  &  in  Sic.  Lick.  Amer.  t.  14.  88.  ramulo- 
sunij  vimineum,  implexum*,  daviceps,  &  piluliferum,  Th.  Fr. 
Mon.  Stereoc.  p.  24.  SS.  ramulosum,  proximum,  mixtum,  &c., 
Nyl.  Syn.  p.  235. 

Pico  de  Orizaba,  and  other  mountains  of  Mexico,  Liebmann 

e  Th.  Fr.  1.  c. The  examination  of  my  numerous  specimens 

of  this  stock,  from  South  America,  Polynesia,  Australia,  and 
Asia,  leaves  me  without  doubt  that  the  earlier,  presumably 
larger  conception  of  the  species  by  the  first  describers  is  clearly 
the  natural  one ;  and  should  be  returned  to.  Dr.  Nylander  has 
indeed  already  (I.  c.)  reduced  the  new  species  of  this  group 
proposed  by  Dr.  Th.  Fries ;  as  the  latter  author,  for  his  part, 
has  well  disallowed  Nylander's  discriminations  based  on  the 
differences  in  constitution  of  the  cephalodia.  The  species  (as 
here  received)  is  much  the  noblest  of  all;  and  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from  its  geographical  range,  varies  into  not  a  few  marked 
forms,  from  less  than  one  to  more  than  five  inches  in  height, 
and  more  or  less  tufted  and  branching ;  with  no  little  diversity, 
as  has  been  noted,  in  the  spore-measurements ;  but  is  always 
distinguishable  by  the  strigose  podetia,  to  which  it  owes  its 
name ;  its  soon  globular  apothecia ;  and  its  curious  cephalodia. 

A  specimen  of   the  present  species  in  Herb.  Taylor,  is 

marked  " North  America,  Mr.  J.  Bradbury";  and  Dr.  Fries 
finds  specimens,  in  Herb.  Swartz,  of  the  var.  macrocarpum, 
Bab.,  which  are  said  to  have  been  collected  in  North  America, 
by  Menzies ;  but  both  references  must  be  considered  doubtful. 

2.  S.  coralloides,  Fr.  ;  podetia  smallish,  rather  compressed, 
densely  tufted;  for  the  most  part  digitately- divergent ;  much 
branched  especially  above,  smooth  and  naked  below ;  the  more 
or  less  scattered  phyllocladia  grayish- white,  passing  into  digi- 
tately divided,  corallinoid,  finally  crowded  branchlets ;  (cepha- 
lodia sessile,  warted,  soon  bluish-gray;)  apothecia  commonly 
smallish,  lateral,  and  often  heaped;  but  occurring  now  also 


232  STEREOCATJLON. 

terminal,  solitary  and  dilated.     Spores  sub-fusiform-acicular, 

commonly  4-locular,  ^^  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  201  (corallinum). 

Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  94.  "~  Th.  Fr.  Mon.  p.  35 ;  Scand.  p.  44.     Nyl. 
Syn.  1.  p.  241. 

Rocks,  in  the  New  England  mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N. 
E.  1848.  Arctic  America  (Franklin's  1st  Voy.),  Hooker  herb. 
Vancouver's  Island,  Macoun.  Mountains  of  South  Carolina, 
Buckley. 

3.  S.paschale  (L.)  Fr. ;    podetia  at  length  longish,  but  lax, 
commonly  rather  slender,   many    crowded  together  but  not 
caespitose-conjoined;  rather  compressed ;   somewhat  tomentose 
or  now  almost  naked ;   much  branched ;  phyllocladia  glauces- 
cent,  and  ash-coloured,  passing  into  short,   squamaceous  and 
crenate  branchlets ;  (cephalodia  as  in  the  last;)  apothecia  sub- 
terminal  ;   somewhat  dilated ;    flattish.     Spores  much  as  in  the 

last. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  202.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  112.     Th.  Fr. 

Mon.  p.  57  ;  Scand.  p.  46.    Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  242. 

On  the  earth,  and  on  stones,  in  the  mountains  of  New  Eng- 
land, Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Canada,  Agassiz -,  Macoun. 
Arctic  America,  Herb.  Hooker;  Herb.  Spreng.,  etc.  Northwest 
Coast,  Lyall. 

4.  S.  tomentosum  (Fr.)  Th.  Fr. ;    podetia  stout;  rounded, 
loosely  tufted,  or  now  sub  -  solitary ;    the  divergent  branches 
much  divided  above  ;    densely  white-tomentose ;   phyllocladia 
from  greenish-  at  length  grayish-white,  squamaceous,  blunt- 
toothed,  at  length  finger-lobed,  crowded  on  the  upper  side,  but 
almost  wanting   on  the  under ;     (cephalodia   as  in  the  last). 
Apothecia  lateral ;  small  to  minute.     Spores  as  in  the  preced- 
ing, or  now  a  little  narrower. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  201.     Tuck.  Lich. 

exs.  n.  23.     Th.  Fr.  Mon.  p.  50;    Scand.  p.  48.    Nyl.  Syn.  1, 
p.  243. 

b.  alpinum,  Th.  Fr. ;  more  or  less  dwarfed ;  and  less  con- 
stantly tomentose ;  the  phyllocladia  glaucous-white,  becoming 
wart-like  especially  above ;  the  apothecia  commonly  terminal ; 

and  dilated. Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  S.  alpinum,  Laur.  in  Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  204. 

On  the  earth,  New  England  mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N. 
E.  1848.  Canada,  Agassiz.  Arctic  America  (Franklin's  1st 
Exp.),  Hooker  herb.,  etc.  Kocky  Mountains,  Bourgeau.  Brit- 


STEREOCATJLOK  233 

ish  Columbia,  Macoun.      Alaska,  Dr.  Kellogg. &,  Greenland, 

Vahl,  e  Th.  Fr.  1.  c.  1861.  Elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Herb. 
Hook.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.  Islands  of  Cum- 
berland Gulf,  Howgate  exp.  Summit  of  Mt.  Hood,  Hall. 
Mountains  of  Mexico,  Nylander. 

5.  S.   denudatum,   Floerk. ;    podetia  smallish    and  rather 
slender,  loosely,  or  now  often  densely  eaespitose,  and  fastigi- 
ately  much  branched ;   smooth  throughout,  and  naked  below ; 
phyllocladia  grayish-white,  squamaceous,  rounded  and  crenate, 
becoming  turgid,  nodulose,  and  confluent-irregular ;    (cepbalo- 
dia  conspicuous,  otherwise  much  as  in  the  last,  but  olivaceous- 
brown,  and  blackening;)    apothecia  minute,  flat.     Spores  as  in 

the  last. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  204.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  114.     Th.  Fr. 

Scancl.  p.  50.    Nyl  Syn.  1,  p.  247. 

Rocks.  Greenland,  Dilienius  Hist.  Muse.  1741.  Newfound- 
land, Despreaux.  New  Engla'nd,  Tuckerman.  New  Jersey, 
Austin.  Pennsylvania,  Dilienius.  Alaska,  Dr.  Kellogg. 

6.  S.  condensation,  Hoffm. ;  podetia  short,  and  now  deficient, 
for  the  most  part  simple,  delicately  tomentose;   phyllocladia 
glaucous,  verrucose-sub-squamulose  passing  into  blunt  branch- 
lets,  densely  clothing  the  podetia ;  and  collected  also  at  their 
base  into  a  horizontal  crust ;    (cephalodia  as  in  the  last ;  from 
livid- ash- coloured  becoming  dark-olivaceous;)    apothecia  ter- 
minal; smallish  to  middling-sized;   heaped  and  confluent;  or 

dilated.     Spores  acicular,  4-locular,  ^  mic. Schcer.  Enum. 

p.  178.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  113  (rupicolis  excl).    Koerb.  Syst. 
p.  13.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  52. 

On  the  earth  in  gravelly  soil  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts, 
Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848. 

7.  S.  pileatum,  Ach. ;   podetia  short,  erect,  sparingly,  but  at 
length  fastigiately  branched  above  ;  smooth ;  phyllocladia  glau- 
cous and  ash- coloured,  verruculose,  passing  into  corallinoid 
branchlets,  with  all  the  summits  now  sorediiferous ;  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  podetia  into  a  horizontal  crust ;  (cephalodia  as 
in  the  last;)    apothecia    terminal;    middling- siz ed ;    pileate. 

Spores  obtusely  fusiform,  4-locular,  J^  mic.^ Lich.   Univ. 

p.  582.     Th.  Fr.  Scand. p.  51.     8.  cereofus* Schcer.  Enum. p.  178. 
S.  cereolinum,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  14.     8.  condensatum  pro  p.  Fr.  L. 


234  STEREOCATJLOX. 

E.  p.  203,  Tuck,  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  46  ;  Exs.  n.  113,  pr'.  p.    Nyl.  Syn. 
p.  250*. 

Granitic  rocks  in  the  mountains  of  New  England,  Tucker- 
man  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Grand  Menan,  Maine,  Willcy. 

8.  S.  nanodes,  Tuckerm. ;    podetia  short  and  slender,  cse- 
spitose-conglomerate ;    divergently  branched  from  below  and 
more  or  less  fastigiately  divided  above ;  smooth ;  phyllocladia 
glaucous  becoming  ash-coloured,  globular  often  powdery,  but 
confluent  above  into  squamiform  extensions  lending  a  sub-folia- 
ceous  character  to  the  commonly  flattened  podetia ;  (cephalodia 
much  as  those  of  the  last;)  apothecia  terminal ;  dilated.     Spores 

staff-shaped  and  acicular,  4-locular,  j^£  mic. Suppl.  2,  I.  c. 

p.  201.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  251. 

Kocks  along  streams.   White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1848. 

9.  S.  albicans  (Th.  Fr.)  Nyl.  ;   podetia  small,  very  slender, 
softish,  and  fragile,  csespitose  ;   sparingly  fastigiate-branched ; 
delicately  tomentose ;  white,  but  blackening  below ;  phyllocladia 
glaucous-white,  minute,  rounded,  dull,  soon  powdery,  scattered, 

mostly  toward  the  summits  ;  apothecia  unknown. Nyl.  Syn. 

p.  252.     S.  tenellum,  Tuck,  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Voy.,  p.  123,  t.  2,/.  2. 

Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  Brandegee,  comm.  Sprague. 
Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  Palmer,  comm.  Willey. 
Representing  here  S.  nanum  of  Europe ;  and  like  that  ap- 
parently always  an  imperfect  organism. 

*  *  Phyllocaulon.    Phyllocladia  obsolete. 

10.  S.  Wrightii,  Tuckerm. ;  podetia  short,  densly  caespitose, 
ascendant;     sparingly    branched  from  the  blackening  base; 
dilated  above  into  cut-crenate,   lobe-like,  greenish  segments 
with  inflexed,  crisped,  white  margins  ;  tomentose  on  the  under 
side ;  (cephalodia  conspicuous,  pulvinate,  granulose,  olivaceous, 
and  blackening;)  apothecia  unknown. Suppl  2,  I  c. p.  202. 

Rocks;  islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Mr.  Wright.  Very 
marked  as  are  the  features  of  this  lichen,  the  development  of 
the  summits  is  in  fact  not  ill  comparable  with  the  final  condi- 
tion of  those  of  S.  nanodes.  The  gonimia  of  the  cephalodia 
occur  in  nodules,  from  rounded-oblong  at  length  difform-elon- 
gated,  resembling  those  of  8.  Colensoi,  as  exhibited  in  Nyl. 
Syn.  t.  VII.,  f.  8. 


PILOPHORUS.  235 

XL.  —  PILOPHORUS,   Th.  Fr. 

Apothecia  cephaloid;  solid  ;  black.  Spores  ellipsoid  5 
simple*;  colourless.  Spermatia  staff-shaped  ;  on  sub-simple 
sterigiiias.  Podetia  simple  or  but  little  branched ;  originally 
solid  ;  clothed  with  wart-like  granules  (phyllocladia)  which 
are  collected  also  into  a  crust  at  the  base. The  distinct- 
ness of  this  type  is  manifest ;  as  is  its  very  close  affinity  to 
Stereocauloh. 

P.  cereolus  (Ach.);  podetia  erect,  rigid,  sub -cylindrical,  for 
the  most  part  simple  ;  phyllocladia  minute,  roundish  becoming 
flattened  and  squamiform,  from  green  at  length  ash-coloured ; 
(cephalodia  from  sub-globose  at  length  flattened ;  wrinkled,  and 
granulate;  and  from  livid  reddish-brown,  and  darkening;) 
apothecia  terminal.  Spores  ^^  mic.— — P.  acicularis,  Tuck. 
Gen.  p.  146. 

a.  Fibula,  Tuck. ;  podetia  solid,  from  very  short,  and  even 
obsolete,  at  length  equalling  those  of  £,  simple  ;  (cephalodia  at 
length    explanate,  and  finely    granulate,   olivaceous -brown;) 

apothecia    globose  -  depressed. Stereocaulon    Cereolus,    Ach. 

Meth.  p.  316 ;    L.   U.  p.  582.      Borr.  in  E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2667, 
fide  Taylor  herb. !  S.  Fibula,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  46.    Pilopho- 
ron,  Tuck.  Suppl.  I,  p.  42.    Nyl.  Syn.  I, p.  229.    Pilophorus,  Th. 
Fr.  Hon.  Ster.  p.  71 ;  £.10,  /.  5.    P.  robustus,  v.  Cereolus,  Th. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  55. 

b.  Hallii,  Tuck. ;  podetia  solid,  short  and  stout ;   the  apo- 
thecia elongated  and  pestle -shaped  (2-4mm-  long,  0,  5mm._imm. 
wide). Obs.  Lich.  4,  I.  c.  p.  177. 

c.  acicularis,  Tuck. ;  podetia  sub-fistulous,  rather  elongated ; 
simple  or  scarcely  now  branched ;  (cephalodia  sub-globose,  bul- 
late,  from  pale-livid  becoming  reddish  and  brown;)  apothecia 

soon  sub-conical. Bceomyces,  dein  Cenomyce,  Ach.  Meth.  p. 

328,  t.  8,  /.  4 ;   L.  U.  p.  567.     Stereocaulon,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E. 
p.  47.    Pilophoron,  Tuck.  Suppl.  I,  p.  427.    Nyl.  Syn.  I,  p.  229, 
t.  7,f.  6.     Pilophorus,  Th.  Fr.  Mon.  Ster.  p.  70,  t.  10, /.  4. 

d.  robustus,  Tuck. ;  podetia  sub-fistulous,  at  length  rather 
elongated,  and  stout;  branching  above  into  somewhat  corym- 
bose summits;  (cephalodia  as  in  c,  becoming  ample;)  apothecia 
depressed-globular. P.  robustus,  Th.  Fr.  Mon.  Ster.  p.  69,  t. 


236  CLADONIA. 

10,  /.  3.    Pilophoron,  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  228,  t.  7,  /.  4.    P.  polycarpum, 
Tuck.  Suppl.  1,  I  c.  p.  427. 

Rocks,  bordering  water  courses,  a,  White  Mountains,  Tuck- 
erman  I  c.  1848.  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York  (ill-distin- 
guishable from  c,  and  in  the  cephalodia  not  at  all,  in  the  speci- 
mens), Peck.  The  lichen  is  better,  exhibited  here  than  in 
Europe,  and  is  not  likely  to  be  confused  with  Stereocaulon 

pileatum. 5,  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  E.  Hall.    A  stouter 

plant  than  a ;   and,  in  the  specimens,  dark-ash-coloured :   the 

cephalodia  not  seen. c,  Pacific  Coast,  Menzies,  Douglass, 

Hall,  etc. ;  as  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Herb.  Hook. d,  Islands 

of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright ;  as  also  in  Norway,  Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 


XLI.  —  CLADONIA,    Hoffm. 

Apothecia  for  the  most  part  soon  inflated  and  cephaloid  ; 
hollow  within ;  variously  coloured  (not  black).  Spores 
ovoid-oblong;  simple;  colourless.  Spermatia  staff-shaped; 
on  sub-simple  sterigmas.  Podetia  fistulous ;  cartilagineous ; 
cup-shaped ;  or  funnel-shaped ;  or  at  length  shrub-like,  and 
very  much  branched;  rarely  club-shaped;  the  horizontal 
thallus  squamulose ;  or  very  rarely  granulose  (n.  13),  now 

deficient. The  spores  of  Cladonia  are  small,  and  differ 

but  little  in  dimensions;  the  extremes  of  those  given  by 
Nylander  (Syn.)  being  7-17mmm-  by  3-5mmm-. For  the  anat- 
omy, see  Tulasne  Mem.  sur.  les  Lich.  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3,  17) 
pp.  24,  36,  171,  t.  10, /.  6-11,  t.  ll,/.  11-17;  &  Schwendener 

Untersuch.  I.  c.  2,  p.  168,  t.  6,/.  23-27. The  chief,  recent 

arrangements  of  this  genus  have  all  started  from  that  of 
Fries;  and,  except  in  terminology  and  other  less  important 
respects,  have  varied  from  it  but  little,  nor  then  perhaps 
always  with  advantage.  It  is  followed  here,  with  some  ex- 
ceptions long  since  (Syn.  K  E.)  proposed  and  still  adhered 
to  by  me; — C.  rangiferina  finding,  I  conceive,  the  most 
natural  place  next  after  C.furcata,  in  the  Fuscescentes ;  and 
C.  uncialis  next  after  C.  amaurocrcea,  in  the  Ochroleucce. 
And  this  from  the  analogy  of  C.  cristatella,  and  C.  leporina. 
The  former  (a  member  of  Acharius's  section  Helopodium) 


CLADONIA.  237 

exhibits  what  should,  it  might  seem,  have  been  a  simple, 
cup-shaped  podetium  with  the  cup  broken  up  into  a  cluster 
of  (fertile)  branchlets;  but  passes  at  length  into  a  condi- 
tion so  thickly  branched  as  to  offer  no  little  of  the  aspect 
of  dwarfed  C.  rangiferina  as  occurring  on  dead  wood.  And 
C.  leporina,  fully  comparable  finally  with  C.  rangiferina, 
takes  on  also  an  inflated,  funnel-shaped,  simple  condition 
(compare  here  FrieVs  sufficiently  pertinent  -observation  on 
C.  rangiferina  v.portentosa,  Duf.,  in  L.  E.  p.  244)  reminding 
us  at  once  of  ordinary  forms  of  C.  cristatella.  Like  this 
last  (it  is  also  a  matter  of  interest)  C.  leporina,  with  all  its 
associableness  with  C.  rangiferina,  offers  horizontal  squam- 
ules  of  a  peculiar  type,  which  are  obsolete  so  far  as  appears, 
in  the  much-branched  state.  We  may  perhaps  then  assume 
the  morphosis  of  C.  rangiferina,  and  C.  uncialis  to  be  pos- 
sibly explainable  by  that  of  the  two  species  with  which  they 
are  compared  above ;  as  even  possibly  more  clearly  by  that 
of  C.  furcata ;  however  stages  in  the  development  of  the 
one  set  of  lichens  be  less  fully  exhibited,  or  now  deficient 
from  the  first,  in  the  other.  The  position  of  C.  Papillaria 
is  the  only  remaining,  important  point  in  which  the  present 
arrangement  of  Cladonia  differs  from  others  now  received. 
I  conceive  Floerke  to  have  been  quite  right  in  associating 
this  species  with  G.  delicata-,  and  that  Fries  favoured  in 
fact  the  same  view  in  allowing  the  first-named,  however 
differently  placed  by  him,  to  be  really  most  closely  allied 
(L.  E.  p.  245)  to  C.  turgida.  The  horizontal  thallus  of  G. 
delicata  is,  here  at  least,  most  commonly  quite  granulose ; 
and  that  of  G.  Papillaria,  if  never  to  be  called  squamulose, 
assumes  finally  a  squamaceous  form,  comparable  certainly 
with  some  states  of  the  thallus  of  C.  Eavenelii  of  this  work. 
And  there  is  nothing  else  to  keep  C.  Papillaria  from  the 
place  thus  assigned  to  it. 

Ser.  I.   Fuscce.  Apothecia  broivn.    Podetia  from  green- 
ish-gray passing  into  brownish. 

1.   Scyphiferce.    Podetia  normally  simple,  or  only  prolifer- 
ous-ramose ',  dilating  above  into  a  cup  closed  by  an  imperforate 


238  CLADOKEA. 

membrane :  but  the  evolution  of  the  cup  now  precluded  from  the 
first,  and  the  podetia  club-shaped. 

a.  Flavo-virentes.  Thallus  especially  developed  and  ample ; 
from  glaucous-  becoming  yellowish-green.  Podetia  cup-shaped 
so  far  as  known,  but  mostly  infrequent,  and  ill- characterized 
(n.  1-3). 

1.  C.  endivitffolia  (Dicks.)  Floerk. ;  thallus  prostrate ;  Mi a- 
ceous ;  at  length  coriaceous ;  the  elongated,  flexuous  divisions 
sinuately  and  somewhat  pinnately  cleft  ;  glaucous  passing  soon 
into  yellowish  above ;   sulphureous-white  beneath ;   podetia  of 
the  colour   of  the  thallus,  short,  smooth,  turbinate,  the  cups 

irregular;     apothecia    reddish  -  brown. Fr.  L.   E.  p.  212. 

Sclicer.  Enum.p.  194.    Nyl.  Syn.  \,p.  189. 

On  dry  sterile  soils,  especially  of  a  calcareous  nature,  in  the 
Mediterranean  countries ;  as  also  in  England,  and  even  in  the 
Baltic  island  G-othland.  I  possess  a  specimen  ticketed  Carta- 
gena by  Gaudichaud ;  but  know  not  whether  it  be  South  Amer- 
ican. A  small  specimen  from  Florida  (Dr.  Chapman)  is  possibly 
however  referable  here. 

2.  C.  alcicornis  (Lightf.)  Floerk.;  thallus  ascendant;  sub- 
foliaceous ;  cartilagineous,  but  thinner  than  the  last ;  the  elon- 
gated divisions  narrow  and  linear,  more  or  less  palmately  cleft, 
and  repand-dentate ;  pale-green ;  beneath  creamy- white ;  beset 
here  and  there  at  the  margins  with  tufts  of  blackening  fibrils ; 
podetia  of  the  colour  of   the  thallus;    elongated -turbinate; 
smooth ;  the  regular  cups  at  length  leafy,  and  proliferous  ;  apo- 
thecia reddish-brown. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  213.     Schcer.  Enum.  p. 

194.    Nyl.  Syn.  l,p.  190. 

Sterile,  sandy  earth.  North  America,  Muhlenberg  Catal. 
1818;  Floerke  Clad.  1828.  Arctic  America,  Hooker.  Sands, 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Tuckerman.  Sterile  fields,  Weymouth, 
Willey. 

3.  C.  ceratopliylla  (Sw.)  Eschw. ;    thallus  prostrate;    sub- 
foliaceous ;  of  much  the  size  and  aspect  of  the  last  but  rather 
thinner;  the  elongated,  narrowed,  deeply-  and  pinnately- cleft 
divisions  crisped-crenate  at  the  margins ;   pale-  to  yellowish- 
green  ;  beneath  white,  sub-ciliate  with  finally  blackening  fibrils ; 
podetia  copiously  arising  from  and  characterizing  the  lobes,  but 
always  sterile ;  subulate ;  simple  for  the  most  part ;  as  mostly 


CLADONIA.  239 

also  decorticate,  or  beset  only  with  isidioid  granules. Eschw. 

Bras.  p.  280.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  191.  Cenomyce,  Ach.  L.  U.  p. 
533,  &  in  Siv.  Lick.  Amer.  t.  12,  f.  1. 

A  native  of  the  forests  of  tropical  America  j  in  Jamaica, 
Swart z ;  and  in  Mexico,  Nylander,  Syn.  1858.  It  is  also  cited 
as  occurring  in  the  islands  of  Tristan  d'Acunha,  and  Bourbon^ 
and  in  the  mountains  of  India,  Nyl. 

b.  Fuscescentes.  ^Thallus  squamulose;  only  exceptionally 
macrophylline ;  from  grayish-green  becoming  ash-coloured,  and 
brownish.  ~  Podetia  largely  exhibited  and  at  length  richly- 
developed  j  either  club-shaped,  or  cup-shaped. 

f  Podetia  club-shaped  (n.  4-7). 

4.  C.  symphycarpa,  Fr. ;    thallus  squamulose,  rather  con- 
spicuous, round-lobed,  soon  elongated,  and  becoming  ample, 
and  brownish-green ;  podetia  short,  but  more  elongated  in  the 
macrophylline  state,  in  which  they  also  pass  above  into  several 
branchlets ;  smoothish  j  of  the  colour  of  the  thallus ;  apothecia 

confluent,  brown. Fr.  Nov.  Sched.  crit.  cit.  Th.  Fr.  Scancl.  p. 

89;  Licli.  Suec.  exs.  n.  232.     C.  pyxidata,  v.  symphycarpa,  Fr. 
Summ.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  50.     Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 

b.  epiphylla  (Ach.)  Nyl.;  podetia  excluded;  the  apothecia 
seated  on  the  squamules. Nyl.  Scand.  p.  50. 

On  the  earth.  Middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818  j  Peck ; 
Austin ;  etc. :  Illinois,  Hall.  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  Lap- 
ham.  Virginia,  Tuckerman.  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Ala- 
bama, Peters.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas,  Wright. Fries's 

later  opinion  that  this  Cladonia  is  to  be  taken  for  an  abortive 
condition  of  C.  pyxidata,  has  been  generally  accepted ;  but  the 
plant  deserves  perhaps  to  stand  alone  quite  as  well  as  the  next 
following  numbers,  which  are  now  as  generally  received.  It  is 
better  exhibited  here  (so  far  as  appears)  than  in  Europe. 

5.  C.  Mitrula,  Tuckerm. ;    thallus  squamulose,  the  thick 
squamules  small  to  minute,  often  glebous,  rounded  and  sub- 
entire,  but  becoming  at  length  somewhat  extended  and  crenate- 
lobate,  pale-green ;  podetia  short,  slender,  almost  always  simple, 
granulate  -  verruculose ;    glaucescent;    apotheeia  heaped  and 
confluent ;    from  flesh  -  coloured    becoming  pale  -  brown   (now 

darker). Tuck,  in  Darlingt.  Fl  Cestr.  edit.  3,  p.  444.     Nyl. 

Syn.  p.  203.     C.  imbricatula,  Nyl.  in  Flora,  1858,  p.  378. 


240  CLADONTA. 

On  the  earth  throughout  the  Southern  States,  Eavenel ;  Hale ; 
etc.,  to  Texas,  Wright-,  also  in  Mexico,  Nylander  I.  c.;  and 
Cuba  Wright.  It  is  also  found  in  the  Western  States,  Lesque- 
reux,  Hall,  etcN  and  occurs  as  well,  "but  less  characteristical,  at 
least  in  colour,  in  New  Jersey,  Austin,  and  New  England,  Tucker- 
man  ;  Willey. The  pale-fruited,  southern  specimens  now  well 

simulate  some  Eceomyc.es.  It  is  not  easy  to  refer  this  lichen,  as 
an  abnormal  condition,  to  any  cup-bearing  species;  and  this 
suggests  at  once  the  keeping  of  C.  symphycarpa  by  itself,  as  is 
proposed  above. 

6.  C.  cariosa  (Ach.)  Spreng. ;  thallus  squamulose,  much  as 
in  C.  pyxidata ;  podetia  acquiring  the  full  size  and  stoutness  of 
the  same  species ;  soon  warty,  and  squamulose,  and  cancellate- 
carious  above ;  where  they  pass  into  digitately  divided,  fastigi- 
ate  branchlets ;  greenish-glaucescent ;  apothecia  at  length  con- 
fluent, dark-brown. Cenomyce,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  567.     Cladonia, 

Nyl.  Syn.  p.  194.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  90.     C.  degenerans,  b,  Fr. 
L.  E.  p.  221.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  120. 

On  the  earth.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818 ;  etc.  Arctic  America,  Richardson  in  herb.  Hook. 
Colorado,  Wolf.  New  Mexico,  Fendler.  Oregon,  Hall.  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  Macoun. 

7.  C.  decorticata,  Floerk. ;    thallus  squamulose,  much  as  in 
the  last;    podetia  rather  slender,  cylindrical,  at  length  elon- 
gated ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  simple  but  the  sterile  becoming 
at  length  fastigiately  branched  and  subulate  ;  largely  decorti- 
cate ;  the  epidermis  passing  into  scattered,  conspicuous  squam- 
ules  and  rounded  granules;    irregularly  at  length  fistulous, 
greenish-ash-coloured  (finally  woody,  and  blackening)  apothe- 
cia brown. Fl.  Clad.  p.  10.    Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  50 ;  Lich. 

Amer.  exs.  n.  124.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  53.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  SI. 

On  the  earth  upon  rocks.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  Tuck- 
erman  I.  c.  1848. 

f  f  Podetia  cup-shaped  (n.  8-11). 

8.  C.  pyxidata  (L.)  Fr. ;  thallus  squamulose,  the  ascendant 
squamules  crenate-lobate,   of  middling  size    and    thickness; 
rarely  ample ;  podetia  cartilagineous- corticate,  becoming  warty, 
and  scurfy;  turbinate;    grayish-green  and  ash-coloured;   the 


CLADON-IA.  241 

cups  dilated  and  cyathiform ;  apothecia  brown. L.  E.  p.  218. 

Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  25.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  192. 

b.  Pocillum,  Ach. ;  thallus  foliaceous,  appressed,  ,nmch  thick- 
ened, finally  olivaceous-  or  tawny-brown  ;  podetia  reduced  in 

size. Fr.  1.  c.    Nyl.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  a,  common  everywhere,  Muhlenberg  Catal 
1818.  Arctic  America,  Giseke ;  E.  Br. ;  etc.  Southern  States, 

Ravenel;  Hale;  etc.     California,  Bolander.     Oregon,  Hall 

b,  Bear  Lake,  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  Islands  of  Behr- 
ing's  Straits,  Wright. 

9.  C.  fimbriata  (L.)  Fr. ;  thallus  squamulose,  much  as  in  the- 
last  but  smaller,  and  less  abundant ;  podetia  cylindrical  and 
soon  elongated;  the  mostly  greenish,  inembranaceous  epider- 
mis dissolving  into  a  fine,  glaucous-white  powder;  the  cups 
with  erect  margins ;  apothecia  brown. L.  E.  p.  222. 

a.  Podetia  shortish,  but  often  proliferous  -  extended ;    the 
cups  sub -denticulate. Fr.  I.  c.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  121. 

b.  tubtfformis,  Fr. ;  podetia  slender,  elongated ;  the  epider- 
mis either  as  in  a ;  or  more  or  less  persistent  and  pale-tawny- 
brown;    now  conspicuously  beset  with  squamules;    the  cups 
reduced  in  size,  and  either  toothed  or  entire ;  often  proliferous- 
firnbriate ;  or  not  seldom  abortive,  and  the  podetia  subulate ; 

apothecia  confluent. Fr.!  I.  c.     C.pyx.f.  Fibula,  FL!  Clad. 

p.  63.     C.  fimbriata  f.  tubceformis,  &-f.  Fibula,  Nyl.  Scand.  p. 
51 ;  &  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn.  n.  59,  60.     C.  adspersa,  Mont. !  & 
V.  d.  Bosch  in  Mont.  Syll.  p.  336.      C.  fimbriata,  v.  adspersa, 
Tuckerm.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  31,  32;  &  Gen.  p.  147. 

c.  radiata,  Fr. ;  much  elongated,  subulate ;  or  the  cups  sub- 
ulate-proliferous ;  or  disappearing  in  radiate  branchlets. Fr. 

l.c.,&  Auctt.      Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  122. 

On  the  earth,  and  rotten  logs,  throughout  North  America. 
a,  Arctic  America  (Richardson),  Hooker  I.  c.  1823.  New  York, 

Halsey.    New  England,  Tuckerman. b,  in  the  northern  and 

middle  States,  common,  as  well  on  the  coast  as  in  the  mount- 
ains, Tuckerman,  etc.  Southern  States,  Curtis;  Eavenel;  etc. 
Ohio,  etc.  Lea;  Hall  New  Mexico,  Fendler.  California, 

Bolander.    Oregon,  Newberry. c,  White  Mountains,  N.  H., 

Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.     Canada,  Macoun. Studied  in 

its  entirety,  the  present  species,  however  now  approaching  the 
17 


242  CLADOISTIA. 

last  preceding  one,  is  seen  to  have  a  distinct  development ;  and 
this  to  "be  well-marked  by  the  diversity  in  the  epidermis.  There 
is  little  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  three  forms  determined 
by  Fries ;  but  the  second  of  these  (f.  tub&formis)  may  most 
readily  be  extended  to  include  another  lichen,  which,  unrecog- 
nized in  Europe,  fills  a  considerable  place  in  the  Lichen-Floras 
of  both  northern  and  equinoctial  America.  The  interest  of  the 
study  of  Lichens  lies  in  the  resolution  rather  than  the  over- 
estimation  of  differences.  C.  adspersa,  Mont.  &  V.  d.  Bosch 
1.  c.  (C.  fimbriata,  v.  adspersa,  Tuckerm.  II.  cc.)  possesses,  in 
the  two  cited  diagnoses,  no  single  character  that  should  exclude 
it  from  the  form  we  are  now  considering :  the  specimens  in 
Wright  Lick.  Cub.  n.  32  (though  referred  by  Mr.  Leighton  to 
his  C.  pyxidata,  v.  decorticata)  being  inseparable  from  Mon- 
tagne's  lichen,  and  agreeing  equally,  as  a  subulate  state,  with 
the  scyphiferpus  n.  31  (taken  by  Leighton  for  his  C.  pyxidata, 
v.  pityrea)  which  is  manifestly  only  an  extension  of  Cuban  spec- 
imens (unpublished)  of  what  should  as  clearly  be  a. 

10.  C.  degenerans,  Floerk. ;  thallus  squamulose,  much  as  in 
the  next,  infrequent  at  the  base  and  now  wanting;  podetia 
longish;    cartilagineous  -  corticate ;    irregularly  but  at  length 
luxuriantly  proliferous-ramose ;  for  the  most  part  smooth  but 
beset  more  or  less  with  squamules ;  and  now  at  length  granu- 
late-furfuraceous  ;  glaucous-greenish,  ash-coloured,  and  brown ; 
but  blackening,  with  white  spots,  at  the  base ;  cups  irregular, 

cristate-lacerate  ;  apothecia  brown. Fl.  Clad.  p.  41.    Fr.  L. 

E.p.  221  (b.  excl.)  Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  95.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  53. 

On  the  earth.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhleriberg 
Gated.  1818;  Halsey.  Canada,  Agassiz.  Arctic  America,  Rich- 
ardson-, Wright.  Southward,  Virginia,  Dillenius. 

11.  C.  gracilis  (L.)   Nyl.;    thallus  squamulose,   middling- 
sized  to  now  ample,  but  infrequent  for  the  most  part  at  the 
base,  and  now  scarcely  any ;  podetia  soon  elongated,  and  from 
slender  very  robust  ;   cartilagineous- corticate  ;   polished ;  from 
pale-greenish  becoming  pale-  to  finally  dark-brown ;  cups  rather 

flattened ;  apothecia  brown. Nyl.  Syn.  p.  196.     C.  gracilis, 

max.  p.,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  218.     C.  gracilis,  &  verticittata,  Floerk. 
Clad.  p.  26,  30.     C.  ecmocyna,  Ach. 

a.  verticillata,  Fr. ;  podetia  from  shortish  now  rather  elon- 
gated; all  cup-bearing;  the  cups  dilated  and  flattish,  soon 


CLADONIA.  243 

proliferous,  at  length  luxuriantly,  from  the  centre. Fr.  I.  c. 

Nyl.  1.  c.  Scyphophorus-verticillaris,  Michx.  FL  Bor.  Amer.,  2,  pf 
328,  not  of(Eadcl)  Mont. 

*  cervicornis,    Floerk.  ;     thallus    macrophylline,   the  lobed 

squamules  elongated,  ascendant. FL  I  c.  p.  28.     Fr.  I  c. 

NyL  L  c. 

*  *  symphycarpia,  Tuckerm. ;  cups  obsolete  from  the  first ; 
apothecia  confluent. Lick.  Amer.  exs.  n.  116. 

b.  hybrida,  Schser. ;    podetia  elongated;    cylindrical;   often 
beset  with  squamules ;   mostly  cup-bearing ;    the  dilated  cups 

proliferous  commonly  from  the  margin. Fr.  I.  c.    Tuckerm. 

Lick.  exs.  n.  27. 

c.  elongata,Fi\:  podetia  much  elongated;  cylindrical;  mostly 
subulate  or  forked ;  either  stout  and  commonly  pale  (f.  macro- 
ceras)  or  slender  and  commonly  darker  brown  (f.  chordalis),  now 
beset  here  and  there  with  squamules ;  the  cups  diminished,  and 
somewhat  concave. Fr.  L  c.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  28,  117. 

On  the  earth,  to  be  especially  studied  in  high  mountains,  but 
found,  in  one  form  or  another,  throughout  our  region ;  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818.  a,  reaching  its  height  of  development  in  the  lower 
regions  of  the  White  Mountains,  passes,  at  the  south  (South 
Carolina,  Ravenel ;  Florida,  Chapman ;  Louisiana,  Hale)  into  a 
slender,  smaller  form,  otherwise  equally  well-marked,  which 

occurs,  also  in  Cuba,  and  Venezuela. a,  *  as  respects  what  is 

here  referred  to  it,  is  certainly  a  macrophylline  state  of  the 
present  species,  and  perhaps  better  referable  to  a,  than  to  b 
(in  which  Fries  also  recognizes  a  macrophylline  condition),  but 
its  greater  robustness  makes  it  less  comparable  with  the  Euro- 
pean lichen,  than  with  such  American  ones  as  the  above-cited 
Lich.  Amer.  n.  27.  It  has  only  occurred  to  me  in  the  lower  region 

of  the  White  Mountains. a,  *  *  is  known  only  from  the  coast 

of  Massachusetts,  Oakes ;    Willey. b,  an  intermediate  form 

between  a,  and  c,  and  not  always  readily  determinable,  is  com- 
monly found  wherever  c  is,  throughout  our  northern  regions,  as 
well  Atlantic  as  Pacific ;  and  is  sent  from  Wisconsin  (E.  L. 

Greene]  but  I  have  not  seen  it  from  the  south. c  is  especially 

characteristical  of  arctic  and  alpine  regions,  but  descends,  at 
least  in  the  paler  form,  to  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Oakes ; 
and  of  Maine,  Willey ;  as  of  California,  Mensies. 


244  CLADONIA. 


C.  cornuta  (L.)  Fr.  ;  thallus  as  in  the  last;  podetia 
much  elongated,  cylindrical;  mostly  subulate;  the  epidermis 
persistent,  smooth,  and  pale-  to  dark-brown  below,  but  thinner 
above  and  dissolving  there,  more  or  less,  into  a  fine  white  dust  ; 
cups  much  narrowed,  as  in  C.  gracilis  v.  elongata,  from  which 
this  is  now  commonly  taken  to  descend  ;  apothecia  as  in  that. 
-  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  225.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  123  (the  terricoline 
specimen).  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  52.  C.  gracilis  v.  cornuta,  Schcer. 

On  the  earth,  especially  of  burnt  districts,  in  the  White 
Mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Tamarack  swamps, 
Wisconsin,  Lapham.  Canada,  Macoun.  British  Columbia, 
Lyall.  Macoun. 

2.  Per  vice.  Podetia  not  cup  -bearing  ;  and  the  simpler, 
more  turgid  states  which  correspond  to  the  cup-lichens,  though  sim- 
ilarly dilated  at  the  axils  and  summits,  are  normally  open  and 
funnel-  shaped  ;  or  in  the  slender,  much-branched  states  at  least 
perforate.  -  The  truly  fruticulose,  dichotomously  -  branched 
forms  of  this  division  are  well  distinguishable  from  the  corre- 
spondingly elongated  but  only  proliferous  ones  of  the  Scyphiferce; 
and  the  horizontal  thallus,  though  far  less  abundant,  in  most  of 
the  species,  and  finally  quite  deficient,  is  yet  marked,  in  the 
most,  by  a  character  of  its  own. 

12.  C.  turgida  (Ehrh.)  Hoffm.  ;  thallus  foliaceous,  sub-erect, 
membranaceous-cartilagineous,  deeply  and  somewhat  pinnately 
laciniate;  podetia  from  shortish,  turgid,  and  obconical,  soon 
elongated;  smooth;  glaucous;  the  summits  scyphiform  but 
mostly  perforate,  proliferously  at  length  much-branched;  apo- 
thecia brown.  -  Ach.  Syn.  p.  272.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  215.  Tuckerm. 
Lich.  exs.  n.  124.  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  205. 

b.  conspicua  (Schaer.)  Nyl.;  thallus  disappearing;  podetia 
much  elongated,  densely  crowded  together  and  fastigiately 
branched  ;  now  beset  with  squamules  ;  ashy-green  ;  the  sum- 
mits stellate-dentate.  -  Nyl.  I.  c.  C.  turgida,  v.  grypea,  Tuck- 
erm. in  Agass.  Lake  Sup.,  Append. 

On  the  earth,  especially  in  fissures  of  rocks  on  mountains. 
Northern  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Canada,  Agassiz. 
Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  Arctic  America,  Richardson.  North 
West  Coast,  Herb.  Hook.  -  Best  comparable  with  C.  eenotea\ 
as  especially  now  with  some  of  the  forms  of  C.  furcata,  a,  cris- 


CLADOKEA.  245 

pata ;  and  at  length,  as  respects  the  ultimate  ramification,  with 
C.  uncialis,  b.  This  is  the  general  view  of  Floerke,  Schserer, 
and  Nylander ;  and  in  fact,  too,  of  Fries,  though  he  assigns  the 
lichen  a  different  place. 

13.  C.  Paptttaria  (Ehrh.)  Hoffm.;  thallus  of  minute,  smooth, 
finally    squamaceous    and   lobulate  granules;    podetia  short; 
smooth  or  now  granulate ;  either  sub-simple,  and  from  papillae- 
form  becoming  club-shaped  and  cylindrical  -  ventricose  (a)   or 
much  and  fastigiately  branched,  growing  in  crowded  clumps  (b. 
molariformis,  Hoffm.),  the  summits  dividing  irregularly  into  gib- 
bous branchlets ;    glaucous,  now  a  little  yellowish ;   apothecia 

reddish-brown. FL  Clad.  p.  5.     FT.  L.  E.  p.  245.     Tuckerm. 

Lich.  Exs.  n.  115.     Nyl,  Syn.p.  188. 

Sandy  and  gravelly  earth,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  a, 
on  the  coast  of  New  England,  Bennett;  Farlow ;  etc. ;  as  of  New 
Jersey,  Austin.  Virginia,  common,  Tuckerman.  North  Caro- 
lina, Curtis.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel. b,  alpine  region  of  the 

White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. Schserer,  whose  acquaintance 

with  this  species  will  scarcely  be  questioned,  has  plainly  testi- 
fied to  gathering  specimens  of  it  'furnished  with  a  minute,  nar- 
rowly lacinulate  thallus'  (Enum.  p.  203),  a  description  really 
bringing  to  mind  the  thallus  of  C.  Ravenelii  (described  below) 
imperfect  squamules  of  which  may  be  compared  with  certain 
states  of  the  granules  of  the  present.  And  the  true  place  of  the 
lichen  is  also  suggested  by  its  resemblance  not  only  to  C.  turgida, 
but  to  C.  Santensis. 

14.  C.  Santensis,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  squamulose,  small,  thick  - 
ish,  elongated  at  length  and  laciniate,  dentate-crenate ;  podetia 
thin  and  fragile,  short,  simple,  turgid,  and  dilating,  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  last  species,  into  proliferous-fimbriate  summits ;   or 
more  cylindrical  and  a  little  branched ;  the  epidermis  passing 
more  or  less  into  smooth  granules ;  glaucescent  ;  apothecia  red- 
dish-brown.  Suppl.  1,  L  c.p.  427. 

b.  Beaumontii-,  podetia  elongated ;  cylindrical;  very  slender, 
dichotomously  much-branched,  and  intricate ;  the  summits  cris- 
tate-ramulose. 

On  the  earth,  South  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Tuekerman  I.  c.  1858. 

Texas,  Wright;  Hall. 6,  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  Alabama, 

J.  F.  Beaumont. The  granules  afford  a  very  characteristical 


246  CLADONIA. 

note  of  this  species,  but  they  finally  disappear,  when  a  rather 
stouter  lichen  of  California  (Bolander)  comes  near. 

15.  C.  eenotea  (Ach.)  Schser. ;    thallus  squamulose,  for  the 
most  part  Ill-exhibited,  but  the  squamules  at  length  elongated 
and  dissected,  and  the  few  scattering  ones  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  podetia  stalked  and  acanthiform  ;   podetia  longish ;  dividing 
dichotomously  by  repeated  proliferation ;    the  at  first  smooth, 
from  pale-greenish  at  length  dark-brown  membranaceous  epi- 
dermis soon  scurfy  below,  and  passing  above  into  a  fine  whitish 
powder;  the  funnel-shaped  axils  and  summits  gaping,  with  in- 
curved margins ;  apothecia  sessile;  from  flesh-coloured  becom- 
ing dark-brown. FL  Clad.  p.  125.     Tuckerm.  Lick.  Exs.  n. 

125.     Cenomyce,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  271.     Cladonia  brachiata,  Fr.  L. 
E.  p.  228. 

b.  furcellata,  Fr. ;  podetia  much  elongated,  slender,  fruticu- 

lose,  the  summits  subulate  and  forked. Fr.  I.  c.  Tuckerm. 

Lick.  exs.  n.  126. 

On  rotten  logs,  and  on  the  earth  among  mosses.  White 
Mountains  and  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E. 
1848. b,  on  the  earth  in  old  pastures,  Massachusetts,  etc. 

16.  C.  squamosa,  Hoffm. ;    thallus    foliaceous- squamulose, 
soon  elongated  and  much  dissected ;  podetia  longish  ;  irregularly 
at  length  much  branched ;  the  soon  granulate  epidermis  disap- 
pearing at  length  in  crowded,  ashy-green  squamules ;  axils  and 
summits  either  dilated  and  funnel-shaped  (f.  ventricosa,  Fr.)  or 
the  slenderer  podetia  attenuate,  with  subulate  summits  (f.  atten- 

uata,  Fr. ) ;  apothecia  cymose,  brown . Fr.  L.  E.  p.  231 .     Tuck- 

erm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  30.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  57. 

On  the  earth,  mossy  rocks,  and  rotten  logs,  common  in  the 
northern  mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  New  Jersey, 
Austin.  Ohio,  Miss  Eiddlecome.  Illinois,  Hall.  Lake  Supe- 
rior shores,  Agassiz.  Lake  Winnipeg,  Herb.  Hook.  North  West 
Coast,  Herb.  Hook. ;  etc.  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Car- 
olina and  Tennessee,  Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Louisiana, 
Hale. The  southern  specimens  inferior  and  less  typical,  ex- 
cept a  small  form  (f.  botryoides)  sent  from  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  Eavenel-,  and  Louisiana,  ifofe;  with  smoother,  scarcely 
squamulose  podetia,  and  much  of  the  look  generally  of  C.  Botry- 
tis,  for  which  it  might  be  mistaken ;  but  the  apothecia  are 
finally  dark-brown. 


CLADONIA.  247 

16(5).  C.  delicata  (Ehrh.)  Fl. ;  small;  the  thallus  associable 
primarily  with  reduced  states  of  that  of  C.  squamosa,  but  soon 
disappearing  in  crowded,  white  granules;  podetia  short;  slender; 
simple  for  the  most  part,  or  only  now  branching  above ;  soon 
decorticate ;  besprinkled  with  granules ;  apothecia  heaped  ;  be- 
coming dark-brown. Nyl.  Syn.  p.  210.  C.  parasitica,  Schcer. 

Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  51 ;  Lich.  Amer.  exs.  n.  29.  C.  squamosa, 
v.  delicata,  Fr.  L.  E. 

Decaying  wood.  Northern  and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg 
Catal.  1818.  Ohio,  Miss  Biddlecome.  Illinois,  Hall.  Indiana, 
V.  d.  Bosch.  South  Carolina,  Eavenel.  Alabama,  Peters. 
Louisiana,  Hale. 

16(c).  C.  ccespiticia  (Pers.)  FL;  thallus  small  but  foliaceous, 
much  elongated,  erectish,  with  many-cleft,  crisped  divisions; 
compacted  into  a  dense  clump ;  pale-green ;  podetia  very  short; 
naked ;  or  now  wanting,  and  the  brown  apothecia  sessile  on  the 

leaflets. FL  Clad.  p.  8.     Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  48.     Nyl.  Syn. 

p.  210. 

Old  trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks.  New  York,  as  throughout 
the  northern  States,  Halsey  View  1823.  Ohio,  Lesquereux. 
Illinois,  Hall.  Virginia,  Curtis.  Tennessee,  and  South  Caro- 
lina, Eavenel. Thallus  now  much  reduced. 

17.  C.furcata  (Huds.)  Fr. ;  thallus  squamulose,  small  and 
sparse,  but  at  length  much  like  that  of  C.  squamosa  except  in 
size ;  podetia  dichotomously  fruticulose ;  cartilagineous-corticate ; 
polished ;  brownish-green  ;  axils  and  fertile  summits  pervious  ; 

the  fertile  ones  corymbose;    apothecia  brown. Fr.  L.  E. p. 

229.     Til.  Fr.Scand.p.  78. 

a.  crispata,  Fl. ;  podetia  at  first  short  and  scyphiform,  often 
not  unlike  simple  forms  of  C.  gracilis,  a,  but  pervious,  and  tur- 
gescent ;  soon  elongated,  and,  by  proliferation  from  the  margin 
much  branched;    from   pale-greenish   at  length  brown ;    now 
squarnulose ;    the  axils  and  summits  funnel-shaped  (now   also 

not  seldom  closed,  and  cup-shaped). Fl.  Mon.  148.    Fr.  L  c. 

Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  31. 

b.  racemosa,  Fl. ;  podetia  elongated ;  more  or  less  inflated ; 
and,  together  with  the  axils,  here  and  there  gaping  ;  the  branches 
spreading,  and  curved,  and  beset  at  length  thickly  with  squam- 
ules;  the  sterile  summits  subulate  ;  from  pale-greenish  at  length 
brownish. Fl.  Mon.  152.     Fr.  I.  c.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  32. 


248  CLADONIA. 

c.  subulata,  Fl. ;  squamules  rare  or  deficient;   podetia  slen- 
derer, straighter,  and  much  branched;  more  commonly  darker; 
the  axils'  slightly  more  or  less  perforate ;    the  sterile  summits 

subulate,  and  forked. FL  Hon.  p.  143.    Fr.  I.  c.     Twkerm. 

Lich.  exs.  n.  33. 

d.  pungens,  Fr. ;  smallish  ;  very  slender  and  fragile  ;  divari- 
cately much  branched  ;  pale  ;  growing  in  dense  clumps. Fr. 

1.  c.    Nyl.  L  c. 

On  the  earth,  common,  a,  Northern  States,  Tuckerman  Syn. 
N.  E.  1848.  Wisconsin,  E.  L.  Greene.  Newfoundland,  Despre- 
aux.  Arctic  America,  Richardson  in  herb.  Hook.  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, Herb.  Hook. ;  Hall  British  Columbia,  Macoun,  etc.  Cal- 
ifornia, Bolander. fy  range  quite  the  same  with  that  of  the 

last,  but  probably  also  occurring  in  the  southern  States*  at  least 

in  the  mountains. c,  range  the  same,  but  fine  at  the  south,  as 

far  as  Florida,  Ravenel. d,  White  Mountains,  in  the  alpine 

region,  Tuckerman.  Northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz. 
And  probably  southern  ;  specimens  possibly  referable  to  it  have 
been  sent  from  Alabama,  Peters.  It  is  very  fine,  and  now  beau- 
tifully foliose  in  Cuba  (Wright  Lich,  Cub.  n.  33). 

18.  C.  ranglferina  (L.)  Hoffm. ;  horizontal  thallus  deficient; 
podetia  elongated  ;  erect ;  fruticulose ;  variously  roughish  or 
mealy;  trichotomously  very  much  branched,  the  lubricate 
branches  divaricated;  axils  sub  -  perforate ;  fertile  summits 

cymose  ;    apothecia  brown. Fl.  Clad.  p.  160.      Fr.  L.  E.  p. 

243.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  211. 

a.  pale-ash-coloured ;    verruculose ;    the  summits  drooping. 
Fr.  I.  c.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  127. 

b.  sylvatica,  L. ;  pale-yellowish ;   perhaps  rather  more  deli- 
cate, and  more  loosely  branched;  smoothish;  the  summits  com- 
monly straighter. Fr.  I.  c.      Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  128. 

c.  alpestris,   L. ;    with  the  coloration  of  the  last ;   softish ; 
mealy  or  now  as  if  tomentose ;  the  branches  and  branchlets  very 

densely  thyrsoid-entangled. Fr.   I.  c.      Tuckerm.  Lich,  exs. 

n.  129. 

On  the  earth,  common  everywhere ;  found  also  in  degenerate 
states  on  dead  wood.  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Carolina, 
DilleniuSj  Hist.  Muse.  1741.  Canada  (a)  and  Carolina  (c), 
Michaux.  Arctic  America,  G-ieseke,  Richardson,  etc.  North 


CLADONIA.  249 

West  Coast,  Herb.  Hook. ;  Hall ;  Macoun,  etc. b  is  found  at 

the  south  in  a  delicate,  well-coloured  form ;  North  Carolina, 
Curtis;  South  Carolina,  Ravenel ;  Alabama,  Beaumont ;  Florida, 

Chapman. c  is  also  more  delicate  at  the  extreme  south; 

Florida,  Chapman-,  and  this  is  perhaps  Michaux's  v.  minor, 
found  by  him  in  Carolina. 

Ser.  II.  Ochroleucce.  Apothecia  pale  flesh  coloured, 
oftener  becoming  reddish-brown.  Podetia  pale  sulphur  col- 
oured,  or  straw-coloured. 

19.  C.  Botrytis  (Hag.)  Hoffm. ;    thallus  squamulose,  minute, 
erose-crenate,   at  length  lobate ;    podetia  short;    cylindrical; 
slender;    cartilagineous  -  corticate ;    verruculose;    pale-sulphur- 
coloured  ;  dividing  more  or  less  above  into  sub-fastigiate  branch- 
lets  which  are  crowned  by  the  largish,  pale,  flesh-coloured  at 

length  brownish   apothecia. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  234.      Nyl.  Syn- 

^.202. 

Rotten  pine  wood,  British  Columbia,  Macoun.  Growing 
mixed  with  these  specimens  is  a  cornute,  always  simple  lichen, 
agreeing  with  similar  (small)  forms  of  C.  flmbriata  in  general 
character,  as  in  becoming  powdery  above,  but  with  the  colour  of 

the  present,  to  which  it  is  difficult  not  to  refer  it. According 

to  Scha3rer  (Enum.  p.  192)  the  species  is  also  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia (Herb.  Shuttleworth)  and  of  Carolina  (Herb.  Moug.)  but  I 
have  seen  nothing  resembling  it  from  the  Atlantic  region  except 
the  small  form  of  C.  sguamosa  called  here  f.  hotryoides,  which, 
though  very  like  the  first,  has  the  coloration  and  the  thallus, 
and  belongs  without  doubt  to  the  stock,  of  the  other.  Fries 
took  the  present  for  an  abortive  cup-lichen ;  a  representative 
therefore  in  the  present  series  of  the  club-shaped  group  of  the 
preceding  one. 

20.  C.  lepidota,  Fr. ;  thallus  squamulose,  minute,  sub-entire, 
but  becoming  elongated  and  much-lobed ;  podetia  shortish  ;  cyl- 
indrical;   cartilagineous-corticate ;   soon  verrucose;  sub-simple 
or  sparingly  branched;    the  scarcely  dilated  summits  passing 
into  erectish,  fastigiate  branchlets,  which,  are  densely  at  length 
beset,  as  more  or  less  also  the  lower  portions,  with  rounded 
squamules  ;    greenish  -  straw  -  coloured  ;     apothecia   from  pale- 
brownish-flesh-coloured    at    length    darker. Fries  in  Utt. 

Tuckerm,  Gen.  p.  148. 


250  CLADONIA. 

On  the  earth,  Mexico  (Liebmann),  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
Coast  of  Massachusetts,  Oakes.  Willey.  New  Jersey,  Austin. 

Aiken,  South   Carolina,   Eavenel. Most  readily  comparable 

with  conditions  of  C.  degenerans  \  but  the  scyphiferous  type  by 
no  means  as  clear  as  in  that. 

21.  C.  carneola,  Fr. ;    thallus  squamulose,  minute,  crenate- 
lobate,  greenish  ;  podetia  membranaceous-corticate  soon  becom- 
ing powdery ;   pale-sulphur-coloured ;    apothecia  flesh-coloured, 
at  length  brownish. Fr.  L.  E.p.  233.    Nyl  Syn.  p.  201. 

a.  podetia  short,  turbinate  ;  all  cup-bearing ;  simple,  or  pro- 
liferous.  Fr.  I  c. 

b.  cyanipes,  Sommerf. ;  podetia  elongated ;  cylindrical ;  slen- 
der ;  fragile ;  from  simple  soon  sparingly  and  irregularly  short- 
branched;   the  cups  disappearing  in   subulate  branchlets.— 
Nyl.  1.  c.      Th.  Fr.  Scand,  p.  73.      C.  Despreauxii  (Bor.)  Tuck- 
erm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  54. 

On  the  earth,  a,  Greenland,  Fries  I.  c.  1831.  Cascade  mount- 
ains, Oregon,  Hall. b,  Newfoundland  (Despreaux),  Tuck- 
erman I  c.  1848.  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains. 

22.  C.  amaurocrcea  (Fl.)   Schser.;    horizontal  thallus  defi- 
cient ;  podetia  growing  more  or  less  loosely  in  clumps,  elongated  : 
slender;  much  curved-decumbent ;  irregularly  branched;  scyphi- 
ferous and  repeatedly  proliferous,  or  the  cups  obsolescent  be- 
low, and  the  axils  now  open,  or  again  largely  obsolete  above  v 
and  the  tips  subulate ;  straw-coloured  with  brown  summits  ;  the 
cups  narrowed  and  concave,  with  cristate  -  dentate   margins  i 

apothecia  flesh-coloured  fuscescent. Fl.  Clad.  p.  119.     Seh&r* 

Enum.  p.  197.     Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  53 ;  &  Lich.  Amer.  exs. 
n.  130.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  216. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Arctic  America,  Floerke 
1.  c.  1828;  Richardson-,  Wright-,  etc.  Newfoundland,  Despre- 
aux. Lake  Superior,  northern  shores,  Agassiz.  White  Mount- 
ains, Tuckerman. Manifestly  the  analogue  of  C.  gracilis,  and 

when  the  normal,  scyphiferous  condition  is  well-marked  it  is 
impossible  to  confound  the  lichen  with  C.  uncialis ;  subulate 
conditions  are  often  more  difficult,  but  perhaps  not  much  more 
so  than  in  the  species  first-named. 

23.  C.  uncialis  (L.)  Fr. ;   horizontal  thallus  deficient ;  pode- 
tia growing  in  dense  clumps,  soon  elongated ;  turgid-cylindrical ; 


CLADONIA.  251 

dichotomously  branched  j  either  slender  for  the  most  part,  and 
somewhat  attenuate,  with  often  imperforate  axils,  and  subulate 
summits  (a.  Auct.)  or  turgid,  with  gaping  axils,  and  fastigiately 
at  length  much-branched,  radiate  summits,  with  cristate-dentate 
tips  (b.  adunca,  Auct.) ;  fertile  podetia  iucrassated  above,  cymose ; 

apothecia  brown. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  244.      Tuckerm.  Licit,  exs.  n. 

34,  35.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  215.     C.  stellata,  Schcer.    Fl.  Clad.  p.  172. 

c.  Caroliniana ;  podetia  not  unlike  those  of  b.  adunca  in  its 
most  turgid  forms,  but  bullate-ventricose,  and  the  obconical 
branches  terminating  in  sub-truncate,  obtuse  summits  beset  here 
and  there  with  short,  thorn-like  branchlets  of  the  same  colour. 

Dufourea,  dein  Cenomyce  CaroUniana,  Schwein.  herb.  Cla- 

donia,  Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1,1.  c.  p.  427.  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  216  (sub-sp.). 

On  the  earth,  throughout  North  America.  Canada,  Michaux 
Flora  1803.  Arctic  countries,  Richardson ;  Valil ;  Wright,  etc. 
Newfoundland,  Despreaux.  North  West  Coast,  Lyall.  Northern 
and  Middle  States,  Muhlenberg.  Southern  States,  Curtis-,  Rav- 

enel. a  is  often  short,  and  well  contrasts  in  size,  as  in  other 

respects,  with  b-,  but,  like  the  latter,  becomes  at  length  much 
elongated  and  inflated,  without  wholly  losing  its  other  distinc- 
tions.  b  is  finally  very  turgid  (f.  turgescens,  Schaer.)  though 

not  otherwise  differing.  Both  these  large  forms  belong  to  alpine 
and  arctic  regions.  I  cannot  distinguish  from  the  last-named 
the  Newfoundland  C.  Delisei,  Despreaux  !  in  herb.  varr. ;  nor  at 
all  refer  it,  as  Nylander  (1.  c.)  has  done,  to  C.  Boryi. c,  mount- 
ains of  Georgia,  and  Tennessee,  Ravenel;  Alabama,  on  sand- 
rocks,  Peters. 

23(b).  C.  Boryi,  Tuckerm.;  horizontal  thallus  deficient; 
podetia  turgid,  now  much  distended ;  elongated-turbinate ;  divid- 
ing above  fastigiately  ;  or  now  more  narrowed  and  sub-cylin- 
drical, dichotomously  much -branched;  reticulate-lacunose  pass- 
ing into  cribrose  j  pale-straw-coloured  ;  scyphiferous  and  re- 
peatedly proliferous,  as  also  proliferous-fimbriate ;  but  the  cups 
not  uncommonly  perforate,  and  disappearing  at  length  in  cris- 
tate-dentate extremities ;  apothecia  brown. Syn.  N.  Eng.  p. 

54 ;  Lich.  Amer.  exs.  n.  36.  C.  uncialis,  v.  reticulata,  Russell  in 
Essex  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  Cenomyce  lacunosa,  Bory  fide  sched. 
in  Herb.  Berol.  (nomen.). 

On  the  earth  near  the  sea,  Newfoundland  (Despreaux),  Tuck- 
ermau  1.  c.  1848.  Labrador,  Mr.  W.  A.  Stearns.  Coast  of  Mas- 


252  CLADONTA. 

sachusetts,  Dr.  Jacob  Porter ;  Russell-,  etc.;  as  of  Rhode  Island, 

Mr.  Bennett. It  was  found  in  Japan,  by  Mr.  Wright. A 

reduced,  more  or  less  incrassated,  and  glaucescent  state  (Lick. 
Amer.  exs.  n.  132)  occurs  in  the  alpine  region  of  the  White 
Mountains ;  and  is  scarcely  different  from  Hook.  &  Thorns. 

Herb.  Ind.  Or.  n.  2129,  from  the  Himmalayah. Podetia  of  the 

coast-lichen  now  eight  lines  in  diameter,  and  five  where  the 
branches  begin.  The  plant,  which  is  too  remarkable  to  be 
passed  over,  occurs  now  with  much  the  habit,  and  the  cups  of 
C.  gracilis  v.  hybrida ;  but  these  cups  are  very  commonly  more 
or  less  perforate,  and  pass  at  length  into  tips  quite  like  those  of 
C.  uncialis,  b,  in  its  more  turgid  conditions.  The  herbarium- 
name  first-given  is  credited  also  to  Delise  (Herb.  Spreng.);  I 
retain  the  name  by  which  the  lichen  was  first  described. 

Ser.  III.  Coccinece.  Apothecia  scarlet.  Podetia  from 
yellowish  or  greenish  more  or  less  finally  gray. 

24.  C.    Cornucopioides  (L.)  Fr. ;     thallus   squamulose,    the 
squamules  small   to  middling-sized  and  now  ample,  crenate- 
lobate;  podetialong-turbinate;  cartilagineous-corticate;  smooth 
becoming  warty,  or  now  even  squamulose  (a)  or  very  commonly 
more  or  less  powdery  above  (b.  pleurota,  Schser.)  from  pale-yel- 
lowish most  often  ashy-greenish ;  the  dilated  cups  cyathiform ; 

apothecia  scarlet;  or  now  yellow  (c.  ochrocarpia). Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  236.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  Amer.  exs.  n.  37.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  220. 

On  the  earth  in  sterile  soils,  a,  &  ft,  common.  Northern  and 
middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818.  Arctic  America,  Rich- 
ardson-, Gieseke;  Wright.  Canada  and  British  Columbia, 
Macoun.  Oregon,  Hall  Along  the  mountains  southward,  as  in 

North  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  Eavenel. c  is  rare  ;  South  shore 

of  Massachusetts,  Willey. 

25.  C.  bettidiflora  (Ach.)  Schasr.  j    thallus  squamulose,  the 
squamules  from  smallish  at  the  base  becoming  middling-sized 
above  and  irregularly  much  lobed ;    podetia  elongated  ;  ventri- 
cose-cylindrical ;  cartilagiueous-corticate ;  smooth,  clothed  more 
or  less  densely  and  imbricated  with  squamules  (a)  or  the  squa- 
mules more  or  less  entirely  wanting  (b.  Hookeri,  Nyl.)  finally 
somewhat  branched,  and  now  subulate  j  ashy-greenish  now  yel- 
lowish ;  cups  small ;  apothecia  scarlet. Fl.  Clad.  p.  95.    Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  237.    Nyl.  Syn.  p.  221. 


CLADCXNTA.  253 

On  the  earth,  and  on  rocks,  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions. 
Greenland,  Floerke  Clad.  1828.  Labrador,  Wenck,  etc.  New- 
foundland, Despreaux.  British  Columbia,  Macoun.  Marin 

county,  California,  Bolander. ft  (C.  Hookeri,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E. 

1848)  Newfoundland,  Herb.  Hook. A  rock-lichen  of  the  White 

Mountains,  of  the  present  series,  with  densely  squamulose  pode- 
tia, is,  for  the  most  part,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  species 
last  preceding ;  but  notwithstanding  offers  now  no  differences  at 
all  from  small  forms  of  the  present. 

26.  C.  deformis  (L.)  Hofifm. ;    thallus  squamulose,  the  squa- 
mules  sparse  and  small,  but  at  length  more  ample,  rounded,  and 
lobed;    podetia  elongated-cylindrical  more  or  less  ventricose ; 
incrassated  j  simple  becoming  somewhat  branched  ;  menibrana- 
ceous-corticate ;  ashy-greenish  and  smooth  below,  above  finally 
sulphureous-powdery ;  cup's  cupulaeform,  and  the  erect,  now  pro- 
liferous margin  crenate-deutate,  but  at  length  dilated  and  very 

irregularly  torn-lobed ;   apothecia  scarlet. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  239. 

Tucker m.  Licit,  exs.  n.  38.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  222. 

On  the  earth  in  our  highest  New  England  mountains,  and 
northward.  Canada,  Michaux  Fl.  1803 ;  Agassiz.  Newfound- 
land, Despreaux.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Coast  of 
Massachusetts,  rare,  Oakes.  Rocky  Mountains,  alpine,  Hall 

British  Columbia,  Herb.  Hook. ;    Macoun. An  ochrocarpious 

form  occurs  commonly  in  Sweden  (Fr.)  but  has  not  been  seen 
here. 

27.  C.  digitata  (L.)  Hoffm. ;  thallus  squamulose,  the   squa- 
mules  becoming  ample,  round-lobed,  and  crenate  ;  podetia  cylin- 
drical ;  membranaceous-corticate  ;    smooth  and  yellowish-green 
below,  finely  white-powdery  above ;   cups  narrowed,  with  an  in- 
curved, entire  margin,  but  at  length  dilated,  and  irregularly  pro- 
liferous-palmate ;  apothecia  scarlet. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  240.     Tuck- 

erm.  Lick.  exs.  n.  39.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  222. 

On  rotten  wood,  and  on  the  earth,  in  the  highest  New  Eng- 
land mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848.  Canada,  A.  T. 
Drummond.  Greenland,  J.  Vahl.  Very  rarely  also  on  the  coast 
of  Massachusetts,  Oakes. Ochrocarpious  states  unknown  here. 

28.  C.  -wacetoto(Ehrh.)  Hoffm. ;  thallus  squamulose,  minute, 
sparse,  the  squamules  crenate-lobate  j  podetia  cylindrical;   slen- 
der; membranaceous-corticate;    from  simple  at  length  irregu- 


254  CLADOtflA. 

lady  somewhat  branched;  below,  like  the  squamules,  pale- 
greenish,  becoming  above  finely  hoary-powdery  ;  cups  obsolete ; 
apothecia  conglomerate  and  confluent ;  scarlet  (or  now  yellow, 

b,  ochrocarpia). Fr.  L.  E.  p.  240.      Tuck.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  55; 

&  Lich.  Amer.  exs.  n.  134.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  223. 

On  rotten  wood,  as  also  on  the  earth,  and  rocks ;  northern 
and  middle  States,  Muhlenberg  Catal  1818.  Ohio,  Miss  Biddle- 
come.  Illinois,  Hall.  Wisconsin,  Lapham.  South  Carolina, 
Eavenel.  Alabama,  Beaumont. ft,  White  Mountains,  Tucker- 
man. A  rock-form  otherwise  referable  here  has  yet  the  char- 
acter of  the  very  uncertain  C.  Floerkiana,  Fr. ;  but  I  cannot 
attempt  to  separate  specifically  from  C.  macilenta  what  only 
differs  from  it  in  the  epidermis  continuing  throughout,  for  the 
most  part,  smooth  and  entire.  Indeed  Fries  himself  did  not 
escape  confounding  the  two; — his  Lich.  Suec.  n.  52  (C.  maci- 
lenta, Fr.)  consisting,  in  my  copy,  all  but  wholly  of  C.  Floerkiana 
— which  it  is  admitted  to  be  in  part  by  Dr.  Th.  Fries  (Scand. 
p.  66). 

2S(b).  C.pulchella,  Schweiu. ;  thallus  conspicuous,  the  squam- 
ules at  length  elongated  and  dissected ;  podetia  short,  slender, 
denudate,  granulose;  besprinkled  and  finally  imbricated  with 
pale-green,  and  glaucescent  squamules ;  cups  obsolete ;  apothe- 
cia as  in  the  last  preceding. Tuckerm.  Suppl.  1,  /.  c.  p.  427. 

Roots  of  trees,  and  decaying  wood,  North  Carolina  (Schwein- 
itz),  Tuckerman/.  c.  1858.  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  Eavenel. 
Florida,  Chapman.  Alabama,  Beaumont.  Louisiana,  Hale.  Texas, 

Wright. Not  a  little  resembling  C.  bellidiflora  in  miniature ; 

but  the  more  granulose  states  related,  through  C.  muscigena, 
Eschw.  (Lich.  Cub.  n.  42)  to  C.  macilenta.  Fries  (L.  E.  p.  232) 
has  indicated  the  analogy  of  the  lichen  to  such  forms  as  C.  de- 
licata. 

29.  C.  Eavenelii,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub-squamulose,  the 
squamules  very  minute,  from  rounded  and  sub-entire  becoming 
erose-laciuulate,  or  more  commonly  disappearing  in  granules, 
white ;  podetia  small ;  short-turbinate ;  simple  ;  smooth  becom- 
ing granulate- verrucose,  and  granulose;  from  yellowish-green 
white;  cups  dilated,  cyathiform,  palmately  proliferous;  apothe- 
cia scarlet. 

On  dead  wood,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida,  H.  W.  Eavenel, 
Esq.  Also  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  Wright. Comparable,  as 


CLADONTA.  255 

respects  the  thallus,  to  some  extent,  with  C.  delicata,  but  yet 
different,  and  exhibiting  perhaps  rather  the  ultimate  if  scarcely 
reached  type  of  that  of  C.  Papillaria.  The  granulate  condition 
passes  into  a  fine-powdery  one;  but  the  turbinate  and  cup- 
bearing  podetia  suggest  resemblance  to  a  minute  C.  Cornucopi- 
j  rather  than  to  any  C.  macttenta. 


30.  C.  cristatella,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  squamulose,  the  squam- 
ules minute,  but  at  length  rather  elongated,  cut,  and  crenate  ; 
podetia  of  middling  size  ;  cylindrical  often  ventricose  and   not 
rarely  elongated;    cartilagineous-corticate  :    smooth,  warty,   or 
wrinkled,  or  beset  at  length  with  squamules  ;  not  forming  cups, 
but  the  dilated  summits  passing  into  fastigiate  (fertile)  branch- 
lets  ;  from  yellowish-  at  length  ashy-green  ;  apothecia  scarlet,  or 
now  yellow  (b,  oclirocarpia).  -  Obs.  Lick.  2,  1.  c.p.  394.     C. 
Fiocrkiana,  Tuck.,  pro  p.,  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  55;  &  Lic/i.  Amer.  Exs. 
n.  133.     C.  substraminea,  Nyl.  Syn.  p.  204. 

c.  ramosa,  Tuckerm.;  podetia  spreading-brauched  more  or 
less  below,  and  dichotomously  much-divided  above.  -  C.  cris- 
tatella j  Suppl.  1,  I.  c.p.  428. 

On  the  earth,  dead  wood,  etc.,  common  throughout  the 
northern  and  middle  States,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858.  Southward* 
Virginia,  Behrich  ;  North  Carolina,  Curtis  ;  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  Eavenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas,  Hall.  -  />,  White 
Mountains,  and  elsewhere.  -  c,  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. 
Illinois,  Hall.  -  A  state  with  densely  squamulose  podetia  (f. 
vestita)  now  very  like  the  southern  C.  pulchella,  has  occurred 
in  Massachusetts,  and  New  Jersey,  Miss  Biddlecome.  -  A  re- 
duced form,  as  I  cannot  but  consider  it,  with  conspicuously 
powdery  squamules,  and  the  short,  simple  apothecia  now  epi- 
phylline  (v.  paludicola)  inhabits  Cypress,  and  other  swamps; 
and  corresponds  closely  with'  the  European  C.  Cornucopioides  v. 
incrassata.  -  Some  small  forms  of  the  present  species  resemble 
greatly  (7.  Floerkiana,  Fr.  ;  but  the  two  lichens  are  quite  dis- 
tinct, and  C.  cristatella  might  rather  be  regarded  as  standing  in 
the  same  relation  to  C.  Cornucopioides  as  C.  sympliycarpa  to  C. 
pyxidata.  -  C.  substraminea,  Nyl.  Syn.  1860,  was  founded  on 
the  ochrocarpious  form  of  the  present,  with  which  the  very  dis- 
tinct C.  kpidota  of  the  Ochroleucce,  was  mistakenly  joined. 

31.  C.  leporina,  Fr.  ;  thallus  squamulose,  squamules  minute, 
narrowed,  erose-lacinulate,  finally  disappearing  ;  podetia  frutic- 


256  THAMNOLIA. 

ulose ;  more  or  less  turgid ;  from  smooth  soon  wrinkled  ;  sending 
up  now,  from  prostrate  stems,  inflated,  sub-simple,  turbinate 
branches  soon  divided  radiately  above;  or  now  more  slender, 
and  divaricately  very  much  branched  in  densely  intertaugled 
clumps ;  from  yellowish-  ashy-green  ;  axils  sub-perforate ;  apo- 

thecia  scarlet. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  243.     Tucker m.  Suppl.  1,  /.  c.  p. 

428 ;  &  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  44.     Nyl.  Syn.  p.  227. 

On  sand,  in  Pine  barrens,  southern  States,  Fries  I.  c.  1831. 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  Ravenel. 
Florida,  Chapman*  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas,  J.  Drummond, 

as  also  in  the  island  of  Cuba,    Wright. Analogous,  in  the 

present  series,  first  to  C.  furcata,  as  well  to  the  v.  crispata  as  to 
the  v.  racemosa,  etc. ;  and  then  to  C.  rangiferina. 


XLII.  — THAMNOLIA   (Ach.)   Mass. 

Apothecia  sub- globose -patellseform;  immersed  many 
together  in  cephalodium-like  thalliue  receptacles  opening 
by  cribrose  perforations  5  variously  coloured  (not  black). 
Spores  fusiform-ovoid;  simple;  colourless.  Spermatia 
staff-shaped ;  on  multi-articulate  sterigmas.  Podetia  cyl- 
indrical ;  flstulous  ;  coriaceous ;  subulate ;  the  cortical  layer 
continuous  and  persistent ;  horizontal  thallus  deficient.— 
For  the  anatomy,  see  Nylauder,  Syn.  p.  264,  t.  8,  /.  6. 
Schwendener  Untersuch.2,p.  167,  t.  6,  /.  21,  22.  Minks 
Monogr.  in  Flora,  1874,  n.  22,  23,  t.  4. 

T.  vermicularis  (Sw.)  Schaer. ;  podetia  simple  for  the  most 
part,  or  sparingly  forked ;  smooth  or  at  length  wrinkled ;  very 
white ;  either  slender  and  prostrate  (a.  subuliformis,  Schaer. )  or 
ventricose,  and  erectish,  becoming  furrowed  and  branchy,  and 
beset  now  here  and  there  with  cornute  branchlets  (b.  taurica, 
Schser.);  neither  the  spermogones,  nor  the  apothecia  observed  as 

yet  here. Nyl.  Syn.  p.  265.  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  14.  Minks 

Monogr.  I.  c.  Cladonia,  Floerk.  Clad.  p.  175.  C.  gracilis,  v. 
vermicularis,  &  taurica,  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  49  ;  &  Lich.  exs. 
n.  118. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  arctic  districts ;  Arctic  America 
(Richardson),  Hooker  1.  c.  1823.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman. 
Adirondack  Mountains,  W.  F.  Macrae.  Rocky  Mountains, 
Macoun. 


CCENOGONIEL— CCENOGONIUM.  257 

Fain.    2.  —  CCENOGONIEI. 
Thallus  horizontal :    eonfervoid-filamentous. 

The  Pannariei,  with  all  that  the  ultimate  structure  of  the 
family  associates  with  it,  are  here  regarded  as  au  unavoidable 
intercalation  in  the  series  of  lichens  which  beginning  with  Usneei 
finds  its  completion  in  Lecanorei  (Gen.  Llch.  p.  150)  and  Ccenog- 
onium  as  conceivably  filling  a  similar  place  in  Lecideacei.  Leci- 
deine  elements  are  indeed  far  from  unknown  in  the  very  various 
differentiation  of  the  Pannariei,  etc. ;  and  Coenogonium  found  a 
place  in  this  Parmeliaceous  neighbourhood,  with  Montagne,  as 
formerly  with  Fries.  The  same  elements  occur  also  in  Gyalecta, 
the  first  section  of  which  (as  here  taken)  is  so  well  comparable 
in  the  fruit  with  the  genus  now  before  us  that  when,  in  Cuban 
specimens,  the  two  plants  are  found  growing  together,  it  might, 
without  examination,  be  readily  supposed  that  the  apothecia  of 
Gyalecta  lutea,  wandering  over  some  Confervaceous  plant,  thus 
constituted  Camogonium ;  and  Nylander  places  the  latter  next 
before  Gyalecta.  It  is  not  easy  to  follow  him  in  reducing  Gyal- 
ecta  to  Lecidea;  but  perhaps  nothing  better  now  offers  than  to 
regard  Cwnogomum  as  Lecideaceous. 

XLIII.  — CCENOGONIUM,    Ehrenb. 

Apothecia  patellseforrn,  pale.  Spores  (in  narrowed 
thekes)  fusiform-ellipsoid,  simple  and  bilocular,  colourless. 
Spermogones  globular;  spermatia  fusiform,  on  simple  ste- 
rigrnas.  Thallus  composed  of  jointed  filaments,  loosely  in- 
tertangled,  forming  a  more  or  less  determinate,  and  rounded 
web ;  each  filament  consisting  of  1,  a  central  row  of  larger, 
cylindrical  cells  with  greenish  content,  taken  to  represent 
gouidia;  and  2,  of  slender  thread-cells  resembling  and 
answering  to  the  ordinary  lichen-filaments,  which  longitudi- 
nally band,  or  loosely  surround  the  first. , 

The  principal  authority  for  this  type  is  Nylander,  Obs.  sur 
les  Ccenog.  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4,  16.  p.  89,  t.  12.  Schwendener 
Untersuch  in  Naeg.  Beitr.  4,  p.  172,  t.  23,  f.  18-21,  should  also  be 

consulted  ;  and  a  note  by  Miiller  in  Flora,  1881,  p.  235. The 

species  belong  all  of  them  to  the  warmer  regions  of  the  earth. 


258  CYSTOCOLEUS. 

1.  C.  Linkii,  Ehrenb. ;    thallus  orbicular,  attached  at   the 
side  in  the  manner  of  some  Polypori,  and  with  a  similar  strati- 
form, growth;    glaucous-green;   apothecia  from  pale-yellowish 
becoming  reddish.     Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid,  simple  and  bilocu- 
lar,  -^  mic. Mont.  Cuba,  p.  107. 

On  trees  in  tropical  countries,  Mexico. G.  Linkii,  v.  Lep- 

rieurii,  Mont.  Guy.  in  Ann.  3,  16,  p.  47,  can  scarcely  be  kept 
apart  by  the  given  character.  C.  Leprieurii,  Nyl.  Coenog., 
founded  apparently  on  the  Guyana  lichen,  is  yet  differently  dis- 
tinguished by  the  greater  slenderness  of  the  filaments  (11-16 
mic.  thick,  according  to  Nylander,  while  the  filaments  of  this 
author's  C.  Linkii  are  reckoned  20-30  mic.  thick)  and  simple 
spores ;  but  the  latter  difference  is  not  to  be  depended  on,  and 
the  former,  so  far  as  my  specimens  (averaging  say  12-20  mic.) 
go,  is  equally  uncertain. 

2.  C.  interpositum ,  Nyl. ;  thallus  irregularly  effuse  ;   of  the 
colour  of  the  preceding ;  apothecia  pale.     Spores  oblong,  simple 
and  bilocular,  -^  mic. Obs.  sur.  les  Cosnog.  1.  c.  p.  91. 

Trees.     Louisiana  (Hale],  Nylander  I.  c.  1861.     Texas,  Hall. 
Florida,  Austin.    As  also  in  Cuba  (determ.  Nyl.),  Wright  Lien. 

Cub.  n.  171. Filaments  from  14  mic.,  scarcely  exceeding  20 

mic.,  in  thickness. From  this,  Nylander  I.  c.  has  distinguished 

his  C.  disjunctum  by  coarser  filaments  (23-36  mic.  thick,  Nyl.) 
and  larger  spores  (^^  mic.,  Nyl.)  which  may  possibly  be  repre- 
sented here  by  a  too  small  specimen  from  Mobile,  Alabama, 
Mohr,  in  herb.  Willey.  The  Cuban  specimen  of  this  C.  disjunc- 
tum (Wright  Licli.  Cub.  n.  170)  which  is  accepted  by  Nylander, 
is  a  better  developed  plant  than  C.  interpositum,  and  has  much 
of  the  regularity  of  C.  Linkii. 

3.  C.  moniliforme,   Tuckerm. ;    thallus  effuse;    thin;   from 
yellowish-  becoming  olive-green ;  the  short  filaments  moniliform ; 

apothecia  bright  red.   Spores  oblong,  bilocular,  •—  mic. Tuck. 

in  litt.,  and  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  172.    Nyl.  Ccenog.  I.  c.  p.  92. 
Tuck.  Obs.  Lich.  2,  I.  c.  p.  416. 

Trees.    Florida,  Austin.    As  in  Cuba,  Wright. 


XLIV.— CYSTOCOLEUS,    Thwaites. 

A  sterile,  confervoid  plant,  blackish-brown   when  dry,  but 
shewing  black-greenish  when  wet,  and  differing  also  from  Cceno- 


CYSTOCOLEUS.  259 

goniwm  in  its  erectish  habit  of  growth,  but  agreeing  with  that 
generally  in  the  axial  cells,  the  greenish  colour  of  the  content  of 
which  is  also  supposed  to  be  due  to  chlorophyll,  as  the  cells 
therefore  to  correspond  also  with  gonidia.  But  the  thread-cells 
with  colourless  content  which,  as  in  Ccenogonium,  surround  the 
central  ones,  are  few  (4-6)  in  number,  and  dark-brown,  and 
coalesce  into  a  sheath.  The  only  species  is  C.  rupestris  (Pers.) 
Rabenh.  (Racodium  rupestre  (Pers.)  Fr.  Cystocoleus  ebeneus, 
Thwaites  I  infra  cit.)  which  inhabits  rocks,  and  has  occurred  in 
North  Carolina,  M.  A.  Curtis ;  in  Pennsylvania,  Wolle;  and  in 
Ehode  Island,  Farlow. 

Besides  Thwaites  (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  2,  3),  De  Bary 
(Morph  und  Phys.  der  Pilze,  etc.,  p.  270),  and  Schwendener 
(Untersuch  in  Naeg.  Beitr.  4,  p.  173)  have  described  the  plant. 


ADDENDA. 


P.  82,  before  Genus  XIII.,  insert 

OMPHALODIUM   (Mey.    &    Flot.)   Koerb. 

Apothecia  scutellaeform,  much  as  in  Parmelia.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  simple,  colourless.  Spermatia  short-acicular ;  on 
sub-simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  sub-monophyllous  and  stel- 
late-lobate,  attached  to  the  substrate  at  a  single  point,  by 
a  disk-like  process,  in  the  manner  of  Umbilicaria. 

0.  Arizonicum-,  thallus  ample;  coriaceous j  becoming  wrink- 
led, and  ridged ;  greenish-yellowish ;  beneath  black,  reticulately 
ridged  and  thickly  besprinkled  with  black  tubercles,  and  the 
ridges  passing  also  into  ragged  extensions;  apothecia  ample, 
a  little  elevated ;  disk  dark-chestnut ;  the  margin  finally  flexu- 
ous  and  sub-crenate.  Spores  (in  8s,  in  veutricose  thekes,  among 
agglutinate  paraphyses)  ellipsoid,  liinbate,  colourless,  ~  mic. 

Upon  rocks,  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona,  Mr.  C.  G. 
Pringle-,  comm.  Sprague.  Thallus  exceeding  at  length  three 
inches  across ;  and  the  apothecia  from  two  reaching  more  than 

eight  mic.,  in  width. Omphalodium  (upon  which  the  author's 

Gen.  Lich.  p.  28,  may  be  compared)  is  a  group  constituted  of  a 
South  African  lichen—  0.  Hottentottum  (Ach.)  Flot.,  and  a 
Peruvian  0.  Pisacomense,  Flot.  Our  plant  is  very  near  to  the 
former  of  these ;  differing  especially  in  its  wider  lobation,  and, 
so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  descriptions  and  specimens, 
the  brighter  colour  of  its  thallus,  the  less  entire  apothecia,  and 
the  larger  spores.  The  fibrils  of  the  under  side,  and  of  the 
exciple,  which  are  so  marked  a  feature  of  0.  Hottentottum,  are 
indeed  quite  deficient  in  the  American  lichen,  but  they  are 
wanting  sometimes  in  the  African  (Delis.  Stict.  p.  136)  and  their 
place  is  taken  in  ours  by  tubercular  processes  exactly  like  a  com- 
mon anamorphosis  of  the  fibrils  in  Umbilicaria  vellea,  and  U. 

Dillenii. The  disappearance  of  the  fibrils  of  one  form  in  the 

processes  just  referred  to  of  another,  the  passing  of  the  ridges 


MYRIANGIUM. 


261 


into  ragged  extensions  as  in  UmUlicaria  erosa,  and  U.  Muhlen- 
bergiij  the  disk  of  attachment, — in  short  the  whole  under  side  of 
Omphalodium,  with  not  a  little  of  the  general  habit  of  the 
lichens  brought  together  in  it,  is  sufficiently  significant  of  an 
Umbilicarieine  rather  than  Parmelieine  affinity. 

P.  161,  after  L.  pulchtllum,  add  L.  hypotrachynum,  Mull. 
Lich.  Beitr.  in  Flora,  1881,  n.  6,  Mexico,  on  trunks,  Sumichrast ; 
with  a  specimen  of  which  I  have  been  favoured  by  the  author : 
but  I  cannot  well  separate  it  from  the  species  first-named. 

P.  229,  after  Gyrostomum,  would  correspond  to  the  place 
chosen,  for  lack  of  a  better,  in  the  author's  Genera  Lichenum,  for 
a  plant  of  obscure  affinity  which  is  often  taken  for  a  lichen,  and 
has  not  yet  found  any  other  place. 


MYRIANGIUM,   Mont.    &   Berk. 

Apothecia  lecanoroid  j  multilocular  •  each  cell  containing 
a  single  theke  j  paraphyses  deficient.  Spores  in  8s,  oblong- 
ovoid  ;  Bub-muriform ;  commonly  without  colour.  Spermo- 
goues  deficient.  Thallus  wholly  cellulose  •  orbiculate,  with 
something  of  the  aspect  of  some  Omphalarice,  and  the  cir- 
cumference becoming  plicate-striate  and  effigurate;  but 
friable ;  and  gouiinous  cells  deficient. 

M.  Duritfi  (Mont.  &  Berk.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  apparently 
crustaceous-adnate,  but  the  at  length  sub-lobulate  circumference 
free  j  from  dark-brown  blackening,  dull ;  apothecia  at  length  a 
little  elevated ;  of  the  colour  of  the  thallus;  the  flat  disk  bordered 
by  a  stout  but  depressed,  very  entire  margin.  Spores  ^p  mic. 
—Gen.  Lich.  p.  140.  M.  Duricei,  &  M.  Curtisii,  Mont.  &  Berk. 
in  Mont.  Syll.  p.  380.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p.  139,  t.  4,  /.  1-5. 

Upon  trees.  North  and  South  Carolina,  M.  A.  Curtis-,  Rav- 
enel.  Alabama,  Beaumont.  And  no  less  in  Cuba,  Wright ;  and 
New  Granada,  Lindig.  It  occurs  also  at  the  north ;  in  Massa- 
chusetts, Sprague ;  Connecticut,  Wright ;  Khode  Island,  Bennett ; 
Pennsylvania,  Michener. 


INDEX    OF    THE    GENERA. 


PAGE. 

ALECTORIA,    ...  40 

CETRARIA,       ...  28 

CLADOKLA,       ...  236 

CCENOGONIUM,        .        .  257 

COLLEMA,         .         ,         .  142 

CONOTREMA,            .         .  217  j 

CYSTOCOLETJS,        .        .  258  | 

ENDOCARPISCUM,          .  113  j 

EPHEBE,           ...  131 

ERIODERMA,            .        .  110 

EVERNTA,         ...  38 

GYALECTA,     .  217 

GYROSTOMUM,        .        .  228 

HEPPIA,             .        .        .  114 

HYDROTHYRIA,      .        .  167 

LECANORA,     ...  181 

LEPTOGIUM,            .        .  154 

LICHINA,          ...  133 

MYRIANGIUM,        .        .  261 

NEPHROMA,    ...  102 

OMPHALARIA,        .        .  138 

OMPHALODIUM,     .        .  260 

PAJWARIA,     .        .        .  116 

PARHELIA,  52 


PAGE. 

PELTIGERA,    ...  105 

PERTUSARIA,          .        .  211 

PILOPHORUS,          .        .  235 

PLACODIUM,            .        .  169 

PHYSCIA,  67 

PHYSMA,           .         .         .  115 

PYRENOPSIS,          .        .  135 

PYXINE,   ....  78 

RAMALINA,     ...  20 

RINODINA,       ...  205 

ROCCELLA,       ...  19 

SCHIZOPELTE,         .        .  46 

SOLORINA,       .        .        .  Ill 

SPEERSCHNEIDERA,     .  47 

SPILOISTEMA,    ...  131 

STEREOCAULON,    .        .  230 

STICTA,     ....  91 

THELOSCHISTES,           .  48 

THELOTREMA,         .         .  223 

THERMUTIS,            .        .  130 

UMBILICARIA,        .        .  82 

TJRCEOLARIA,         .        .  222 

USNEA,  40 


41971 
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